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Videos bieten einerseits ein grosses Potenzial zur Unterstützung von Lehr-Lern-Prozessen; andererseits stellt ihr primär rezeptiver Charakter mit Blick auf die Aktivierung der Lernenden eine Herausforderung dar. Hier verspricht die Integration interaktiver Elemente einen Mehrwert. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie vor, die im Jahr 2021 an Berufsschulen in Bayern durchgeführt wurde. Im Rahmen zweier Zyklen eines Design-Research-Vorhabens wurden Wahrnehmung und motivationale Wirkung eines interaktiven Lernvideos zur elementaren Algebra untersucht. Das Video enthält über die üblichen Steuerungsfunktionen hinaus interaktive Elemente, beispielsweise Aufgaben mit automatischem Feedback sowie kognitive Prompts. Es wurde von den Teilnehmenden in einem Laborsetting in Zweierteams bearbeitet. Die im Anschluss an die Bearbeitung geführten Interviews wurden durch eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring mit der Technik der induktiven Kategorienbildung ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Zyklus zeigen, dass die Lernenden der Interaktion mit dem Video eine grosse Bedeutung beimessen, während Aspekte der Mediengestaltung eine eher untergeordnete Rolle spielen. Daher wurde die Bedeutung der interaktiven Elemente, konkret deren Wirkung auf die Lernmotivation, in Zyklus 2 genauer untersucht. Hier unterstreichen die Ergebnisse das grosse Potenzial interaktiver Elemente für die motivationale Gestaltung von Lernvideos. Dies ist zum einen in situationsspezifischen Anreizen, zum anderen in verschiedenen Personenfaktoren begründet. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung interaktiver Elemente in Lernvideos ableiten.

The synthesis of drug substances (DS) requires the continuous effort of the pharma industry to ensure high sustainability standards. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling is a fundamental C–C bond-forming reaction to produce complex DS intermediates. The present contribution points out the way in which the synthesis of DS intermediates by C–C cross coupling can be economically competitive, while minimizing waste by selecting the appropriate heterogeneous catalyst. By comparing homogeneous, immobilized heterogeneous catalysts on silica and metal–organic framework (MOF) catalysts, while considering the perspectives of academia and industry, the critical parameters for a successful industrial application of heterogeneous catalytic Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions were identified. Heterogeneous catalysts, such as MOFs, may provide a complementary platform for reducing waste and the costs of production related to such transformations.

Ipatasertib is a potent small molecule Akt kinase inhibitor currently being tested in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and triple negative metastatic breast cancer. In this paper an overview of the development achievements towards the commercial manufacturing process is given. The convergent synthesis consists of ten steps with eight isolated intermediates and utilizes a wide range of chemical techniques and technologies to build-up this complex drug. All three stereocenters are introduced using enzyme or metal catalysis.

Food intake influences human cognition, olfaction, hunger, and food craving. However, little research has been done in this field to elucidate the effects of different nutrients. Thus, the goal of our study was to investigate the effects of oral ingestion of different nutrient solutions on olfactory, cognitive, metabolic and psychophysical function. Twenty healthy men participated in our study employing a double-blind, cross-over, repeated measurement design. Participants were tested on four different study days. Each day participants received, in randomized order, one of three isocaloric (protein, carbohydrate or fat 600 kcal, 1,500 mL) solutions or a placebo. Olfactory and cognitive tests (monitoring only) were conducted three times, i.e., 60 min before the beginning of nutrient intake, following oral ingestion of the solution and 60, and 240 min after. Psychophysical and metabolic function tests (active grehlin, desacyl ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, glucose, triglyceride, urea) were performed 7 times on each examination day (observation period: −60 min, 0 = solution intake, +60, +120, +180, +240, and +300 min). Ratings of hunger and food craving significantly differed over the observation period with lowest ratings following application of the protein solution. Highest ratings of craving were found following placebo intake. We further observed a significant positive correlation of active grehlin with hunger and fat, protein and sweets craving for each nutrient solution. Active grehlin significantly correlated with carbohydrate craving for carbohydrate and fat solution and with vegetable craving for fat solution only. Hunger hormone levels, hunger and food craving ratings demonstrated that the hierarchical order that appears in satiating efficiencies of isovolumetric-isocaloric ingested macronutrients is protein > fat > carbohydrate. Our study reveals that the type of nutrient exerts a significant influence on metabolic parameters, hunger and food craving.

Stomach distension and energy per time are factors influencing satiety. Moreover, different rates of nutrient intake induce different stomach distension. The goal of our studies was to elucidate the influence of different oral rates of nutrient intake (normal rate versus slow intervalled rate; study I) and intravenous low rate macronutrient application (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo (study II) on psychophysical function. The pilot studies investigated the effects of 1) study I: a mixed nutrient solution (1/3 protein, 1/3 fat, 1/3 carbohydrates) 2) study II: intravenous macronutrient infusions (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo on psychophysical function (mood, hunger, food craving, alertness, smell intensity ratings and hedonic ratings) in human subjects. In study I 10 male subjects (age range: 21–30 years) completed the study protocol participating in both test conditions and in study II 20 male subjects (age range: 19–41 years) completed the study protocol participating in all test conditions. Additionally, metabolic function was analyzed and cognitive and olfactory tests were conducted twice starting 100 min before the beginning of the intervention and 240 min after. Psychophysical (mood, hunger, fat-, protein-, carbohydrate-, sweets- and vegetable-craving), alertness and metabolic function tests were performed seven times on each examination day. Greater effects on hunger and food cravings were observed for normal rate of intake compared to slow intervalled rate of intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application. Our findings potentially confirm that volume of the food ingested and a higher rate of energy per time contribute to satiety during normal rate of food intake, while slow intervalled rate of food intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application showed no effects on satiation. Our results motivate the view that a certain amount of volume of the food ingested and a certain energy per time ratio are necessary to reduce hunger and food craving.