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Psednos longiventris n. sp. Figs. 29, 30 Holotype. NMNZ P. 042033, ripe female, 77 mm SL estimated, 87 mm TL estimated, 42 �� 46.15 ' S, 175 ��06.61' E, north central Chatham Rise, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 0589/077, 5 July 2005, 1054��� 1058 m. Poor condition, skinned and broken in half behind abdomen. NMNZ P. 042033 / 1, cleared and stained right pectoral girdle. Diagnosis. Abdomen long, distance from mandible to end of abdominal cavity about 187 % HL, angle of mouth 60 ��, teeth lanceolate, sharp; premaxillary symphyseal gap absent, mandibular symphyseal gap narrow. Coronal pore absent. Pectoral fin rays 16 (7 + 4 + 5). Radials 4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1), R 1, R 2 notched. Stomach black, intestine creamy white. Description. Counts: V> 45, D na, A na, C 6, P 16, radials 4, gr 7 / 10, pc 8, pores na. Ratios: % SL na. In % HL: sn 24.9, E 20.3, orbit 25.8, io ~ 23, uj 36.4, mabd 186.6, pabd 114.7. Head short, its dorsal profile low, flat, gradually rising to crest of low occipital hump. Owing to strongly oblique mouth, snout noticeably posterior to symphysis of lower jaw and behind that of premaxillae. Nostrils single, about midway between anterodorsal margin of orbit and snout. Eye large, prominent, about 1 / 5 HL, distinctly below dorsal outline of head. Mouth strongly oblique, about 60 ��. Teeth in both jaws sharp canines, innermost teeth largest, slender and lanceolate, recurved, pointing posteriorly. Premaxillary teeth in about 32 curved oblique rows of up to about eight teeth each forming a narrow band; posteriormost teeth uniserial. Mandibular teeth similar, but forming a distinctly wider band and not uniserial posteriorly. Gill opening unknown but dorsal end apparently well above pectoral base. Gill rakers of first arch 7 / 10, arranged generally in opposition, inner rakers extending much farther ventrally than outer ones. Spinules arranged on each raker in a V shaped patch located on forward side of rakers; a few spinule patches appear to have three rows, but most spinules are in no discernible pattern. Opercular flap damaged, but opercle long, weakly curved, pointed ventrally and somewhat posteriorly. Pore formula unknown, coronal pore absent. Pectoral fin dorsal ray about on horizontal through posterior corner of mouth. Pectoral fin rays 7 + 4 + 5. Upper lobe rays close together, notch rays distinctly more widely spaced, none rudimentary; lower lobe rays close together. Pectoral symphysis below opercular-posttemporal joint, anterior to a vertical through gill opening. Radials 4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1), R 1, R 2 notched, R 3, R 4 round, unnotched; R 3 smallest, R 4 largest. Interradial fenestrae between scapula and R 1, R 1 ���R 2. Scapula ventrally hemicircular, rounded with a strong dorsal helve; coracoid poorly calcified and stained. Trunk unusually long, abdominal cavity clearly longer than deep. Anus position unclear, certainly at anterior of abdominal cavity, probably below gill opening. Vertebrae 11 +> 34. Dorsal and anal fin origins unknown. Abdomen and internal organs intact, pyloric caeca medial on right side of stomach, plump, digitate. First three neural spines forked distally, remainder single for entire length. Hypural elements fused, no slit, caudal fin rays six (3 / 3). In alcohol, skin color unknown, body pale; mouth brown dotted, brownish branchial cavity. Peritoneum brownish black, stomach black, pyloric caeca reticulated black at the base, distally pale. Intestine creamy white. The specimen has ripe eggs of 2.1 mm diameter. Distribution. Known from the holotype only, collected on the north central Chatham Rise off New Zealand at 1056 m. Etymology. The specific epithet longiventris, from the Latin long- and venter, abdomen, to note the particularly distinctive morphological feature of this species, the long abdominal cavity. Comparisons. Despite its poor condition, this specimen is clearly a previously unknown species: its long abdominal cavity and four radials are distinctive and set it apart from the other known species. With regard to abdomen length only it is most similar to P. cryptocaeca, but differs in its longer mandible to abdomen end length (187 vs 175 % HL), upper jaw length (36 vs 46 % HL), interorbital width (~ 23 vs ~ 42 % HL), and mouth angle (60 vs 45 ��). Discounting the radial number, it differs from all three described Australian species, P. balushkini, P. nataliae, and P. whitleyi, in its shorter snout (25 vs 30���35 % HL), narrower interorbital space (~ 23 vs 40���45 % HL), shorter upper jaw (36 vs 49���53 % HL), and longer lower jaw (57 vs 44���50 % HL). Comments. Occurrence of four pectoral radials is unusual; all previously examined Psednos species have had three, either in a 2 +0+ 1 or 1 + 1 + 1 pattern (Chernova & Stein 2002). The small size of R 3 suggests it may be anomalous. Although similar anomalies have not been reported in Psednos, they are not rare in species of other genera (Stein 2012, and others). If R 3 is anomalous, the radial formula would be 3 (2 +0+ 1)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Chernova, N. V. & Stein, D. L. (2002) Ten new species of Psednos (Pisces, Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Copeia, 2002 (3), 755 - 778.","Stein, D. L. (2012) Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and closely adjacent waters. Zootaxa, 3285, 1 - 120."]}

Psednos platyoperculosus n. sp. Figs. 35, 36 Holotype. NMNZ P. 031315, male, 98 mm SL, 118 mm TL, 42 �� 44.32 ' S, 177 �� 25.98 ' W, Chatham Rise, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 9406 /389, 24 July 1994, 1141��� 1163 m. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 59, pectoral fin rays 16���17, caudal fin rays 6, pyloric caeca 7. Body humpbacked. Mouth angle about 40 ��. Gill opening above pectoral and extending ventrally in front of 1���3 rays, about 1 / 4 HL. Opercle a broad stout shaft dorsally, widening at level of gill opening and then narrowing to form a sharp posteroventrally pointing tip reaching to behind pectoral fin base. Symphyseal pores small, widely separated, obscure. Abdomen short, ca 80 % HL. Body whitish, pyloric caeca reticulated black at base and for about 1 / 2 length, pale distally. Description. Counts: V 59, D 49 or 50, A 43 or 44, C 6, P 16���17, radials unknown, gr 10 / 8, pc 7, pore formula unknown. Ratios: HL 21.9 % SL, HW 13.6, sn 5.8, E 5.1, orbit 7.1, io 10.6, uj 8.7, go 5.5, UPL 14.4, LPL 15.3, bd 27.2, preD 28.2, preA 36.3, sna 19.4, ma 19.6, aAf 19.1, mabd 30.5, pabd 17.3. In % HL: HW 61.9, sn 26.5, E. 23.2, orbit 32.6, io 48.4, uj 39.5, go 25.1, UPL 65.6, LPL 69.8, bd 124.2, preD 128.4, preA 165.6, sna 88.4, ma 89.3, aAf 87.0, mabd 139.1, pabd 79.1. Head short, deep; dorsal profile rising steeply and evenly at an angle of about 50���60 �� to prominent occipital hump. Snout and symphysis of upper jaw included, tip of mandible most anterior point of body. Snout short, low, about on horizontal with lower margin of orbit. Nostril single, tubular, short, about on horizontal with lower half of pupil. Eye prominent, about 1 / 5 HL, orbit not entering dorsal profile of head. Mouth oblique, its angle about 40 ��, symphysis of lower jaw projecting beyond that of upper jaw when mouth closed. Oral cleft short, only reaching below anterior margin of orbit; posterior of maxilla below middle or rear of orbit. Teeth slender, sharp canines, almost no gap at premaxillary symphysis, premaxillary teeth arranged in about 24 oblique rows of up to six teeth each, forming a gradually widening band to symphysis; uniserial only at posteriormost end of band. Mandibular teeth similar to those in upper jaw, but generally larger, especially innermost teeth; a narrow gap present at symphysis. Angle of retroarticular about 90 ��. Gill opening above pectoral and extending ventrally in front of 1���3 rays, its length about 1 / 4 HL. Opercle a thick stout shaft dorsally, widening at level of gill opening and then narrowing to form a sharp posteroventrally pointing tip supporting the triangular opercular flap, its tip behind bases of pectoral fin rays. Opercular flap sharply pointed, the tip at about mid point of gill opening, lower margin of tip straight. Gill rakers on first arch 10 / 8, alternating. Spinules generally arranged in a V, with smallest spinules at apex and a few scattered spinules outside the V. Mid arch rakers with better developed spinule pattern. Pore formula unknown, coronal pore absent, a single suprabranchial pore present. Symphyseal pores small, widely separated, difficult to see. Pectoral fin dorsal ray slightly higher than posterior corner of upper jaw, about midway between ventral margin of orbit and posterior end of oral cleft. Pectoral fin rays R 7 + 4 + 5, L 8 + 4 + 5. Upper lobe not quite reaching end of body cavity, notch moderately shallow, about half upper lobe length, rudimentary rays absent; lower lobe reaching about 4 / 5 distance to end of upper lobe. Lower lobes joined by a skin fold to each other and to abdomen just anterior to anus. Fin rays of upper and lower lobes distinctly more closely spaced than those in notch, free distally for a significant proportion of their length. Pectoral girdle not examined. Trunk anteriorly deep, tapering evenly and rapidly to caudal. Occipital hump well developed; highest and deepest point of body anterior to gill opening. Vertebral formula 13 + 46, first four vertebrae forming a very tight dorsal arc manifested by the high, prominent hump. Neural spines of second and third vertebra double. Dorsal fin origin between vertebrae 7���8, anal fin origin between vertebrae 13���14. Anus noticeably posterior to pectoral symphysis by less than 1 / 4 head length; a stout genital papilla present just posterior to anus. Distance from pectoral symphysis to end of body cavity short, ca 4 / 5 HL. Pyloric caeca digitate, plump, moderately long. Hypural complex completely fused, no slit evident. Caudal rays 3 / 3. Skin thin, fragile, transparent white. Fresh color of body evenly pinkish brown except for black peritoneum and areas where dark branchial cavity shows through head tissue. Color of body in alcohol whitish, head darker owing to visibility of branchial cavity through skin; mouth and tongue brown-spotted, branchial cavity dusky. Peritoneum black, visible through body wall; stomach and intestine blackish brown, caeca reticulated black for proximal half, pale distally. Distribution. Known only from the East Chatham Rise at midwater depths of about 1150m. Etymology. The specific epithet platyoperculosus from the Greek platy, broad, and Latin operculum, cover, referring to the unusually wide opercle of this species. Comparisons. Psednos platyoperculosus is most similar to P. n e m n e z i and to P. chathami. It differs from P. nemnezi in upper jaw length (39 vs 49���52 % HL), orbit diameter (33 vs 28���29 % HL), distance from pectoral symphysis to abdomen end (79 vs 85���93 % HL), and anus to anal fin length (87 vs 93���98 % HL). It differs from P. chathami in number of dorsal and anal fin rays (49���50 vs 53, and 43���44 vs 45���46, respectively), mouth angle (40 �� vs 30 ��), interorbital width (48 vs 40 % HL), snout length (26 vs 17 % HL), anus to anal fin length (87 vs ~ 98 % HL), preanal fin length (166 vs 157 % HL), and pectoral symphysis to abdomen end (79 vs 91 % HL). Owing to similarity of proportions, P. platyoperculosus and P. cryptocaeca may be confused, but they differ distinctly in distance from the pectoral symphysis to abdomen end (79 vs 120 % HL), greater body depth (124 vs 136 % HL), shorter upper jaw (40 vs 46 % HL), shorter gill opening (25 vs ~ 30 % HL), anus to anal fin distance (87 vs 116 % HL), and preanal fin length (166 vs 191 % HL)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 46-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120

Careproctus narilobus n. sp. Figs. 5, 6 Holotype. NMNZ P.047479, female, 146 mm SL, 163 mm TL, 42 �� 36.50 �� S, 179 �� 40.62 �� E, central northern Chatham Rise, Hikurangi Plateau, 13 June 2010, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 1008 /085, 1832���1837 m. NMNZ P.047479/ 1, cleared and stained right pectoral girdle. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 60, dorsal fin rays 51, anal fin rays 45, pectoral fin rays 37, caudal rays 12. Head 22, disk 4, anus-anal fin 28 % SL; each nostril with a distinct dorsoposterior flap or lobe. Body brown, fins blackish. Description. Counts. V 60, D 51, A 45, C 12, P 37, radials 4, pc 4, pores 2���5 ��� 6 ��� 2. Ratios. HL 22.5, HW 19.0, sn 8.2, E 5.4, orbit 6.5, uj 7.3, go 7.8, UPL 16.6, LPL 14.9, md 9.6, disk 3.5, da 4.2, preD 30.7, preA 45.4, sna 18.8, ma 16.9, aAf 27.5. In % HL: HW 84.2, sn 36.2, E 24.0, orbit 28.9, io 45.6, uj 32.2, go 34.7, UPL 73.5, LPL 66.0, md 42.8, disk 15.5, preD 136.2, preA 201.5, sna 83.3, ma 75.1, aAf 122.2. Head relatively large and heavy, dorsal profile rounded, its length more than 1 / 5 SL, its width slightly less than its length. Snout blunt, rounded, its length about 1 1 / 4 times orbit, not projecting anterior to upper jaw. Nostrils single, about level with middle of pupil, distance anterior to eye about 1 / 2 eye length. Each nostril with a distinct skin flap along dorsoposterior margin. Eye large, about 1 / 4 HL, orbit well below dorsal profile of head; interorbital region broad, a little less than half HL. Mouth horizontal, terminal, upper jaw reaching posteriorly to below mid eye. Lower jaw length equal to upper, not included. Teeth slender sharp canines in both jaws, forming dense narrow bands 4���5 teeth wide, consisting of perhaps 35 highly irregular oblique rows each. Innermost teeth distinctly larger, fanglike. A narrow diastema present at symphysis of upper jaw, absent in lower jaw. Gill opening about 1 / 3 HL, above pectoral or extending in front of dorsal pectoral fin ray. Opening extends above opercular flap, curving posterodorsally almost to level of upper edge of eye. Opercular flap long, extending well posterior to bases of upper pectoral fin rays; broad, blunt, almost square at tip, its lower margin almost horizontal. Cephalic pores tiny, 2���5 ��� 6 ��� 2. Chin pore pair widely separated by a distance equal to about 6 % HL; suprabranchial pores two, above and behind gill flap. Many free neuromasts scattered on head, especially around nostrils. Pectoral fin rays divided into upper and lower lobes, notch shallow, almost absent in external view. Dorsalmost pectoral fin ray below lower margin of orbit, but well above posterior corner of upper jaw and mouth. Rays on right side 37 (23 + 9 + 5). Upper fin lobe reaching about 2 / 3 of distance to end of abdominal cavity, lower lobe short, its rays gradually increasingly free, reaching to below end of opercular lobe; base of anteriormost (lowest) ray below corner of mouth and anterior margin of eye. Notch rays unusually numerous, slightly more widely spaced than upper lobe rays, indistinct from those of lower lobe, spacing becoming gradually wider then narrower ventrally. Radials 4 (3 + 1), round, R 1, R 2 with crescent opposing notches, R 3 dorsally notched, R 4 round, unnotched, distant from R 3, very close to coracoid. Large foramina present between scapula���R 1, R 1 ���R 2, R 2 ���R 3. Scapula with ventral lunate notch, helve short, relatively small. Coracoid triangular, helve short. Body deepest over middle of upper pectoral lobe, tapering evenly and slowly to caudal fin. Disk small, oval, slightly cupped, its width slightly less than its length; margin thin, edge fragile; structure visible through skin. Disk length a little more than half diameter of orbit, just behind eye. Distance from posterior margin of disk to anus slightly greater than disk length. Predorsal fin length longer than head, preanal length less than half SL, twice HL. Vertebrae 10 + 50. Dorsal fin origin between vertebrae 5���6. Anterior dorsal fin rays somewhat shorter than those in mid-fin, no anterior rudimentary rays present. Anal fin origin between vertebrae 12���13. Pyloric caeca ventral in body cavity; thick, closely attached, of various sizes. Stomach thin walled. Three pair of pleural ribs present. Hypural plate single, suture evident. Caudal rays 1 + 5 / 5 + 1, dorsal and anal fin overlap with caudal fin very short, almost absent. Skin thin, not easily torn. Fresh color completely black, darker on head, abdomen, and fins. Color in alcohol: head and body brown, abdomen darker owing to black-brown peritoneum visible through skin. Pectoral and longitudinal fins blackish, edges of fins and lower pectoral rays black. Disk reticulated black on white. Orobranchial cavity pale, black dotted; peritoneum black-brown (visible through body wall), stomach pale with fine blackish veining, pyloric caeca pale. The holotype has ripe 4.7 mm eggs. Distribution. Known only from a single specimen taken on the northern Chatham Rise at a little more than 1800 m. Etymology. The specific epithet narilobus from naris, Latin for nostril, and lobus, lobe, to denote the posterior tissue flap associated with the nostril. Comparisons. The new species is a member of the subgenus Careproctus (Andriashev 2003 and see above). Although unmistakably different, C. narilobus could most likely be confused with C. novaezelandiae in general shape, number of vertebrae and pectoral and caudal fin rays, pectoral girdle structure (radials 3 + 1, three foramina, notched scapula), and length and position of gill opening (above pectoral fin). However, it differs in presence of nasal flaps (vs slightly thickened rim), body color (dark vs pale), stomach color (pale vs pale with black reticulations), tooth shape (only sharp canines vs inner teeth trilobed), more vertebrae (60 vs 53���54), shorter head (22 vs 24���30 % SL), much shorter disk (16 vs 20���25 % HL), and other characters. Its high number of pectoral fin rays, pectoral girdle structure (notched radials), and nasal flaps distinguish it from all other Southern Ocean species. Comments. Pectoral girdle structure suggests that this species may be closely related to C. novaezelandiae, although the differences in tooth shape (canine vs trilobed) suggest otherwise., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 9-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476. In Russian, with English summary."]}

Psednos nemnezi n. sp. Figs. 33, 34 Holotype. NMNZ P.025435, ripe male, 90 mm SL, 100 mm TL, 43 �� 15.5 ' S, 173 �� 58.1 ' E, Pegasus Canyon, northeast of Banks Peninsula, R/V James Cook, Stn. JCO 8910 /010, 12 October 1989, 932��� 960 m. Paratype. NMNZ P.027097, ripe? male, 84 mm SL, 94 mm TL, 44 �� 24.52 ' S, 175 ��04.56' W, south Chatham Rise, F/V Cordella, Stn. COR 9004 /119, 16 November 1990, 832��� 852 m (skinned). Diagnosis. Vertebrae 58���59, pectoral fin rays 16, pyloric caeca 6���10. Occipital hump prominent. Mouth angle about 60 ��. Premaxillary teeth tiny, slender, sharp canines with slight shoulders, in a narrow band of about 40 oblique rows of up to 7 teeth each. Gill opening short, above pectoral and in front of 1���2 rays, its length less than 1 / 5 HL. Opercle a broad swordlike blade extending ventrally with a shallow curve posteriorly, its tip a sharp spine reaching posterior to pectoral fin base. Symphyseal pores without raised rim, small, widely separated, fragile. Coronal pore absent. Rays of upper and lower pectoral fin lobes free for a significant proportion of their length. Abdominal cavity length behind pectoral symphysis about 20 % SL, almost equal to HL. Description. Counts: V 59 (58), D 51 (49 or 50), A 44 (43), C 6, P 16 (16), radials unknown, gr 10 / 8 (9 / 8), pc 10 (6), pores unknown. Ratios: HL 21.9 (23.2)% SL, HW ~ 14 (15.7), sn 4.1 (6.4), E 4.6 (4.5), orbit 6.3 (6.4), io 10.9 (12.0), uj 11.3 (11.4), go 3.9 (na), UPL 14.3 (10.1), LPL 12.4 (8.0), bd 30.9 (28.0), preD 27.8 (29.3), preA 37.0 (39.5), sna 20.2 (20.8), ma 19.4 (19.6), aAf 21.6 (21.5), mabd 33.4 (32.8), pabd 20.6 (21.7). In % HL: HW ~ 63 (67.7), sn 18.8 (27.7), E 20.8 (19.5), orbit 28.9 (27.7), io 49.7 (51.8), uj 51.8 (49.2), go 17.8 (na), UPL 65.5 (43.6), LPL 56.8 (34.4), bd 141.1 (120.5), preD 126.9 (126.2), preA 169.0 (170.3), sna 92.4 (89.7), ma 88.8 (84.6), aAf 98.5 (92.8), mabd 152.8 (141.5), pabd 93.9 (93.3). Head short, deep; dorsal profile rising steeply and evenly at an angle of 50���60 �� to prominent occipital hump. Snout and symphysis of upper jaw slightly included, tip of mandible most anterior point of body. Snout short, low, about on horizontal with lower margin of orbit. Nostril single, not tubular, directly anterior to orbit on horizontal through middle of pupil. Eye relatively small, less than 1 / 20 SL, about 1 / 5 HL, orbit well below dorsal profile of head. Mouth oblique, its angle about 60 ��, oral cleft short, reaching to below anterior margin of orbit; posterior of upper jaw below middle of orbit. Teeth tiny, slender, sharp canines with slight shoulders, arranged in about 40 oblique rows of up to 7 teeth each, forming a narrow band. A clear gap and notch present at premaxillary symphysis. Mandibular teeth similar to those in upper jaw, but generally larger and longer, especially innermost teeth; a very narrow but distinct gap present at symphysis, obscured by teeth crossing over it. Angle of retroarticular about 90 ��. Gill opening above pectoral and extending ventrally in front of 1���2 rays, its length less than 1 / 5 HL. Gill rakers on first arch about 10 / 8, generally alternating, but in paratype, ventralmost rakers are opposite. Spinule patches on rakers mostly triangular, but spinules in no recognizable pattern. Opercle a broad sword-like blade extending ventrally with a shallow curve posteriorly, its tip narrow, forming a spine with a strongly acute angle of about 30 ��, dividing gill membrane in two halves, extending well beyond margins of membrane on either side of it. Tip of spine distinctly posterior to bases of dorsalmost pectoral fin rays. Pores very small. Symphyseal pores without raised rim, small, widely separated, fragile. Coronal pore absent. Suprabranchial pore possibly double. Pectoral fin dorsal ray about on horizontal with posterior corner of upper jaw and end of oral cleft. Pectoral fin rays 8 + 3 + 5. Upper lobe barely reaching end of body cavity, notch depth moderate, clearly less than 1 / 4 upper lobe length, rudimentary rays absent; lower lobe reaching less than half distance to end of upper lobe. Fin rays of upper and lower lobes distinctly more closely spaced than those in notch, free distally for a significant proportion of their length. Pectoral girdle not examined. Trunk anteriorly deep, tapering evenly and rapidly to caudal. Occipital hump well developed; highest and deepest point of body almost directly above gill opening. Vertebral formula of holotype 12 + 47, of paratype 13 + 45, first three or four vertebrae forming a very tight dorsal arc manifested by the high, prominent hump. Neural spines of first three vertebrae of both specimens are thicker than those more posterior; those of paratype are double, but those of holotype are thicker and only the second is forked. Remaining neural spines single. Dorsal fin origin between vertebrae 5���6 (6���7), anal fin origin between vertebrae 12���13 (13���14). Anus distinctly posterior to pectoral symphysis by a short distance; a fragile genital papilla present just posterior to anus. Abdomen depth about 1 / 6 SL, less than HL. Intestine with two or three coils on right side mid abdomen. Pyloric caeca fat, digitate, bluntly pointed. Hypural complex completely fused, no slit evident. Caudal rays 3 / 3. Skin thin, fragile, transparent. Fresh color evenly rosy except for darker branchial cavity and peritoneum visible through body wall. Color of body in alcohol whitish, head slightly brownish owing to visibility of branchial cavity through skin; mouth and tongue dusky, brown-spotted; branchial cavity dusky. Peritoneum brownish black, visible through body wall; stomach blackish brown, caeca blackish at base and black streaked, otherwise pale. Intestine similar except for pale coils. Distribution. Known from two specimens taken on the Chatham Rise in different trawls at depths of 830��� 960 m. Etymology. The name nemnezi from the initials NMNZ, the National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Comparisons. Psednos nemnezi is similar to four species in the region: P. chathami, P. cryptocaeca, P. platyoperculosus and P. struthersi. It differs from P. chathami most notably in eye size (20 vs 26 % HL), interorbital width (50���52 vs 40 % HL), preanal fin length (170 vs 157 % HL), slightly longer snout (19���28 vs 17 % HL), and opercle angle (pointing almost vertically downwards vs horizontal and posteriorly). Although P. n e m n e z i is easily confused with P. cryptocaeca, it differs in number of vertebrae (58���59 vs 56), distance from pectoral symphysis to abdomen end (19���22 vs 24 % SL, 85���93 vs 120 % HL), mandible to anus distance (85���89 vs 101 % HL), anus to anal fin length (93���99 vs 116 % HL), predorsal fin length in relation to head length (126 vs 140 % HL), distance from mandible to abdomen end (141���153 vs 175 % HL). For comparisons to P. platyoperculosus and P. struthersi, see those accounts below., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120

Paraliparis sp. 1 Material Examined. NMNZ P.023896, female, 114 mm SL, 120 mm TL, 44 ° 21.35 ' S, 176 ° 57.30 ' E, SW Chatham Rise, F/V Cordella, Stn. COR 8802 /109, 29 September 1988, 1086– 1102 m. Poor condition. Description. Counts. V 65, D 61, C 8, P ~ 19, radials and pc unknown. Ratios. HL 18.0% SL, HW 10.1, sn 4.1, E 5.0, orbit 6.3, uj 7.5, go 3.4, UPL 12.3, preD 21.0. In % HL: HW 56.1, sn 22.9, E 27.8, orbit 35.1, uj 42.0, UPL 68.3, preD 117.1. Mouth horizontal, oral cleft extending to below anterior edge of orbit, upper jaw extending to below mid orbit. Premaxillary teeth simple, stout canines with weak or no shoulders, arranged in 17–18 oblique curved rows of up to six teeth each, forming a narrow band; mandibular teeth similar but about 24 rows. Symphyseal gaps present in both jaws. Gill opening above and in front of up to two pectoral fin rays. Pectoral fin upper ray level about on horizontal with lower margin of orbit, its rays 14 + 2?+ 3?. Rudimentary rays absent. Vertebrae 9 + 56. Dorsal fin origin between V 2–3 or 3–4 (anteriormost pterygiophore may or may not have supported a ray). Anal fin origin unknown. Caudal rays 4 / 4. Body color unknown, orobranchial cavity pale, black dotted. Peritoneum dark brown, stomach pale. Comparisons. Unfortunately, this specimen is so badly damaged that most measurements cannot be made. Although similar to P. freeborni it appears to differ from it in having a much shallower body (e.g., visibly more slender), narrower premaxillary tooth band, and lower jaw teeth much closer together than those in upper jaw. The gill opening extends further ventrally (above and in front of about two rays vs completely above fin), and its caudal fin has more rays (8 vs 6). The mouth is pale and black-dotted (vs dusky).

Psednos chathami n. sp. Fig. 27 Holotype. NMNZ P.025387, ripe male, 87 mm SL, 99 mm TL, 42 ��37.00' S, 175 �� 36.40 ' E, northwest Chatham Rise, F/V Otago Buccaneer, Stn. OBS 0380/123, 22 September 1989, 1335��� 1340 m. Diagnosis. Dorsal fin rays 52 or 53, anal fin rays 45 or 46, pectoral fin rays 16���17, eye 26 %, preA 157 %, snout 17 %, upper jaw ~ 50 % HL. Occipital hump prominent. Teeth slender canines, premaxillary symphyseal gap very narrow, mandibular symphyseal gap absent. Opercle curved, posterior part almost horizontal. Distance from mandible to end of body cavity 36 % SL, 154 % HL. Coronal pore probably absent. Description. Counts: V 59, D 52 or 53, A 45 or 46, C unknown, P 16���17, radials unknown, gr 12 / 9, pc 8, pore formula unknown. Ratios: HL 23.3 % SL, sn 4.0, E 6.1, orbit 6.8, io 9.4, uj 11.8, go 5.6, UPL 15.2, LPL 13.9, preD 29.7, preA 36.6, sna 20.6, ma 19.5, aAf ~ 23, mabd 35.9, pabd 21.3. In % HL: sn 17.2, E 26.1, orbit 29.1, io 40.4, uj 50.7, go 24.1, UPL 65.5, LPL 59.6, preD 127.1, preA 156.6, sna 88.2, ma 83.7, aAf ~ 99, mabd 153.7, pabd 91.1. Dorsal profile of head rises steeply and evenly to prominent occipital hump. Snout posterior to mandibular symphysis. Nostrils single, about on horizontal with top of pupil, close to anterior margin of orbit. Mouth oblique, its angle about 30 ��, upper jaw included, its symphysis anterior to snout. Mandibular symphysis strong but lacking a prominent knob. Premaxillary teeth slender canines, inner teeth larger and sharper than outer ones, forming a narrow band of about 25 oblique rows of up to 7 teeth each; teeth apparently more closely set than in lower jaw. Narrow symphyseal gap present. Mandibular teeth larger and longer than premaxillary teeth, the largest innermost and nearest symphysis, slender with rounded tips; more posterior teeth sharp, lanceolate, forming a narrow band of about 25 oblique rows of up to 6 teeth each, the band gradually and slowly increasing in width anteriorly; symphyseal gap absent. Eye large, prominent, slightly more than 25 % HL; orbit almost 30 % HL. Gill opening above pectoral fin and extending ventrally in front of 1���2 fin rays, most of its length below opercular spine. Gill rakers on first arch 12 / 9, dorsal ones alternating, ventral rakers opposite. Spinules forming a V-shaped patch on each raker, generally with no clear pattern but a few rakers with two clear rows within more numerous scattered spinules. Opercle strongly curved posteroventrally, its posterior part almost horizontal and on a level with midline of body. Pore formula unknown, coronal pore apparently absent; symphyseal pores missing. Pectoral fin dorsal ray about on horizontal with posterior corner of mouth. Pectoral fin rays 8 + 3 + 6 (R), 7 + 4 + 5 (L), upper lobe reaching just behind abdominal cavity; rudimentary notch rays absent, not reaching midpoint of upper lobe. Notch moderately deep, its rays more widely spaced than those in upper and lower lobes, upper lobe rays more distinct from notch rays than lower lobe rays. Lower lobe almost as long as upper lobe, but its base sharply angled and much farther anterior. Pectoral girdle not examined. Trunk deep anteriorly, occipital hump high and sharply curved; highest and deepest point of body just anterior to gill flap. Vertebrae 11 + 48, first four vertebrae forming a very tight arc manifested externally by the high, prominent hump. Dorsal fin origin between vertebrae 4���5, anal fin origin between vertebrae 10���11. Anus notably posterior to pectoral symphysis and distant from it by about 1 / 3 lower fin lobe length; a long, slender, fragile genital papilla present just posterior to anus. Abdomen short, length from mandibular symphysis a little less than 1 / 3 SL, 1.5 times HL. Pyloric caeca digitate, fat, of differing lengths, very short to moderately long. Hypural complex completely fused, no slit evident. Caudal rays unknown, all rays missing. Skin thin, fragile, transparent. Life color unknown. Color of body in alcohol pale, skin whitish transparent, fins slightly brown, mouth and tongue brown spotted, branchial cavity dusky; peritoneum very dark brown, visible through body wall as black. Stomach blackish, pyloric caeca pale. Distribution. Known only from the holotype, taken in midwater at about 1335 m on the Chatham Rise East of New Zealand. Etymology. The specific epithet chathami denoting the locality of collection. Comparisons. Psednos chathami is most likely to be confused with P. n e m n e z i and P. platyoperculosus. See those descriptions for differences. Psednos chathami is also similar to Psednos sp. of southeastern Australia (Stein et al. 2001) but differs distinctly in number of dorsal fin rays (53 vs 48), number of anal fin rays (45���46 vs 43), snout length (17 vs 26 % HL), orbit diameter (29 vs 35 % HL), unequal jaw lengths (upper and lower jaws 51 and 62 % HL, respectively, vs 48 % HL), and longer snout to anus distance (88 vs 82 % HL)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Stein, D. L., Chernova, N. V. & Andriashev, A. P. (2001) Snailfishes (Pisces: Liparidae) of Australia, including descriptions of thirty new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 2001 (53), 341 - 406."]}

Psednos microstomus n. sp. Figs. 31, 32 Holotype. NMNZ P.039410, ripe female, 34 mm SL, 39 mm TL, 33 �� 30.09 ' S, 170 ��01.45' E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 0308/ 129, Reinga Ridge (NZ EEZ), 31 May 2003, 1158��� 1230 m. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 46, dorsal fin rays 43. Mouth small, upper jaw ~ 26 % HL, its angle 70���80 degrees. Mandibular teeth small, simple sharp canines; premaxillary teeth tiny, irregularly arranged, near symphysis only. Opercular flap small, gill opening short. Body not humpbacked, spine straight. Description. Counts: V 46, D 43, A ~ 37, C 5, P 14, radials unknown, gr unknown, pc unknown. Ratios: HL 32.5 % SL, sn 7.5, E 8.9, orbit ~ 9.5, uj 8.4, lj 7.5, po 17.6, go 2.7, bd 26.9, bdA 14.9, preD 31.6, preA 50.7, sna 31.3, aAf 30.4. In % HL: sn 22.9, E 27.5, orbit ~ 29.4, uj 25.7, lj 22.9, go 8.2, po 54.1, bd 82.6, bdA 45.9, preD 97.2, preA 156.0, sna 96.3, aAf 93.6. Head about 1 / 3 SL, dorsal profile rising gradually to occiput; snout short, not protruding anteriorly. Nostrils single, nasal rosette large, anterior to dorsal half of eye, almost touching orbit. Mouth terminal, small; when open, mouth opening almost round, retroarticular angle not obvious. Premaxillary teeth tiny, sharp canines arranged anteriorly in irregular rows forming a narrow band less than three teeth wide, posteriorly irregularly bi- or uniserial; difficult to find and see. Premaxillary symphyseal gap present, wide, a shallow symphyseal notch barely present. Mandibular teeth distinctly larger, smallest conical, gradually becoming larger medially. Largest teeth stout and sharp but not conical. Teeth arranged in about 20 oblique rows of up to 7 teeth each, forming a narrow band. Symphyseal gap absent. Orbits large, eyes prominent, not entering dorsal profile of head but forming part of interorbital region of head. Interorbital space damaged, apparently less than eye diameter. Gill flap triangular, tiny, gill opening short, almost pore like, flap oriented horizontally above dorsalmost pectoral fin ray and posterior to its base. Opercle long, slender, curved gradually over 70���80 ��, its posterior end sharp, visible through skin of opercular flap. Branchial cavity supported by six long, clearly visible branchiostegal rays curving posterodorsally. Symphyseal pores small, fragile, distinctly separated by a distance of about two pore diameters. Other cephalic pores damaged, not found. Pectoral fin upper ray about even with horizontal through posterior of oral cleft. Pectoral fin base low on body, about even with posterior end of upper jaw and not far anterior to a vertical through dorsal fin origin. Pectoral fin rays 8 + 1 + 5, upper lobe rays closely spaced, notch deep with a single ray distinctly more widely spaced dorsally and ventrally from upper and lower lobe rays. Rudimentary rays absent. Longest rays in each lobe slender, fragile, their ends apparently free. Pectoral girdle not examined. Trunk of body not dorsally curved or humpbacked, abdominal vertebrae forming a shallow, rather than a strong dorsal curve. Body deepest just behind orbit, stout, tapering evenly and rapidly to caudal fin. Vertebrae 10 + 36; on radiograph, first neural spine appears double; remaining neural spines single. Dorsal fin origin far posterior, between vertebrae 6���7, well behind head and base of pectoral fin, almost at posterior end of upper pectoral lobe, slightly anterior to posterior end of abdominal cavity. Origin of anal fin between vertebrae 10���11, distinctly posterior to end of peritoneum and body cavity rather than at the end as usual in other species; preanal fin length almost exactly half SL. Anus position about 30 % SL anterior to anal fin origin, about below middle of pectoral fin base and anterior part of gill opening. Abdominal cavity long, triangular in side view, extending about 1.2 times head length behind pectoral symphysis. Internal organs incompletely examined owing to specimen fragility and size. Hypural elements fused, caudal fin of five (3 / 2) rays, about 50 % overlapped by terminal dorsal and anal fin rays. Fresh color of head including mouth, branchial cavity, and abdomen, black except for occipital region, remainder of remaining skin transparent, musculature visible through skin. Body (musculature) color in alcohol tan, mouth and tongue black, branchiostegal membranes dark brown, peritoneum black, visible through whitish body wall; rectal portion of intestine brown. Stomach pale, pyloric caeca unknown. The specimen is apparently ripe or nearly ripe, with a few (ca 10?) large eggs about 1.7 mm diameter. Distribution. Known only from the holotype, taken to the northwest of New Zealand at about 1158���1230 m. Etymology. The specific epithet microstomus from the Greek mikros, small, and stoma, mouth, denoting the small mouth of the species. Comparisons. Psednos microstomus differs distinctly from all other Psednos described herein. Not only its small mouth (upper jaw 26 vs longer than 36 % HL) but also its short spine (vertebrae 46, 10 abdominal, vs 53 or more, 10 or more abdominal) and consequent few dorsal and anal fin rays (43, ~ 37 vs 45, 40 or more), its tiny teeth visible only at high magnifications (vs small teeth more easily seen), straight spine and consequently absent hump (vs anteriorly curved spine), black orobranchial cavity (vs dusky or brown dotted) shallow body depth (83 vs 120 % HL), and many other proportions set it apart. In appearance it is similar to P. carolinae Stein 2005, but differs in number of vertebrae (49 vs 38), number of dorsal and anal fin rays (43, ~ 37 vs 33, 26), tooth arrangement (banded vs biserial), and many more characters. In number of vertebrae and caudal fin rays, it is similar to P. cf. dentatus from Chile (Stein 2005), but it differs in almost all other available characters: mouth angle (70���80 �� vs 50 ��), head length (33 vs 23 % SL), upper jaw length (26 vs 45 % HL), predorsal length (97 vs 120 % HL), and stomach color (pale vs brown). Comments. The unusual morphology of P. microstomus emphasizes the need for a thorough review of Psednos. The number of known species has grown rapidly in the past decade (from five to 37 including those in this paper). The characters originally defining the genus were presence of an oblique mouth, humped spinal column, disconnected infraorbital and temporal sensory canals, and coronal and additional temporal pores. Now, there appear to be only two defining characters: the oblique mouth and lack of the sensory canal connection. Only the second of these appears to be unique to the genus; several species of Paraliparis also have oblique mouths. Psednos species are also apparently holopelagic and of small size, but these last two characteristics also occur in some Paraliparis species and in several other genera (Nectoliparis Gilbert and Burke 1912, Lipariscus Gilbert 1915). Psednos appears to include at least three species groups, and some species lack both the coronal pore and the occipital hump. Analysis of all the species could clarify the relationships of the group and lead to an improved definition of the genus., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 41-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Stein, D. L. (2005) Descriptions of four new species, redescription of Paraliparis membranaceus, and additional data on species of the fish family Liparidae (Pisces, Scorpaeniformes) from the west coast of South America and the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 1019, 1 - 25.","Gilbert, C. H. & Burke, C. V. (1912) Fishes from Bering Sea and Kamchatka. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, 30 (for 1910), 31 - 96.","Gilbert, C. H. (1915) Fishes collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer \" Albatross \" in southern California in 1904. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 48 (2075), 305 - 380."]}

Psednos Barnard 1927 Diagnosis (modified from Chernova and Stein, 2002). Ventral disk absent. Pseudobranchiae absent. One pair of nostrils. Mouth oblique, superior or terminal. Infraorbital sensory canal widely interrupted behind eye, consisting usually of six (5 + 1) or five (5 +0) pores. Nasal pores widely spaced, the upper nasal pore opening higher and behind vertical through nostril. Suprabranchial pore far above top of gill opening. Pectoral fin of 13���17 rays, usually with a notch. Pectoral girdle with three (rarely four) radials, rounded or notched. Interradial fenestrae present or absent. Vertebrae 40���58. Vertebral column often but not always sharply curved dorsally, usually resulting in a humpbacked body deep at occiput, with anteriormost vertebrae forming a distinct angle with cranium. Pleural ribs absent. Hypural plate single, unslit. Caudal fin rays usually six, rarely five. Two subgenera, Psednos sensu stricto and Protopsednos Andriashev 2003. Psednos s.s. is defined by V 40 ���47, D 34���42, A 28���35, having three evenly spaced radials lacking notches and interradial foramina. Protopsednos has V 56 ���58, D 48���50, A 41���43, and three radials (2 +0+ 1) with notches and 1���2 interradial fenestrae. Validation of these subgenera awaits examination of more specimens. Distribution. Eighteen species known from the Southern Hemisphere, of which at least eight are from New Zealand waters (Fig. 24). Six of the 18 are in Psednos s.s. and three more in P. Protopsednos. Assignment of the New Zealand species is problematic; all could be in Protopsednos but several do not fit well. Psednos individuals are rare and usually very difficult to identify because they are often similar and differ in non-quantitative details. Frequently, valuable characters are damaged or destroyed during capture and examination. Three of the species included below were badly damaged and were distinguished by only a few characters (see Methods, above). Therefore, the following key should be used with caution and should not be considered definitive., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Barnard, K. L. (1927) Diagnoses of new genera and species of South African marine fishes. Annals and magazine of Natural History, 9 XX, 66 - 79.","Chernova, N. V. & Stein, D. L. (2002) Ten new species of Psednos (Pisces, Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Copeia, 2002 (3), 755 - 778.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476. In Russian, with English summary."]}

Paraliparis exilis n. sp. Figs. 18, 19 Holotype. NMNZ P.047284, female?, 120 mm SL, 129 mm TL, 43 �� 42.375 �� S, 174 �� 10.158 �� W, southeastern Chatham Slope, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 0709/099, 20 July 2007, 1086 m. NMNZ P.047284/ 1, cleared and stained right pectoral girdle. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 66, dorsal fin rays 60, anal fin rays 54, caudal fin rays 8, pectoral fin rays ~ 20. Teeth forming broad bands of 28���30 obliquely curved rows, nowhere uniserial; on premaxilla shouldered, on mandible, simple canines. Chin pores paired, very closely set with a possible tissue fold anteriorly but not in a pit. Gill opening completely above pectoral fin, short, about 16 % HL. Pectoral radials 4 (3 + 1); scapula and R 1, R 3 clearly notched. Snout to anus distance short, 14 % SL, about 70 % HL. Anus to anal fin distance less than 120 % HL. Description. Counts. V 66, D 60, A 54, C 8, P ~ 20, radials 4, pc ��� 2. Ratios. HL 19.1 % SL, HW na, sn 5.7, E 4.2, orbit 6.0, uj 8.5, go 3.1, UPL 15.8, LPL 11.2, bd ~ 15, bdA 13.2, preD 26.3, preA 34.7, sna 13.7, ma 12.0, aAf 22.5, mabd 32.9, pabd ~ 23. In % HL: HW na, sn 29.7, E 21.8, orbit 31.4, uj 44.5, go 16.2, UPL 83.0, LPL 59.0, bd ~ 77, bdA 69.4, preD 138.0, preA 181.6, sna 71.6, ma 62.9, aAf 117.9, mabd 172.5, pabd ~ 122. Head small, low, about 1 / 5 SL, its dorsal profile almost straight, rising gradually to occiput. Snout short, blunt, slightly protruding above mouth. Nostrils single with raised rims, about on horizontal through mid orbit. Mouth terminal, small, horizontal, oral cleft reaching to below anterior margin of eye, upper jaw reaching to below rear of pupil. Premaxillary teeth small shouldered canines, inner teeth largest, arranged in about 30 obliquely curved rows of up to 12 teeth each, forming a broad band anteriorly; dentary teeth stout simple canines lacking shoulders, arranged similarly to premaxillary teeth. Eye moderately large, less than 1 / 4 HL, dorsal margin of orbit near dorsal profile of head. Gill opening completely above pectoral fin, short, much less than diameter of eye. Opercular flap sharply tipped, supported by broad, dorsally curved opercular spine. Pore counts unknown owing to damage; chin pores small, oval, very close together, distance between pm 1 -pm 1 much less than that between pm 1 -pm 2 on each side. Other mandibular pores similar in size, not easily visible against black skin. Pectoral fins well developed, upper ray about on a horizontal through lower margin of orbit. Pectoral rays about 20 (14���15 + 2 + 3���4) on each side (right side notch rays missing), longest ray of upper lobe reaching posteriorly almost to anal fin origin, about 80 % length of abdominal cavity. Notch deep, including two short, well developed rays, rudimentary rays absent. Lower lobe of 3���4 clearly exserted rays, reaching about 1 / 3 of upper lobe length, not reaching middle of abdominal cavity. Pectoral girdle radials 4 (3 + 1), round, R 1 dorsally notched, R 2 with shallow ventral indentation, R 3 dorsally notched, a wide gap present between R 3 and much smaller R 4. Scapula with a deeply notched base and another opposite dorsal notch in R 1, almost three-lobed; coracoid with long slender helve, basal notch absent. Body slender, its depth behind head no greater than head depth, evenly tapered to caudal. Vertebrae 10 + 56. Predorsal length about 1 / 4 SL, first two dorsal pterygiophores not bearing rays, first ray between vertebrae 4���5. Anal fin origin between vertebrae 11���12. Preanal fin length about 1 / 3 SL. Dorsal and anal fins broadest at about half body length. Anus below edge of preopercle, distinctly anterior to vertical through gill opening. Abdominal cavity long. Stomach large, muscular. Pyloric caeca two or more, flattened, thin walled. Hypural fused, slit not evident in radiograph. Caudal fin rays 4 / 4. Skin thin but not easily damaged. Fresh color evenly black all over. In alcohol, entire body and fins dense black. Orobranchial cavity pale, heavily dotted with melanophores, peritoneum black, pyloric region of stomach black streaked, remainder pale, pyloric caeca pale. Distribution. Known only from the holotype, taken on the southeast Chatham slope off New Zealand at a depth of 1086 m. Etymology. The specific epithet exilis, thin, from the Latin, denoting the species slender elongated body. Comparisons. Most similar to P. freeborni; see that species for comparison. In comparison to Australian Paraliparis species with four radials (see Stein et al. 2001), P. exilis differs from all of them in having a shallower body depth (~ 15 vs 16���23 % SL, ~ 77 vs 90���132 % HL), narrower interorbital space (37 vs 38���54 % HL), shorter gill opening (16 vs 19���22 % HL), and a longer upper pectoral fin lobe (16 vs 12���14 % SL). Additionally, there are other differences from the individual species. Comments. The new species is the only Paraliparis occurring in New Zealand waters having four radials, and the only one with notched radials. Paraliparis species with similar pectoral girdle characters are also known from the Ross Sea, Antarctica., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 23-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Stein, D. L., Chernova, N. V. & Andriashev, A. P. (2001) Snailfishes (Pisces: Liparidae) of Australia, including descriptions of thirty new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 2001 (53), 341 - 406."]}

Aetheliparis new genus Type species. Psednos rossi Chernova & Stein 2004 Diagnosis. Vertebrae 47 or fewer, dorsal rays 44 or fewer, anal fin rays 35 or fewer. Mouth and lower jaw vertical or angled posteriorly. Spine straight, not curved, body not humped. Coronal pore absent. Gill cavity enlarged, its opening far posterior, completely anterior to pectoral fin base. Branchiostegal rays six, prominent, elongated, dorsally curved but generally horizontally oriented. Pectoral fins far posterior to head, supracleithrum and or cleithrum elongated to support posterior location of pectoral girdle low on side of body. Pleural ribs absent. Etymology. Aetheliparis, from the Greek, aethes-, strange, denoting the remarkable morphology of the head and pectoral girdle of the species of the genus, and liparis, the root of the family name. Species. The new genus includes two species: A. rossi (Chernova & Stein) and A. taurocanis n. sp. The latter is from New Zealand waters (Fig. 1). Distribution. North Atlantic (A. rossi) and South Pacific (A. taurocanis) at mesopelagic depths. Comparisons. Designation of a new genus for these two mesopelagic species is warranted because they differ significantly from all other liparid genera. Aetheliparis is most similar to Psednos and Paraliparis in lacking a pelvic disk. However, it differs markedly from both (and all other liparid genera) in having a vertical or negatively angled mouth (unknown in any other liparid species), an elongated branchial cavity extended posteriorly (vs short and vertically oriented), branchiostegal rays long and largely horizontal (vs strongly curved and generally vertically oriented), the supracleithrum greatly elongated posteriorly to support the pectoral girdle which is located far behind the head by at least 1 / 3 SL and possibly more (vs immediately posterior to it and supported by a short supracleithrum), and the dorsal and anal fin origins and anus located far posteriorly (vs anteriorly)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120

Careproctus novaezelandiae Andriashev 1990 Figs. 7, 8 Careproctus novaezelandiae Andriashev 1990: 13, fig. 3; Andriashev & Stein 1998: 34, fig. 19; Andriashev 2003: 51, figs. 19, 20. Material Examined. Holotype. ZIN 49540, female, 87 mm SL, 100 mm TL, 48 �� 53.3 �� S, 178 �� 39.2 �� E, 20 April 1973, F/S Milogradovo, ~ 800���1000 m. Other material. NMNZ P.027141, female, 95 mm SL, 109 mm TL, 44 �� 41.22 ' S, 175 �� 08.46' E, east of Canterbury Bight, 19 September 1990, R/V James Cook, Stn. JCO 9015 /001, 802���870 m; LACM 11085 ��� 3, male, 55 mm SL, TL unknown, 53 �� 49.5 �� S, 169 �� 57.2 �� E, USNS Eltanin, Stn. 1990, 1 January 1968, 954��� 971 m; NMNZ P. 052989, male, 52 mm SL, 60 mm TL, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 1116 /058, 44 �� 46.817 �� S, 174 ��08.150�� E, southwest Chatham Rise, 9 November 2011, 821��� 822 m. Expanded diagnosis. Counts. V 53 ���55 (9���10 + 43���45), D 47���48, A 40���43, C 12 (1 + 5 / 5 + 1), P 34?��� 38. Ratios. HL 24���30 %, HW 16.7���17.4, HD 21.4���22.3, sn 6.5���8.1, E 7.5 ���8.3, orbit 9.6���10.4, uj 10.0��� 11.2, lj 9.8���11.2, go 4.0��� 6.7, UPL 18.3���20.2, LPL 12.1, md 9.9���11.3, disk 5.6���6.7, da 3.6���4.5, preD 28.3���31.3, preA 41���45, ma 18.5���21.5, aAf 19.6���23.9. In % HL: HW 63.5���72.4, sn 27.2���30.6, E 25.0 ��� 33.3, orbit 39.4���39.9, io 36.4���39.4, uj 40.8���42.3, go 15.3���28.1, UPL 69.3���84.2, LPL 46.0, md 41.2���43.1, disk 20���24.7, preD 118.0���119.0, preA 159.8 ���182.0, ma 77.2���81.8, aAf 74.4���99.6, LLD 2.2���3.9. Head large, snout blunt, lateral profile rounded. Nostril immediately anterior to orbit, with slightly raised or thickened rim. Mouth terminal. Inner teeth with distinct but small lateral lobes in adult, similar in juvenile (NMNZ P. 052989) but lateral lobes more difficult to see. Mandibular symphyseal pores small, round, widely spaced. Cephalic pores difficult to find, 2���6 ��� 7 ��� 2. Suprabranchial pore paired, not single as previously reported (Andriashev 2003: 52). Gill opening completely above pectoral fin base. Opercular flap distinctive, almost forming a right angle. Pectoral fin of adult unnotched, rays gradually shortening ventrally to lowest (most anterior) ray; juvenile with shallow notch; dorsal and ventral notch rays indistinct from those of upper and lower lobes. In all individuals, spacing of notch rays gradually increasing ventrally, then decreasing, determination of notch ray number somewhat arbitrary. Pectoral fins very close together. Radials 4 (3 + 1), R 1, R 2, R 3 notched, interradial fenestrae 2���3.Dorsal fin origin between vertebrae 4���5, anal fin origin between vertebrae 10���12. Pleural ribs well developed, three pairs present in adult, two pair saber-like; radiograph of juvenile shows only two pair. Hypural plate single, slit. Fresh color rosy anteriorly, head somewhat darker; black peritoneum visible through body wall; last third of body rosy black. In alcohol, body pale, orobranchial cavity black dotted. Peritoneum black; in NMNZ specimens, stomach and entire intestine densely black streaked rather than all black as stated in Andriashev (2003: 53). Distribution. Known from only a few specimens, the range of this benthic species extends from east of the Canterbury Bight south to near Campbell Island at depths of about 800��� 970 m. Comparisons. Also in the subgenus Careproctus. See C. pellucicauda below for comparison with that species. It is also similar to the Antarctic C. catherinae Andriashev & Stein 1998 and C. parini Andriashev & Prirodina 1990 (see Andriashev & Stein 1998 for a detailed comparison). Comments. This species was well described by Andriashev and Stein (1998) and Andriashev (2003) and the two NMNZ specimens do not differ enough from previous descriptions to merit redescription. However, they are not only the third and fourth known specimens, they are also in much better condition than the previously known specimens, allowing more and better data to be obtained about them. Therefore an expanded version of the 1998 diagnosis is provided above, including the new data. Furthermore, because of the condition of the earlier specimens, previous descriptions did not provide a full lateral view of C. novaezelandiae; one is included here. Specimens identified as C. novaezelandiae should be compared to the full description provided by Andriashev (2003; in Russian) or by Andriashev & Stein (1998; in English). Note that the number of interradial fenestrae is given by Andriashev (2003: 52) in his text as three, but the accompanying figure (ibid., fig. 19) shows only two., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Andriashev, A. P. & Stein, D. L. (1998) Review of the snailfish genus Careproctus (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) in Antarctic and adjacent waters. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 470, 1 - 63.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476. In Russian, with English summary.","Andriashev, A. P. & Prirodina, V. P. (1990) Notes on the first records of liparid fishes of the genus Careproctus (Liparididae) from the coasts of the Antarctic continent with descriptions of three new species. UO Tokyo, 39, 1 - 14."]}

Osteodiscus rhepostomias n. sp. Fig. 16 Holotype. NMNZ P.046408, sex unknown, 40mm SL, TL unknown, 46 �� 38.80 ' S, 178 �� 30.03 ' E, Bounty Trough, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 0 116, 10 October 2001, 2786��� 2821 m. NMNZ P.046408/ 1, cleared and stained right pectoral girdle. Paratypes. NMNZ P.046409 (two specimens), sex unknown, 29 mm, 30 mm SL, TL unknown, collected with holotype. Diagnosis. Mouth distinctly oblique, not horizontal. Dorsal fin rays 46���47, anal fin rays 41 ��� ~ 44, caudal fin rays 10, pectoral fin rays 24. Gill opening above pectoral fin and extending ventrally in front of about nine rays. Radials apparently 2 (1 +0+0+ 1). Description. Paratype data (where extant) in order of decreasing length. Counts: V 51 (55, 51), D 47 (46, 42?), A 41 (~44, 41), C na (10, 10), P 24, radials 2? Ratios: HL 27.3 (27.8, 28.2), HW 17.6 (na, 19.9), sn 10.2 (na, 11.5), E 5.4 (4.7, na), orbit 8.4, uj 10.9, UPL ~ 17.5 (na, 20.2), md 11.9, disk 6.9 (9.3, 8.7), da 3.2, bd 20.6, preD 29.0, preA 40.5, ma 18.6, aAf 17.9. In % HL: HW 64.5 (na, 70.4), sn 37.3 (na, 40.7), E 16.7, orbit 30.9, uj 40.0, UPL ~ 63 (na, 71.6), md 43.6 (na, 38.3), disk 25.4 (33.3, 30.9), da 11.8, bd 75.4, preD 106.4, preA 147.3, ma 68.2, aAf 65.4. Head globular, dorsal profile more or less flat to snout. Snout blunt, angled anteroventrally. Nostrils single, horizontal with middle of pupil. Mouth terminal, large, oblique at an angle of about 30 degrees. Premaxilla reaching to below anterior margin of orbit, upper jaw to below mid orbit, lower jaw with a prominent symphyseal process. Teeth slender sharp canines, arranged in about 14 oblique rows of up to 6 teeth each. Posterior teeth uniserial in jaws; anteriorly, outer teeth smallest, gradually larger medially. A clear symphyseal gap present in lower jaw. Lower jaw teeth similar to those of upper jaw, symphyseal gap absent. Eye prominent, moderately large. Gill opening long, above pectoral fin and extending ventrally over about nine rays. Opercle a prominent long spine, directed almost straight down. Opercular flap large, triangular, its apex pointed ventrally and terminating in opercular spine, posterior margin almost vertical. Cephalic pores apparently large, oval, not prominent, without raised margin, very difficult to distinguish, pattern undeterminable. Symphyseal pore pair well separated, difficult to distinguish from skin folds. Pectoral fin upper ray on horizontal just above posterior of upper jaw. Pectoral fin rays 15 + 4 + 5. Upper lobe about 2 / 3 HL. Notch moderately deep, ray spacing distinctly wider than in upper and lower lobes, rudimentary rays absent. Lowest (anteriormost) ray base of lower lobe below anterior margin of orbit, below posterior of premaxilla. Pectoral girdle of holotype cleared but poorly stained probably owing to reduced calcification. Radials apparently 2 (1 +0+0+ 1), the upper (larger) forming upper part of fin base and supporting entire upper lobe, lower radial much smaller, at ventral end of girdle. Trunk thin, distinctly shallower than head depth, tapering gradually to tail. Dorsal fin origin probably between vertebrae 4���5, anal fin origin between vertebrae 10���11. Disk length about 1 / 4 HL, its width slightly greater than its length, its anterior margin just below posterior end of oral cleft, posterior margin below mid orbit. Disk skeletal, structure clearly visible through skin of ventral surface. Anus close to posterior edge of disk and below rear of head. Hypural fused, supporting caudal of 10 (1 + 4 / 5) rays. Internal organs unknown, deteriorated from poor preservation. All caudal rays of holotype missing, hypural present; caudal rays of paratypes present. Skin thin, fragile, translucent. Prickles absent. Color in life unknown. In alcohol, body color brown, tail unpigmented. Orobranchial cavity brownish, peritoneum black. Distribution. Known only from the types, collected in the Bounty Trough southeast of New Zealand at 2786���2821 m. Etymology. From the Greek, rhepo, incline or slope, and stomias, mouth, to denote the upwardly angled mouth of the species. Comparisons. Although the type specimens are not in good condition, the new species is clearly distinct from previously known congeners in its angled mouth (vs horizontal). This is the third known species and the first record of Osteodiscus from outside the North Pacific, and establishes the genus as biantitropical. The two other known species are O. cascadiae Stein 1978 from off Oregon USA, and O. andriashevi Pitruk and Fedorov 1990, from the Sea of Okhotsk. Both differ from O. rhepostomias in having horizontal (vs oblique) mouths and fewer caudal fin rays (10 vs 6���7 and 7���8 respectively). In addition, O. rhepostomias differs from O. cascadiae in mandible-anus distance (68 vs 73���109 % HL) and disk to anus distance (12 vs 1���4 % HL). It differs from O. andriashevi in number of vertebrae (51���55 vs 55���59), number of dorsal fin rays (46���47 vs 52���53), anal fin rays (41���44 vs 46���49) and in many proportions. Comments. Owing to the small size of the specimens and their condition, it was difficult to examine all three as thoroughly as desirable. However, the disks are in good condition with no evidence of damage. It is possible but unlikely that these specimens are a new species of Careproctus rather than of Osteodiscus; however, the disks are skin covered but have no thickened margins or well-defined tissue segments such as are present in Careproctus species, and this characteristic is clearly evident in all three specimens. Pectoral girdle structure is unusual regarding the large size and odd shape of R 1. Kido (1988: 148) described the pectoral girdle of O. cascadiae as having a similar structure of two radials (1 +0+0+ 1), although he described R 1 as small and round and about the same size as R 4. However, O. andriashevi has 3 (2 +0+ 1) or 4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) radials. More specimens are needed to determine whether R 1 in O. rhepostomias as described above is normal, the result of poor staining (lack of calcification), incomplete development, or an anomaly., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Stein, D. L. (1978) A review of the deepwater Liparidae (Pisces) from the coast of Oregon and adjacent waters. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 127, 1 - 55.","Pitruk, D. L. & Fedorov, V. V. (1990) A new species of the Genus Osteodiscus Stein (Liparididae) from the Sea of Okhotsk. Journal of Ichthyology, 30, 112 - 118."]}

Aetheliparis taurocanis n. sp. Figs. 2, 3 Holotype. NMNZ P.04515, female, 32 mm SL, TL unknown, 35 ��15.00' S, 176 ��15.00' E, near Moa Seamount, RNZFA Tui, Stn. AUZ 0 73, 22 July 1962, 731��� 869 m. Diagnosis. Mouth cleft vertical, lower margin of opercular flap horizontal. Coronal pore absent. Teeth thornlike or stout pyramidal canines, not lanceolate. Pectoral fin base far behind head and gill opening. Body short, vertebrae ~ 42, dorsal fin rays ~ 35, anal fin rays ~ 31. Interorbital width 9, mandible-anus 39, anus-anal fin 17, lower jaw 12 % SL. Description. Counts: V ~ 42, D ~ 35, A ~ 31, C 6, P 15, radials unknown, gr unknown, pc 5���6, pore formula unknown. Ratios: HL 30.6, HW 15.6, sn 6.9, E 5.9, orbit 7.2, uj 10.0, lj 11.6, po 17.8, io 8.7, bd 22.8, bdA 16.9, preD 31.2, preA 48.4, sna 37.5, ma 38.7, aAf 17.2. In % HL: HW 51.0, sn 22.4, E 19.4, orbit 23.5, uj 32.6, lj 37.8, po 58.2, io 28.6, bd 74.5, bdA 55.1, preD 102.0, preA 158.2, sna 122.4, ma 126.5, aAf 56.1. Head about 1 / 3 SL, dorsal profile almost horizontal; snout short, not protruding anteriorly, covered by and posterior to symphysis of mandible. Nostrils single, nasal rosette almost touching anterodorsal margin of orbit, just above horizontal through dorsal margin of orbit. Mouth very large; when closed, lower jaw forms almost entire front of head, oral cleft vertical or almost vertical, symphysis of lower jaw reaching almost to level of dorsal profile of head. Teeth small, sharp, stout thorn-like canines, not lanceolate or blunt; uniserial for at least posterior half of upper jaw, forming a narrow band of irregularly arranged teeth anteriorly. Mandibular teeth stouter, more pyramidal in shape, forming a narrow band, much wider anteriorly near symphysis. Rows uncounted. Orbits large, eyes prominent, not quite entering dorsal profile of head. Interorbital space broad, 1.5 times eye diameter. Gill flap and openings completely anterior to margin of pectoral fin base. Opercle elongate, supporting enlarged branchial cavity and membrane. Gill opening membranous, hidden by opercular flap, relatively long, angled dorso-posteriorly, its ventral end above a horizontal through dorsal end of pectoral fin base. Lower part of branchial membrane of gill opening supported by branchiostegal rays 2, 3, and 4. Branchiostegal rays six, extremely long, clearly visible through skin, oriented horizontally, then curving posterodorsally. Cephalic sensory pores difficult to determine owing to fragility of skin and damage. Two nasal pores present; coronal apparently absent, io 1���5 present, t 1 present but t 2 apparently absent. Symphyseal pores relatively large, prominent, separated by a distance of 1 1 / 2 ��� 2 pore diameters, one either side of mandibular symphyseal knob. Other pores damaged or not found. Pectoral fin upper ray about even with ventral margin of orbit. Fin base low on side of body, far behind head and gill opening and slightly anterior to a vertical through dorsal fin origin. Upper lobe of nine closely spaced rays, apparently deep notch including two normally developed rays distinctly more widely spaced, separated from upper and lower fin lobes, lower fin lobe of four closely set rays. Bases of lower lobe rays similar to those of upper lobe. Supracleithrum elongated posteriorly and slightly ventrally, possibly fused with or attached to cleithrum to form a long acutely triangular blade extending to post-temporal to support posteriorly located pectoral girdle. Pectoral girdle not examined. Trunk of body not dorsally curved or humpbacked, abdominal spinal column straight. Body deepest at middle of abdominal cavity, at a point about 40 % SL posterior to lower jaw symphysis. Vertebrae 8 or 9 + 33 or 34; in radiograph, first three neural spines appear distally unfused and forked. Dorsal fin origin far posterior, between vertebrae 5���6 or 6���7, slightly posterior to pectoral fin base and approximately above posterior end of abdominal cavity; origin of anal fin at vertebra 10���11. Preanal fin length slightly less than one half SL. Anus position far anterior to anal fin origin, below posterior edge of pectoral fin base, about 1 1 / 4 HL from mandibular symphysis. Abdomen swollen; distal portion of intestine strongly pigmented brown, more anterior portion pale except near stomach where it is brown. Stomach dorsal in body cavity, pyloric caeca 5���6, short, pyramidal. Hypural elements fused, caudal fin of six (3 / 3) rays, length unknown. Skin thin, translucent or transparent. Color in life unknown. Body color in alcohol pale translucent tan, orobranchial cavity darker brown; peritoneum dark brown, visible through body wall; gastric and rectal portions of intestine brown, cream colored between. Stomach brown but pyloric caeca pale. The specimen has very small eggs. Distribution. Known from a single specimen collected in midwater at bathypelagic depths near Moa Seamount, northeast of New Zealand. Etymology. The specific epithet taurocanis from the Latin taurus, bull, and canis, dog, in reference to the pugnacious appearance of the fish resulting from its vertical mouth and prominent lower jaw. Comparisons. The new species is remarkably similar to Aetheliparis rossi from the northwest Atlantic off Cape Hatteras, which it strongly resembles in its vertical mouth, absence of coronal pore and humped spine, peculiar gill opening and position, and posterior location of the pectoral fin girdle. However, it differs in having fewer vertebrae (42 vs 47), dorsal and anal fin rays (35 vs 42���44 and 31 vs 33���35 respectively), in tooth shape (pyramidal and thornlike vs lanceolate and slender, especially anteriorly), color of orobranchial cavity, tongue, and peritoneum (brown or tan vs black), and in many morphometric ratios, particularly the shorter lower jaw (38 vs 45���50 % HL) and more anterior location of the anus (mandible-anus distance 23 vs 35���37 % SL)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120

Paraliparis freeborni n. sp. Fig. 20 Holotype. NMNZ P. 040874, female, 118 mm SL, 128 mm TL, 43 �� 37.09 ' S, 174 ��01.43' W, northeastern Chatham Rise, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 0408/045, 22 July 2004, 1218 m. NMNZ P. 040874 / 1, cleared and stained right pectoral girdle. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 66, dorsal fin rays 62, anal fin rays 52, caudal fin rays 6, pectoral fin rays 20. Teeth forming wide bands of 17���18 obliquely curved rows of up to 12 small teeth each. Chin pores small, very close together, not in a pit. Pectoral radials 2 (2 +0+0), unnotched. Snout to anus about 19 % SL, anus below anterior of opercular blade and upper notch rays. Predorsal length 21 % SL. Upper pectoral fin lobe short, 71 % HL or longer. Description. Counts. V 66, D 62 (1 + 61), A 52, C 6, P 20, radials 2, pc 4. Ratios. HL 18.1 % SL, HW 9.7, HD 14.2, sn 3.6, E 4.2, orbit 5.8, uj 8.0, go 3.9, UPL 12.9, LPL 9.8, bd 21.6, bdA 16.6, preD 21.4, preA 38.6, sna 18.7, ma ~ 16, aAf 25.8, mabd 35.6, pabd 28.8. In % HL: HW 53.7, HD 78.5, sn 19.6, E 23.4, orbit 32.2, uj 44.4, go 21.5, UPL 71.0, LPL 54.2, bd 119.2, bdA 91.6, preD 117.8, preA 213.1, sna 103.3, ma ~ 90, aAf 142.1, mabd 196.3, pabd 158.9. Head small, less than 1 / 5 SL, its dorsal profile flat, sloping evenly downward to snout. Snout short, slightly protruding above mouth. Nostrils single, similar in size to pores, about on horizontal through middle of pupil. Mouth terminal, small, horizontal, oral cleft only reaching to below anterior margin of orbit, upper jaw reaching to below mid pupil. Teeth small canines with weak lateral shoulders, inner teeth largest, on premaxilla arranged in about 17���18 obliquely curved rows of up to 12 teeth each; dentary teeth in about 20 similar rows. Teeth in both jaws forming wide bands. Eye moderately large, about 1 / 4 HL, dorsal margin of orbit well below profile of head. Gill opening completely above pectoral fin, short, about equal in length to diameter of eye. Opercular flap sharply tipped, not lobate or rounded; supported by strongly dorsally curved opercular spine, its posterior end behind pectoral fin base. Pore counts 2���6 ���?���? owing to damage; chin pores small, round, very close together but separated by pigmented skin, distance between pm 1 ���pm 1 about 1 / 5 ��� 1 / 6 that between pm 1 ���pm 2 on each side. Other pores much larger, pale, clearly visible against blackish skin. Pectoral fin well developed, upper ray about on a horizontal slightly below lower margin of orbit. Pectoral rays 14���15 + 2���3 + 3, upper lobe of 14 (R) ��� 15 (L) rays, longest ray reaching posterior to below fourth or fifth dorsal fin ray, about 2 / 3 length of abdominal cavity. Notch deep, its rays short but fully developed, not rudimentary. Lower lobe rays clearly exserted, reaching middle of abdominal cavity and below middle of upper pectoral fin lobe. Pectoral girdle radials 2 (2 +0+0), round, unnotched. Scapula with long helve, coracoid with long helve and basal notch. Body relatively deep, evenly tapered to caudal. Vertebrae 10 + 56. Predorsal length a little more than 1 / 5 SL, first dorsal pterygiophore not bearing a ray, between vertebrae 4���5. Anal fin origin between vertebrae 12���13. Preanal fin length about 2 / 5 SL. Dorsal and anal fins broadest about 2 / 3 to 3 / 4 SL towards caudal. Anus below anterior part of opercular blade, on a vertical through upper pectoral fin notch ray base. Abdomen swollen, long and prominent. Pyloric caeca ventral, digitate, pointed. Hypural fused, slit not evident in radiograph. Caudal fin rays 3 / 3. Skin thin, translucent, easily damaged. In alcohol, body and fins blackish, head darker. Orobranchial cavity dusky blackish, peritoneum black, stomach pale, pyloric caeca pale. Distribution. Known only from the holotype, taken on the Chatham Rise off New Zealand at a depth of 1218 m. Etymology. Named in honor of Michelle Freeborn, the artist who drew the figures for this and other papers and for the forthcoming guide to New Zealand marine fishes. Comparisons. Most similar to P. trunovi Andriashev 1986 in number of pectoral radials, dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin rays and general proportions and color. The new species differs from P. trunovi in size and number of tooth rows (17���18 obliquely curved rows of up to 12 teeth each vs 40���45 rows of up to 12���15 teeth each), narrower head (10 vs 15���18 % SL), more posterior anus (sna about 18 % SL, below anterior of opercular blade and upper notch rays vs 13���15 % SL, below preopercle), shorter predorsal length (21 vs 26���27 % SL), and longer upper pectoral fin lobe (68���71 or possibly longer vs 57���58 % HL), and other proportions. It is also similar to Paraliparis exilis in dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin ray counts, but that species differs from P. freeborni in number of caudal rays (8 vs 6), its much more slender body shape (bd ~ 15, bdA 69 vs 22 and 92 % HL respectively), snout length (30 vs 20 % HL), color (dense even black vs blackish translucent skin), position of the first dorsal fin ray (anterior to opercle tip vs behind it), upper pectoral fin lobe length (almost reaching end of abdominal cavity vs to about 2 / 3 its length), and pectoral radials (4 vs 2). Paraliparis freeborni differs from all the Australian species having two radials in having a shorter snout (20 vs 29���39 % HL), longer snout-anus distance (19 vs 13���15 % SL, 103 vs 75���90 % HL), and greater body depth (22 vs 16���20 % SL, 119 vs 83���110 % HL)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Andriashev, A. P. (1986) Review of the snailfish genus Paraliparis (Scorpaeniformes: Liparididae) of the Southern Ocean. Theses Zoologicae 7. Koeltz, Koenigstein. 204 pp."]}

Paraliparis Collett 1879 Diagnosis. Ventral sucking disk absent. Nostrils single (one on each side of snout). Pseudobranch absent. Teeth almost always simple, occasionally with small shoulders, rarely trilobed. Pectoral fins usually notched, often deeply, forming lower and upper lobes, usually with fewer rays than in anal fin. Pectoral radials 4, 3, or 2. Pleural ribs absent. Caudal fin rays usually fewer than 10, procurrent rays usually absent but occasionally one ray present. Vertebrae 51 ���about 81. Distribution. At least 80 species in the Southern Hemisphere, known from Australia, east and west coasts of South America, Falkland Islands, southern Africa, and Antarctica. Four species known from New Zealand waters (Fig. 17)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on page 23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Collett, R. (1879) Fiske fra Nordhavs-Expeditionens sidste Togt, Sommeren 1878. Forhandlinger I Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania (for 1878), 14, 1 - 106."]}

Key to New Zealand Careproctus species 1 Pectoral rays about 25, caudal rays 10. Anterior 2 / 3 of body brown, posterior third abruptly pale..... C. pellucicauda n. sp. - Pectoral fin rays 37���38, caudal rays 12. Entire body brown or pale............................................. 2 2 Body color dark brown, vertebrae 60, all teeth simple canines, dorsal rays about 50................... C. narilobus n. sp. - Body color completely pale, vertebrae 53���54, inner teeth clearly shouldered, dorsal rays 48 or fewer................................................................................................ C. novaezelandiae Andriashev, Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120

Psednos struthersi n. sp. Fig. 37 Holotype. NMNZ P.046866, male, 48 mm SL,> 52 mm TL, 35 �� 20.835 �� S, 178 �� 31.893 �� E, seamount in southern Havre Trough, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 1007 /053, 6 February 2010, 1411��� 1428 m. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 53, pectoral fin rays 13, pyloric caeca 5. Mouth angle 20���30 ��, upper jaw 60 % head. Teeth arranged in about 25 oblique rows forming a band of up to four teeth wide. Long slender opercle curved posteroventrally, its tip pointing downwards, forming a sharp, acutely angled lobe. Coronal pore unknown but probably absent, mandibular symphyseal pores moderately large, oval, situated on each side of symphyseal knob. Abdomen relatively short and deep, distance from mandible to end of abdomen 125 %, pectoral symphysis to end of abdomen 75 %, anus to anal fin about 65 % HL. Peritoneum black viewed through the body wall; pyloric caeca black. Description. Counts: V 53, D 45, A 40, C 6, P 13, radials unknown, gr unknown, pc 5, pores unknown. Ratios: HL 29.2 % SL, HW 13.5, sn 8.3, E 6.0, orbit 9.6, io 8.1, uj 17.5, go 6.9, UPL 13.5, LPL 16.0, bd 29.0, preD 29.2, preA 37.9, sna 25.2, ma 24.8, aAf 19.0, mabd 36.7, pabd 21.7. In % HL: HW 46.4, sn 28.6, E 20.7, orbit 32.8, io 27.8, uj 60.0, go 23.6, UPL 46.4, LPL 55.0, bd 99.3, preD 100.0, preA 130.0, sna 86.4, ma 85.0, aAf 65.0, mabd 125.7, pabd 74.3. Head short, deep, its length about equal to maximum body depth; dorsal profile rising steeply and evenly at an angle of about 45 �� to prominent occipital hump. Snout and symphysis of upper jaw slightly included, tip of mandible most anterior point of body. Snout short, low, its tip about on horizontal with lower margin of orbit. Nostril single, not tubular, rosette large, almost half pupil diameter, directly in front of lower part of orbit. Eye about 1 / 5 HL, orbit close to dorsal profile of head. Mouth only moderately oblique, its angle about 20���30 ��, oral cleft reaching to below pupil; upper jaw reaching to below rear edge of orbit. Premaxillary teeth slender, fanglike recurved canines, largest innermost; anterior teeth simplest, posterior teeth lanceolate; arranged in about 25 oblique rows of up to five teeth each, forming a narrow band about four teeth wide; a narrow clear gap and notch present at premaxillary symphysis. Mandibular teeth similar to those in upper jaw, those near symphysis larger, those posterior smaller but still larger than corresponding teeth on upper jaw; a narrow gap present at symphysis. Prominent symphyseal knob present. Angle of retroarticular slightly less than 90 ��. Gill opening completely above pectoral, its length slightly less than 1 / 4 HL. Opercle a narrow spine extending posteroventrally, forming an acutely angled gill flap with a sharp tip, its lower margin horizontal. Tip of opercle far behind bases of upper pectoral fin rays, below level of orbit. A gular skin fold present below oral cleft, anterior to origins of branchiostegal rays. Cephalic pores of the subocular series tiny, difficult to find. Mandibular pores larger, oval; symphyseal pores without raised rim, large, widely separated on either side of symphyseal knob, fragile. Coronal pore absent, io 6 (postorbital pore) possibly present. Suprabranchial pore single. Pectoral fin dorsal ray about on horizontal with posterior corner of upper jaw and end of oral cleft. Pectoral fin rays 6 + 2 + 5. Upper lobe reaching to behind end of body cavity, notch moderately deep, greater than half length of lower lobe, rudimentary rays absent; lower lobe reaching about half distance to end of upper lobe. Fin rays of upper and lower lobes distinctly more closely spaced than those in notch, free distally for about half their length. Pectoral girdle not examined. Trunk anteriorly deep, tapering evenly and rapidly to caudal. Occipital hump prominent, well developed; highest and deepest point of body distinctly anterior to gill opening and aligned with a vertical through dorsal ends of branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae 11 + 42, first three or four vertebrae forming a prominent dorsal arc manifested by the high, prominent hump. Neural spines of first four vertebrae are thicker than those more posterior. Dorsal fin origin between vertebrae 6���7, anal fin origin between vertebrae 13���14. Anus well behind pectoral symphysis, on vertical through anteriormost end of gill flap; a prominent genital papilla present, well spaced behind anus. Abdomen about 1 / 5 SL, distinctly shorter than HL. Intestine with two or three black streaked coils on right side mid-abdomen. Pyloric caeca short, flattened, tips rounded. Hypural complex completely fused, no slit evident. Caudal rays 3 / 2 + 1. Skin thin, fragile, transparent. Fresh color of head (except for occipital region) and abdomen black, remainder of body white, covered by transparent skin. Color of body in alcohol pale, skin on head slightly brownish; mouth and tongue dusky; branchial cavity dark. Skin behind gill flap entirely colorless and transparent. Peritoneum black, visible through body wall; stomach black, caeca blackish at base, otherwise pale. Intestine creamy white with black streaks. Etymology. Named in honor of Carl Struthers (National Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa), without whose help this and an earlier monograph on Ross Sea liparids would have been much more difficult to accomplish. Comparisons. The new species is easily distinguished from the other Psednos in the region by its relatively low number of vertebrae (53; 11 + 42); only P. microstomus has fewer (46). All others have 56 or more (10���13 + 45���48). Other differences include a short distance from mandible to abdomen end (126 vs 139���187 % HL) and pectoral symphysis to abdomen end (74 vs 79���120 % HL), a shallower mouth angle (20 �� vs 30���80 ��), slightly fewer pectoral fin rays (13, six in the upper lobe, vs 14 ���17, 6��� 8 in the upper lobe), a shorter postorbital head length (46 vs 47���54 % HL), and black pyloric caeca (vs part black or all pale). The anterior part of the head is blackish, whereas in all other species the head is completely white or off white., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 48-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120

Notoliparis Andriashev 1975 Diagnosis. Ventral sucking disk present. Nostrils single. Pseudobranchs and pleural ribs absent. Two nasal, five infraorbital, seven preoperculo-mandibular pores. Additional unpaired coronal, paired postcoronal, and five pairs of post temporal pores present. Eyes small, reduced to about 2.5 % SL. Anus posterior to disk by a distance greater than disk length. Vertebrae 53���65. Caudal fin of 13���14 rays. Distribution. Three species known from the Southern Hemisphere, one from New Zealand waters (Fig. 11). Notoliparis kermadecensis (Nielsen 1964) Figs. 12, 13, 14 ���Species of Liparidae ��� Wolff 1961: 283. Careproctus kermadecensis Nielsen 1964: 117, fig. 5 Notoliparis kermadecensis Andriashev 1975: 315; Andriashev 1978: 159; Andriashev 2003: 199, figs. 103, 104; Jamieson et al. 2009: 1041, fig. 4. Holotype. ZMUC P 82217, female, 252 mm SL, ~ 275 mm TL, 35 �� 51 �� S, 178 �� 31 �� W, Kermadec Trench, 20 February 1952, HDMS Galathea, Stn. 658, 6660��� 6670 m. Material examined. None. Diagnosis. (modified from Andriashev 2003). Vertebrae 65, dorsal fin rays 57, anal fin rays 53, caudal fin rays 14, pectoral fin rays 32���33. Head width about equal to its length. Posterior edge of disk directly below upper part of pectoral fin base. Pectoral fin short, its posterior end far anterior to anal fin origin. Head 19���21 %, preanal 45���48 % (37 in juvenile), disk 5���7 % SL (7.1 in juvenile). Distribution. Known only from the Kermadec Trench at depths between 6660���7261 m. Comments. A total of 12 specimens of N. kermadecensis have been collected. The initial collection (Nielsen 1964) included five specimens, ranging in length from approximately 50 to 258 mm SL. Recently, seven more specimens were collected by trapping in the Kermadec Trench. These latter specimens are in much better condition than the older ones, and allow collecting significant additional data on the morphology, physiology, and biology of N. kermadecensis. Their data will be published separately in a paper including a complete redescription of the species. This species is not only the deepest known liparid species from the New Zealand EEZ, it is one of the deepest living fishes., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Andriashev, A. P. (1975) A new ultra abyssal fish, Notoliparis kurchatovi gen. et sp. n. (Liparidae) from the South-Orkney Trench (Antarctic). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademia Nauk SSSR, 103, 313 - 319. In Russian; English translation by David Stein.","Nielsen, J. G. (1964) Fishes from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report, (7), 113 - 124.","Wolff, T. (1961) The deepest recorded fishes. Nature, 190, 283.","Andriashev, A. P. (1978) On the third species of the ultraabyssal genus Notoliparis Andr. (Pisces, Liparidae) from deep waters of Macquarie Trench with observations on the zoogeography and evolutionary significance of this discovery. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademia Nauk SSSR, 112, 151 - 161. In Russian; English translation by David Stein.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476. In Russian, with English summary.","Jamieson, A. J., Fujii, T., Solan, M., Matsumoto, A. K., Bagley, P. M., & Priede, I. M. (2009) Liparid and macrourid fishes of the hadal zone: in situ observations of activity and feeding behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1037 - 1045."]}

Osteodiscus Stein 1978 Diagnosis. Disk present, covered only by thin skin, skeletal; fleshy margin absent; supporting rays of disk webbed between tips, attenuate posteriorly. Mouth horizontal or oblique. Teeth sharp, with or without faint lobes. Nostrils single, relatively small. Cephalic pores normal to very large. Pectoral fin deeply notched. Vertebrae 51���59, dorsal fin rays 46���53. Pleural ribs absent. Branchiostegal rays six. Distribution. Three species known, two from the North Pacific and one from New Zealand waters (Fig. 15)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Stein, D. L. (1978) A review of the deepwater Liparidae (Pisces) from the coast of Oregon and adjacent waters. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 127, 1 - 55."]}

Careproctus Kr��yer 1862 Diagnosis. Ventral sucking disk present, small to large. Nostrils single (one on each side of snout). Teeth simple or trilobed. Pseudobranchs absent. Pectoral fins with or without notch forming lower and upper lobes, usually with fewer rays than in anal fin. Pleural ribs present or absent. Two subgenera, Careproctus sensu stricto and Careproctula Andriashev 2003. Careproctus s.s. is defined by four pectoral radials, some notched with interradial fenestrae, teeth more or less trilobed; well developed pleural ribs, a divided hypural plate usually with 14 (rarely with 11 or 12) rays; and (31) 35���39 pectoral fin rays. Careproctula species have 2���4 unnotched radials without fenestrae, teeth generally simple or shouldered, rarely trilobed; pleural ribs generally absent, fused hypural plate usually with 10 (8���12) rays, and 33 or fewer pectoral fin rays. Distribution. About 49 species in the Southern Hemisphere, known from Australia, east and west coasts of South America, Falkland and other subantarctic islands, and Antarctica. Three species known from New Zealand waters (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Kroyer, H. N. (1862) Nogle Bidrag til Nordisk ichthyologi [with subsections under separate titles]. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Kjobenhavn (Ser. 3), 1, 233 - 310.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476. In Russian, with English summary."]}

Psednos argyrogaster n. sp. Figs. 25, 26 Holotype. NMNZ P.028668, male, 63 mm SL, 74 mm TL, 42 �� 42.97 ' S, 178 ��06.15' E, Chatham Rise, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. TAN 9206 /089, 21 June 1992, 1015��� 1037 m. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 56 (12 + 44), dorsal fin rays 49, anal fin rays 43, caudal fin rays 6 (3 / 3), pectoral fin rays 15 (7 + 3 + 5), pyloric caeca 6. Mouth angle about 30 ��. Teeth arranged in about 30 oblique rows forming a moderately wide band anteriorly. Strong opercle curved posteroventrally, almost horizontal at its tip. Coronal pore absent, mandibular symphyseal pores moderately large, round, distant from each other by 4���5 pore diameters. Abdomen relatively short and deep, distance from pectoral symphysis to abdomen end slightly shorter than or equal to head. Peritoneum externally silvery when viewed at an angle, whitish black in direct side view, internally black. Description. Counts: V 56, D 49, A 43, C 6, P 15, radials unknown, gr 6 / 6, pc 6, pore formula unknown. Ratios: HL 26.2 % SL, HW 13.5, sn 7.1, E 5.1, orbit 6.5, uj 11.1, go 9.2, UPL 16.5, LPL 10.5, bd 30.2, bdA 30.0, preD 32.7, preA 40.2, sna 21.7, ma 21.9, aAf 24.1, mabd 43.8, pabd ~ 25.2. In % HL: HW 51.5, sn 27.2, E 19.4, orbit 24.8, uj 42.4, go 35.2, UPL 63.0, LPL 40.0, bd 115.1, bdA 114.6, preD 124.8, preA 153.3, sna 83.0, ma 83.6, aAf 92.1, mabd 167.3, pabd ~ 96.4. Head about 1 / 4 body length, its anterodorsal profile almost flat, rising evenly and abruptly to just behind vertical through posterior margin of orbit, then rising more slowly to deepest point of body, above opercle. Snout short, its tip about even with lower margin of orbit. Nostrils single, close to anterior margin of orbit, directly in front of pupil of eye. Eye about 1 / 20 SL, 1 / 5 HL, black, pupil large. Mouth oblique, its angle about 30 ��. Upper jaw included, mandibular symphysis anterior to tip of snout. Angle of retroarticular about 90 ��. Teeth long, slender; outer teeth smallest, progressively larger towards inside of mouth. Teeth arranged in about 30 oblique rows forming a moderately wide band anteriorly. Narrow gap at premaxillary symphysis, obscured by teeth crossing over it; mandible with a narrow symphyseal gap. Gill opening about 1 / 3 HL, long and obliquely angled anteriorly, apparently above pectoral base and in front of 1���2 rays, divided about in half by opercular spine. Gill rakers of first arch 6 / 6, roughly alternating. Spinules on each raker relatively few, forming a narrow acute triangle, usually composed of two rows of outward pointing spinules. Opercular flap small, its margin broadly angled posteriorly and sharp tipped; strong, clearly visible opercle curved posteroventrally, almost horizontal at its tip. Coronal pore absent, mandibular symphyseal pores moderately large, round, distant from each other by 4���5 pore diameters, well spaced on either side of mandibular symphysis. Suprabranchial pore single. Pectoral fin base below opercular flap, dorsalmost ray on horizontal slightly below lower margin of orbit. Upper lobe reaching to below and slightly behind dorsal origin but not reaching end of abdominal cavity; lower lobe reaching below tip of opercle. Pectoral rays 7 + 3 + 5, upper and lower lobe rays closely spaced; rays of notch distinctly more widely spaced, easily distinguished from those in lobes, rudimentary rays absent. Notch moderately deep, about half length of upper lobe. Pectoral girdle not examined. Body with distinct but not exaggerated hump over branchial cavity, tapering rapidly and then more evenly to caudal. Vertebrae 12 + 44. Neural spines single except the first is forked. Dorsal origin well behind head, at about 1 / 3 body length, its origin between vertebrae 8���9. Anal fin origin between vertebrae 13���14, preanal fin distance about 2 / 5 SL. Caudal fin rays broken, six, (3 / 3). Hypural fused, a single plate lacking a slit. Anus below anterior of gill cavity, between ventral rays of lower pectoral fin lobes. Genital papilla present, distant from anus about half eye diameter. Abdomen relatively short and deep. Pyloric caeca digitate and thick. Skin thin, fragile. Fresh color whitish, muscles, dark branchial cavity, and peritoneum visible through skin. Color in alcohol: skin translucent white, body musculature unpigmented. Dorsal, anal, caudal and pectoral fins of body color; Orobranchial cavity brownish, tongue dusky, making head darker than remainder of body. Peritoneum visible through body wall, externally silver when viewed at an angle but black internally; when seen directly from the side, whitish black. Stomach brown, pyloric caeca white. Distribution. Known from a single specimen taken at depths slightly below 1000 m on the east Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand. Etymology. The name arygyrogaster from the Greek silver and gaster, stomach, in reference to the silvery outer lining of the abdomen. Comparisons. Psednos argyrogaster is most likely to be confused with P. n e m n e z i (see below), but differs not only in color, but also in the distance from mandible to abdomen end (44 vs 33 % SL, 167 vs 141���153 % HL), upper jaw length (42 vs 49���52 % HL), interorbital width (36 vs 50���52 % HL), preanal fin length (153 vs 170 % HL). It could also be confused with P. c h a t h a m i, from which it differs in eye diameter (19 vs 26 % HL), snout length (27 vs 17 % HL), upper jaw length (42 vs 51 % HL), and distance from mandible to end of abdomen (44 vs 36 % SL). Psednos argyrogaster is similar to P. nataliae Stein and Andriashev in Stein et al. (2001) and P. whitleyi Stein et al. 2001 from Australia. It differs from both in its shallower mouth angle (30 �� vs 40���45 ��), body color (white with brownish head vs white or pale entirely), upper jaw diastema width (narrow but distinct vs wide), greater body depth at anus (30 vs ~ 20 % SL), greater distance from mandible to anus (22 vs 17���19 % SL), narrower interorbital width (36 vs 40���43 % HL), shorter upper jaw (42 vs 50���53 % HL), and lower pectoral fin lobe length (40 vs 63���76 % HL)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 3588 on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Stein, D. L., Chernova, N. V. & Andriashev, A. P. (2001) Snailfishes (Pisces: Liparidae) of Australia, including descriptions of thirty new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 2001 (53), 341 - 406."]}

Careproctus inflexidens Andriashev & Stein 1998 Figs. 6, 7 Careproctus inflexidens Andriashev & Stein 1998:26, Fig. 26; Andriashev 2003:127, Figs. 63, 64. Holotype. LACM 11142–1, female, 220 mm TL, 200 mm SL, 75°52' S, 168°53' W, USNS Eltanin, Stn. 2091, 3 Feb. 1968, 2049– 2089 m. Material examined. Holotype. Expanded diagnosis. Counts. V 64 (8+56), D 60, A 54, C 10 (1+4/4+1), P 26 (16+3+7), radials 4 (3+1), gr 6, pc 6, pores 2–6–7–1. Ratios. HL 16.5, HW ~14.5, sn 5.2, E 3.3, orbit 5.5, io 7.0, uj 6.0, go 3.0, md 7.7, disk 6.5, da 5.9, bd 18.5, preD 23.5, preA 33.3, sna 22.5, ma 20.0, aAf 10.8, UPL 12.0, LPL ~19, pcl 4.0–7.5% SL. In % HL: HW 89.5, sn 31, E 19.7, orbit 34.1, io 42, go 18.0, disk 39.4, ma 126.6, da 35.5, aAf 66.9, UPL 73, LPL 120.4. Head short, broad, its width and depth similar, slightly less than its length. Snout blunt, short, not projecting. Nostril with appearance of a large pore without raised rim. Mouth terminal, horizontal, upper jaw extending to below anterior margin of eye. Teeth simple, strong, recurved closely set canines forming a broad band of oblique rows; symphyseal gaps absent in both jaws. Lower jaw teeth larger, blunter. Eye and orbit small. Gill opening short, entirely above pectoral fin base. Pectoral fin upper lobe deeply notched, rudimentary rays absent, lower lobe longer than upper, its ventralmost ray far forward, below front of eye. Radials irregularly rounded; scapula without helve, blade with posterior notch; coracoid with long slender helve, basal notch absent. Disk large, segments and margin well developed, distinctly wider than long, its length more than 1/3 HL. Anus distant from posterior margin of disk. Two pair of pleural ribs present. Hypural plate fused, unslit. Body dark dusky or blackish anteriorly, opaque pinkish-white caudally; orobranchial cavity dusky, peritoneum black, stomach and caeca pale. Distribution. Known from a single specimen taken by bottom trawl in the northeastern Ross Sea at 2049–2089 m. Comparisons. This species’ large number of vertebrae (64), dorsal (60), and anal fin (54) rays and its short head (16.5% SL) distinguish it from most Southern Ocean Careproctus (V 46–54, D 41–48, A 33–45, HL 28–32% SL). It is similar to the South African C. albescens Barnard 1927, but differs in many characters including fewer pectoral fin rays (26 vs 33–35), hypural plate structure (undivided vs divided), pectoral radials (round, unnotched vs notched), and peritoneum color (black vs brown). Its short head is similar to C. leptorhinus Andriashev & Stein 1998 from off Burdwood Bank, but it differs in tooth shape (simple vs trilobed), radials (four unnotched vs two, R1 notched) and other characters., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and Closely Adjacent Waters 3285, pp. 1-120 in Zootaxa 3285 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Andriashev, A. P. & Stein, D. L. (1998) Review of the snailfish genus Careproctus (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) in Antarctic and adjacent waters. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, (470), 1 - 63.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476.","Barnard, K. L. (1927) Diagnoses of new genera and species of South African marine fishes. Annals and magazine of Natural History, 9 XX, 66 - 79."]}

Paraliparis terraenovae Regan 1916 Figs. 75, 76 Paraliparis terraenovae Regan 1916: 129, Pl. 1, Fig. 6; Stein & Tompkins 1989:7; Stein & Andriashev 1990:252, Fig. 31; Duhamel et al. 2010:339, Figs. 23, 24. Paraliparis edentatus Andriashev 1986: 69, Figs. 29, 30 A–D Edentoliparis terraenovae Andriashev 1990c:181, Figs. 1 –2; Andriashev 2003:381, Figs. 203, 204; Duhamel 1992:195. Holotype. BMNH 1916.3.20.29, 35 mm TL, 77°15' S, 166°00' E, McMurdo Sound, R / V Terra Nova, Stn. 332, 16 January 1912, 0–550 m. Material examined. NMNZ P.043482, ripe female, 69 mm TL, 61 mm SL, 76°46.02' S, 167°49.75' E, S. of Franklin Is., Ross Sea, R / V Tangaroa, Stn. IPY / CAML TAN 0802 /070, 15 February 2008, 724– 754 m. Diagnosis. (Slightly modified from Andriashev, 2003). V 51–55 (8–9+43–46), P 12–16, radials 2 (1+0+0+1). No teeth in either jaw; pharyngeal teeth absent. All gill rakers black speckled. Orobranchial cavity dark (blackish speckled), peritoneum and anterior part of stomach black. Head 24–26%, preanal length 36–40% SL. Distribution. Circumantarctic at depths from 5– 850 m. Comparisons. This species is unique among all other known Southern Ocean species in its lack of dentition. If this is noted in examination, it cannot be mistaken for any other known species. In addition, Andriashev (2003:381) noted that its pattern of radial arrangement is not that of a Paraliparis (2+0+1), but rather of a Careproctus (1+0+0+1); this, in combination with the absence of a ventral sucking disk, is also uniquely diagnostic. However, the figure of the pectoral girdle (Fig. 75 herein) included by Andriashev (op. cit.) shows three radials; R3 is small and not mentioned in the figure legend (Fig. 203). In the text (2003:382) Andriashev states that pectoral girdles of ten specimens were studied, and of those, three were anomalous, and the girdle illustrated, from paratype ZIN 46830, is one of those. In the original description of P. edentatus it was incorrectly thought to be normal and thus included in the figure (Andriashev, 1986:Fig. 30). Duhamel et al. (2010) synonymized Edentoliparis with Paraliparis on the basis of genetic data., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and Closely Adjacent Waters 3285, pp. 1-120 in Zootaxa 3285 on page 107, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Regan, C. T. (1916) Antarctic and subantarctic fishes. Annals and magazine of Natural History, 8 (18), 377 - 379.","Stein, D. L. & Tompkins, L. (1989) New species and new records of rare Antarctic Paraliparis fishes (Scorpaeniformes: Liparididae). Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, 53, 1 - 8.","Duhamel, G., Hautecoeur, M., Dettai, A., Causse, R., Pruvost, P., Busson, F., Couloux, A., Koubbi, P., Williams, R., Ozouf- Costaz, C., & Nowara, G. (2010) Liparids from the eastern sector of Southern Ocean and first information from molecular studies. Cybium 2010, 34 (4), 319 - 343.","Andriashev, A. P. (1986) Review of the snailfish genus Paraliparis (Scorpaeniformes: Liparididae) of the Southern Ocean. Theses Zoologicae 7. Koeltz, Koenigstein, 204 pp.","Andriashev, A. P. (1990 c) Observations on the taxonomic status of the Antarctic species Paraliparis edentatus (Liparididae) and description of a new genus. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 30 (2), 179 - 184. In Russian. English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 30 (2), 60 - 66.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476.","Duhamel, G. (1992) Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de Careproctus et Paraliparis et donnees nouvelles sur ces genres et le genre Edentoliparis de l'ocean Austral (Cyclopteridae, Liparinae). Cybium 16 (3), 183 - 207."]}

Careproctus polarsterni Duhamel 1992 Figs. 8, 9 Careproctus polarsterni Duhamel 1992:188, Fig. 3; Andriashev 1994:317, Figs. 1–3; Andriashev & Stein 1998:38, Fig. 22; Andriashev 2003:162, Figs. 83, 84. Holotype. MNHN 1991–357, adult female, 51.9 mm SL, 74°37'03" S, 29°38'02" W, Halley Bay, Weddell Sea, R / V Polarstern, Stn 249 GSN 11, 4 Feb. 1989, 701– 702 m. Material examined. LACM 11103–1, female, ~ 52 mm TL, 45 mm SL, 73°50' S, 178°14' E, Ross Sea, USNS Eltanin, Stn. 2021, 15 Jan. 1968, 495– 503 m. Expanded diagnosis. Counts. V 51–55 (8–9+43–46), D 47–50, A 41–45, C 10 (1+4/5), P 26–31 (20–23+6–8), radials 3 (2+0+1), pc 4–6, pores 2–5–7–1. Ratios. HL 25.9–28.0, HW 16–19, E 6.5–7.1, io 9.2–9.5, go 6.7–7.9, md 11.4–12.3, disk 7.9–9.8, da 3.1–3.5, bd 20.3–21.9, preA 35.5–39.1, ma 23.8–26.6, aAf 11.4–13.8, UPL 21.3–23.8, LPL 21.6–23.8. In % HL: E 25.0–25.8, orbit ~27, go 26–28, da 12.0–13.5, UPL 77–85, LPL 77–85. Head moderately large, broad. Snout high, blunt. Mouth terminal, upper jaw extending to below anterior of pupil, oral cleft below anterior edge of eye. Teeth very small, simple, in oblique rows forming moderately wide bands; symphyseal gap absent in both jaws. Circumoral pores large, distinct; upper preopercular pore, postorbital, and suprabranchial pores small. Symphyseal pore pair small, opening in one common oval pore. Gill opening above pectoral fin and in front of 1–3 rays, less than 10% SL. Gill flap sharply lobed, its tip extending to behind pectoral base. Anterior lobe of disk almost absent, slightly convex. Pectoral fin with 26–31 (20–23+6–8) rays; upper lobe short; notch moderately deep, notch rays indistinct from upper lobe rays, none rudimentary; lower lobe about as long as or slightly longer than upper lobe, distinct, its most ventral ray well anterior, below pupil of eye. Radials small, round. Scapula without helve, hemicircular; coracoid with long triangular helve aligned with girdle rather than pointing anteriorly, basal notch absent. Pleural ribs absent. Hypural plate single, unslit. Body pale, orobranchial cavity gray, peritoneum black, visible through body wall, stomach pale. Distribution. Circumantarctic, known from the Weddell Sea, Princess Martha Coast, and the northern Ross Sea at 495– 830 m. Comparisons. Careproctus polarsterni differs from other ribless Antarctic species in having a single chin pore. In this character it is similar to C. cactiformis Andriashev 1990b and C. acaecus Andriashev 1991c from Patagonia, but both of them have fewer vertebrae (46–47 vs 51–55), a pale peritoneum (vs dark), and a scapular helve (vs absent)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and Closely Adjacent Waters 3285, pp. 1-120 in Zootaxa 3285 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Duhamel, G. (1992) Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de Careproctus et Paraliparis et donnees nouvelles sur ces genres et le genre Edentoliparis de l'ocean Austral (Cyclopteridae, Liparinae). Cybium 16 (3), 183 - 207.","Andriashev, A. P. & Stein, D. L. (1998) Review of the snailfish genus Careproctus (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) in Antarctic and adjacent waters. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, (470), 1 - 63.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476.","Andriashev, A. P. (1990 b) Redescription of the syntypes of \" Liparis antarctica Putnam n. subsp. (?) falklandica Lonnberg \" with description of two new species of the genus Careproctus from the bathyal depths of Argentina and New Zealand. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademia Nauk SSSR, 222, 5 - 17. In Russian, English summary.","Andriashev, A. P. (1991 c) New species of liparidid fishes of the genus Careproctus from Patagonia. Second Report. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 31 (5), 707 - 716. In Russian. English translation in Journal of Ichthyology 1992, 32 (1), 60 - 66."]}

Paraliparis macrocephalus Chernova & Eastman 2001 Figs. 43, 44, 45 Paraliparis macrocephalus Chernova & Eastman 2001:93, Figs. 1 –4a; Andriashev 2003:310, Figs. 162, 163. Holotype. USNM 361866, male, 116 mm TL, 104 mm SL, 75°03'60” S, 165°12'30” E, R / V N.B. Palmer, Cruise 97–9 Stn. 34, 28 December 1997, 1181– 1191 m. Material examined. None. Expanded diagnosis (modified from Chernova & Eastman, 2001). Counts. V 56 (10+46), D 49, A 43, C 9 (4/ 5), P 20 (14+2+4), radials 3 (2+0+1), gr 7, pc 6, pores 2–6–7–1. Ratios. HL 28.0, HW 18.5, sn 12.0, E 5.6, io 17.0, uj 13.6, go 7.8, bd 21, preD 30.0, preA 38.0, ma 18.2, aAf 17.2, UPL 16.8, LPL 18.5, pcl 5% SL. In % HL: HW 66, sn 43, E 20, io 60.7, uj 48.6, go 27.9, bd 75, UPL 60, LPL 66. Head large, snout large and gelatinous, blunt, and deep, its length almost twice eye diameter. Nostril large, tubular, its diameter and length about 1/3 eye. Mouth horizontal, subterminal, oral cleft reaching to below anterior margin of pupil. Teeth simple, conical, bluntly pointed, forming moderately wide bands of about five teeth in a row near symphysis. Symphyseal gap absent in both jaws. Eye about 1/5 HL. Interorbital wide, almost 2/3 HL. Cephalic pores large, with thickened rims. Symphyseal pores not closely set, not much closer together than more posterior pores, not in a depression or pit, their diameter significantly smaller than those more posterior. Gill opening less than 1 ½ eye diameter, above and reaching ventrally in front of 2–3 pectoral fin rays. Anus about midway between mandibular symphysis and anal fin origin, distinctly forward of gill opening. Dorsal ray of upper pectoral fin lobe on horizontal with lower margin of eye, lobe reaching anal fin origin; notch moderately deep, notch rays well developed, not rudimentary, their spacing markedly wider than that of upper and lower lobe rays; lower lobe longer than upper, but not reaching to below upper lobe tip, its lowest ray below posterior margin of eye. Radials 3 (2+0+1), round, unnotched. Abdomen long, preanal fin distance almost 1 ½ head, more than 1/3 SL. Dorsal and anal fins overlap caudal by 20–25% its length. SECM well developed, especially on head, and dorsal and anal fins. In life, body pink; in alcohol, pale, grayish postabdominally. Peritoneum and gill cavity black, stomach and pyloric caeca pale. Distribution. The holotype and only known specimen was caught in the Drygalski Trough along the shore of the Victoria Land Coast at 1181–1191 m. Comparisons. This species is similar to P. hubbsi, P. valentinae, and P. somovi in counts, short gill opening, notched pectoral fin without rudimentary rays, and black peritoneum and gill cavity. It differs from all of them in its subterminal (vs clearly inferior) mouth, radials (3 small vs 4 large), head length (28 vs 20–24% SL), large gelatinous snout (43 vs 19–35% HL), interorbital width (61 vs 33–46% HL), and gill opening (extending ventrally in front of 2–3 rays vs 3–7)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and Closely Adjacent Waters 3285, pp. 1-120 in Zootaxa 3285 on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Chernova, N. V. & Eastman, J. T. (2001) Two new species of snailfish genus Paraliparis (Pisces: Liparidae) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Fish Biology, 59, 92 - 104.","Andriashev, A. P. (2003) Liparid fishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Biological Results of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions 9. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, (53) 61, 1 - 476."]}

Genus Genioliparis Andriashev & Neelov 1976 Genioliparis Andriashev & Neelov 1976. Type species Genioliparis lindbergi Andriashev & Neelov 1976 by designation. Diagnosis (modified from Balushkin & Voskoboinikova, 2008). One pair of nostrils. Disk, pseudobranchs, and pleural ribs absent. Branchiostegal rays six. Head large. Mouth large, terminal; lower jaw massive. Teeth simple, sharp, often depressible canines. Mandible to anus distance half or more of mandible to anal fin origin distance. Barbels on snout present. Three species known: G. lindbergi Andriashev and Neelov 1976 (South Shetland Islands), G. ferox (Stein 1978) (northeastern Pacific), and G. kafanovi Balushkin & Voskoboinikova 2008 (Ross Sea)., Published as part of Stein, David L., 2012, Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and Closely Adjacent Waters 3285, pp. 1-120 in Zootaxa 3285 on page 24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283120, {"references":["Andriashev, A. P. & Neelov, A. V. (1976) Genioliparis lindbergi, gen. et sp. nov. - a new fish of the family of seasnails (Liparidae) from the bathyal depths of the western Antarctic. In: Korovina, M. (Ed.) Zoogeography and systematics of fishes. Akademia Nauk USSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Leningrad, 68 - 77.","Balushkin, A. & Voskoboinikova, O. (2008) Revision of the genus Genioliparis Andriashev et Neelov (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) with the description of a new species G. kafanovi sp. n. from the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Journal of Ichthyology, 48 (3), 201 - 208.","Stein, D. L. (1978) A review of the deepwater Liparidae (Pisces) from the coast of Oregon and adjacent waters. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 127, 1 - 55."]}

Psednos carolinae new species (Fig. 6) Holotype: USNM 381005, male, 39 mm SL, 45 mm TL, ���Anton Bruun��� Cruise 6, Sta. 351B #7352, 29�� 55' S, 64�� 58' E, mid-Indian Ocean, 28 June 1964, midwater trawl 0-350 m. Diagnosis. A Psednos with unusually few vertebrae (38), coronal pore present, temporal pores two, mouth angle of about 90�� to the horizontal, head length about 30 % of SL, snout to anus distance about 80 % HL, and pectoral fin of 14 (8+1+5) rays. Description. Counts: D 33, A 26, P 14 (8+1+5), C 6, Vert. 38 (10+28), pores 2-5-6-2, coronal present. Proportions: head length 29.1 % SL, head width 17.0 (58.4), depth 28.9 % (99.1 % HL), snout 7.7 (26.5), premaxilla 13.9 (47.8), mandible 13.4 (46.0), eye 7.5 (25.7), gill opening 8.2 (28.3), snout to anus 23.7 (81.4), mandible to anus 24.6 (86.5), anus to anal fin 32.6 (112.4), predorsal length 29.1 (109.7), preanal length 46.6 (160.2), upper pectoral fin lobe 28.3 (97.3), lower pectoral fin lobe 22.2 (76.1). Head large, its depth about equal to its length, a little more than half as wide as long. Mouth angle about 90�� to horizontal, upper jaw slightly longer than lower. Prominent symphyseal knob present on lower jaw, on horizontal with middle of pupil; retroarticular process below front edge of eye. Teeth forming narrow bands in both jaws; upper jaw teeth tiny, mostly biserial, but about 5 oblique rows of about 4 teeth each present near symphysis. Lower jaw teeth much larger and more numerous than in upper jaw, thorn like, inner teeth slightly larger than outers; forming a narrow band 5 or fewer teeth wide, in either irregular oblique rows or not in rows. Symphyseal gap present in upper and lower jaws. Nostrils single, about on horizontal with upper margin of orbit. Eyes large, about one-fourth of head length. Gill openings completely above pectoral fins, angled strongly posteriorly, tip of the operculum protruding ventrally to form an obtuse angle but not a lobe. Length of opening slightly greater than eye diameter. To avoid damage, gill rakers not examined. Nasal pores 2, posterior pair very large, much closer together than anterior pair or nasal rosettes, above level of orbit, almost on top of head. Coronal pore present, large, on or slightly behind top of head, behind vertical through posterior margin of orbit. Chin pores very widely spaced, one on each side of symphyseal knob and distant from it by at least one pore diameter. Infraorbital pores 5 (anteriormost very small, located on anterior end of suborbital stay), preoperculo-mandibular pores 6, 3 on lower jaw, 3 on cheek. Two temporal pores present; one large, above and to the rear of orbit, one suprabranchial, well above gill opening. Pectoral fins with 14 (8+1+5) rays, none rudimentary; notch deep, the notch ray distinctly separated widely from upper and lower lobe rays. Dorsal ray even with or below corner of mouth, ventralmost ray anterior, below middle or forward half of branchiostegal rays. Upper lobe longer than lower, of which the rays are free and extended. All rays of similar thickness. Body moderately humpbacked, depth at occiput about one-fourth SL, depth at anal fin origin less than one-half head depth. Dorsal and anal fins low, overlapping caudal fin by about half. First dorsal ray inserted on fourth vertebra, first anal fin ray on tenth vertebra. Haemal spines of abdominal vertebrae gradually increasing in length posteriorly. Anus far anterior to gill opening, below or behind rear margin of orbit, almost between bases of lower lobe rays; a small blunt genital papilla present. Preanal length slightly less than half SL. Pyloric caeca not examined to minimize damage to specimen. Skin thin, transparent. Hypurals fused. Holotype is a ripe male. Color of skin translucent white; peritoneum and muscles easily visible through skin. Mouth pale brown, gill cavity darker brown, peritoneum dark brown, stomach brownish. Etymology. Named in honor of Caroline Ajootian, for her unfailing support and encouragement of snailfish research. Distribution. Known only from the holotype taken in mid-Indian Ocean. Remarks. Psednos carolinae is most similar to P. steini Chernova 2001 in having similar numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays, identical number and arrangement of pectoral fin rays, and many similar proportions, but differs significantly in the following characters: number of vertebrae (38 vs 41), mouth angle (90�� vs 50��), longer head (29.1 % vs 24.5 % SL), relatively shorter distance from snout-anus (81.4 % vs 95.6 % HL), more anterior dorsal and anal fin origins (109.7 and 160.2 % vs 118.9 and 177.8 % HL), upper pectoral fin lobe longer than lower lobe (vs shorter), and body color (transparent white vs brown). Psednos dentatus Chernova and Stein 2002 from off Chile is similar in appearance, but lacks a coronal pore and is easily distinguished from the new species by many characters, including numbers of vertebrae, dorsal, and anal fin rays (38 vs 46, 33 vs 39, 26 vs 34). Members of the ���Australian��� group of species lack a coronal pore and have at least 56 vertebrae. The new species has the fewest vertebrae known of any in the genus. Chernova (2001) divided Psednos into two groups based on number of vertebrae, presence of a coronal pore, and number of infraorbital pores. Subsequently, Chernova and Stein (2002) described ten more species and defined three ���natural��� groups: the ��� micrurus ��� group with vertebrae 40-44, a coronal pore, and postorbital pore absent; the ��� christinae ��� group with vertebrae 46-47, a coronal pore absent, and a postorbital pore present; and an ���Australian��� group with vertebrae 56-58. Chernova and Stein (2004) described another species that fits in group 2. This specimen is in excellent condition, allowing clear conclusions regarding character states. Its few (38) vertebrae and lack of io6 place it in the ��� micrurus ��� group, now including species with 38-44 vertebrae. This is the fourth Indian Ocean species known, all of which have a coronal pore and presumably lack io6 (whether this pore occurs in P. micrurus is unknown)., Published as part of David L. Stein, 2005, Descriptions of four new species, redescription of Paraliparis membranaceus, and additional data on species of the fish family Liparidae (Pisces, Scorpaeniformes) from the west coast of South America and the Indian Ocean., pp. 1-25 in Zootaxa 1019 on pages 18-20