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Round Table Conference Geographies explores a major international conference in 1930s London which determined India's constitutional future in the British Empire. Pre-dating the decolonising conferences of the 1950s–60s, the Round Table Conference laid the blueprint for India's future federal constitution. Despite this the conference is unanimously read as a failure, for not having comprehensively reconciled the competing demands of liberal and Indian National Congress politicians, of Hindus and Muslims, and of British versus Princely India. This book argues that the conference's three sessions were vital sites of Indian and imperial politics that demand serious attention. It explores the spatial politics of the conference in terms of its imaginary geographies, infrastructures, host city, and how the conference was contested and represented. The book concludes by asking who gained through representing the conference as a failure and explores it, instead, as a teeming political, social and material space.

This chapter opens by introducing three recurring characteristics of contemporary debates regarding sovereignty in colonial India. The first concerns scale, the way in which the sovereignty of the Government of India was positioned between that of the Indian village and the imperial capital in London. The second concerns spectacle, the accentuated role of the visual and of violence in the Raj. The third debate emerges from subaltern studies and regards the popular sovereignty of the Indian non-elite. These three types of sovereignty will be shown to have been renegotiated at the Round Table Conference which took place over three sittings in London between 1930 and 1932. A new federal hybrid of autocracy and democracy was devised, a new spectacle of interwar colonial sovereignty was manufactured, and vying claims were made to speak not only of but for Indian subalterns.

This article explores a relatively rare archival account of female subjectivity, experience, mobility, and voice within a carceral institution in late-colonial Delhi. The capital’s “Rescue Home” was created to house women and girls removed from the city’s brothels under new legislation. While no brothels were closed in the first year of the laws functioning, the home accepted 18 women and girls and detailed their circumstances and experiences in its 1940 report. It was able to forcibly detain girls and was run upon disciplinary and racial lines, like other colonial institutions. But its inhabitants were not subject to detailed surveillance. Rather, their lives were ones usually beyond recording or whose stories were actively silenced. The 1940 Rescue Home report provides us with rich details of the commonplace, quotidian struggles which women and girls faced in colonial Delhi. The 18 case geographies of the Home’s inhabitants help us understand how sexuality and motherhood, education and character, and race all shaped routes into the home and destinations when people left. The accounts tell us of a carceral governmentality with influence beyond the disciplinary institution’s walls, but also of female subjects who resisted, spoke back, and absconded. This relationship between forced immobility and willed mobility suggests that brothels and rescue homes were not just connected, through the intended transfer of inhabitants, but can be directly compared as carceral domesticities.

© 2020 The Authors This paper argues that more explicitly geographical methodologies are required to study twentieth-century internationalism, which invite different conversations between international historians and historical geographers. We show how the form and location of international archival records is itself evidence of multiple, interlocking modes of internationalism which unevenly intersected with national, imperial, and pan-national pasts. This is explored through three case studies: the archive of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), located in the UNESCO headquarters in Paris; the Maharaja Ganga Singh Archive in the Indian city of Bikaner; and the papers of Lydia Brown in New Bedford, Massachusetts, a translator and interpreter at the Second Pan-African Congress. We argue that bringing the archives of large international organisations into dialogue with a wider overlooked field of international archival evidence offers new perspectives on what internationalism was, where it happened, and to whom it mattered.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness (AMS), involving the respiratory, renal and cerebrovascular systems, remains poorly understood. How do the early adaptations in these systems during a simulated altitude of 5000 m relate to AMS risk? What is the main finding and its importance? The rate of blood alkalosis and cerebral artery dilatation predict AMS severity during the first 10 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 5000 m. Slow metabolic compensation by the kidneys of respiratory alkalosis attributable to a brisk breathing response together with excessive brain blood vessel dilatation might be involved in early development of AMS. ABSTRACT The complex pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness (AMS) remains poorly understood and is likely to involve maladaptive responses of the respiratory, renal and cerebrovascular systems to hypoxia. Using stepwise linear regression, we tested the hypothesis that exacerbated respiratory alkalosis, as a result of a brisk ventilatory response, sluggish renal compensation in acute hypoxia and dysregulation of cerebral perfusion predict AMS severity. We assessed the Lake Louise score (LLS, an index of AMS severity), fluid balance, ventilation, venous pH, bicarbonate, sodium and creatinine concentrations, body weight, urinary pH and cerebral blood flow [internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) blood flow and diameter], in 27 healthy individuals (13 women) throughout 10 h exposures to normobaric normoxia (fraction of inspired O2 = 0.21) and normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired O2 = 0.117, simulated 5000 m) in a randomized, single-blinded manner. In comparison to normoxia, hypoxia increased the LLS, ventilation, venous and urinary pH, and blood flow and diameter in the ICA and VA, while venous concentrations of both bicarbonate and creatinine were decreased (P

This paper presents new ways of thinking about both the spatial relationality of a political event, and a mobile perspective on interwar imperialism, anti-colonialism and Indian nationalism. Between 1930 and 1932 over one hundred delegates from India visited London to participate in the three sessions of the Round Table Conference, which determined India’s constitutional future within the British Empire. This conference informally began, and continued, at sea, during the two to three week journey between India and Britain. The steamships that the delegates travelled in are portrayed here as places of work, drawing especially on the diaries of the Hindu nationalist Dr B.S. Moonje, but also of social observation and tension, illustrated through the coverage of M.K. Gandhi’s spiritual journey. Through these seaborne political lives the conference itself was anticipated and digested across the watery expanses between Europe and India.

In 2019, the Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) discipline turned 70; to celebrate, an international group of academics and educators have reflected on the status of HFE tertiary education across the globe. This paper draws on presentations and discussions from the 20th Triennial International Ergonomics Association (IEA) conference and considers the implications for HFE education programmes. Past, current, and future challenges are outlined and discussed with examples from different countries and programmes. This paper builds on 2012 strategy proposed by Dul and colleagues, to strengthen the demand, and application, of the HFE discipline and profession. It provides a considered set of reflections, noting the range of structural issues and financial pressures within the tertiary education system that create challenges for the viability of specialist programmes such as HFE. A need exists for the broader profession to collaborate and share innovations in HFE programme development, to ensure sustainable HFE education programmes.

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This paper recounts the Hate Crime Commission carried out in 2014 by Nottingham Citizens, a charity and community organiser. It provides an insider account of a piece of community led and co-produced research into the experiences of and under-reporting of hate crime in the city, and the relative success of the commission in forcing policy changes and inspiring future leaders and campaigns. It details a responsive methodology that evolved over the yearlong campaign, which collated over 1000 survey responses. It explores the spaces in which mobilisation took place (religious, educational, civic) and the pressure points (private and public) that were used to create change. It concludes by weighing up the successes and critiques of the commission, especially regarding the successful campaign to have misogyny recognised as a hate crime, and relates this work to ongoing attempts to conceptualise non-radical geographies of activism and community organising.

OBJECTIVE: National guidelines for moving and handling of people (MHP) were introduced in New Zealand in 2012 to reduce MHP-related injuries in the healthcare sector. This study assessed the effectiveness of this on MHP-related injury claims. METHODS: MHP-related injury claims were identified from the national injury claims database, which included 118 755 accepted claims for 2005–2016 across 14 industries. Interrupted time-series analysis was used to assess temporal changes in MHP-related claims rates, costs, and causes for the period before (2005–2012) and following (2013–2016) the introduction of the national guidelines. RESULTS: Prior to the introduction of the guidelines, MHP-related claims were estimated to be 39 209 (33.0% of all accepted injury claims), with claims rates and associated costs for the 14 industries decreasing by 0.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.5‒ -0.2, P

Adolescents tend to exhibit more variability in their gait patterns than adults, suggesting a lack of gait maturity during this period of ongoing musculoskeletal growth and development. However, there is a lack of consensus over the age at which mature gait patterns are achieved and the factors contributing to gait maturation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate gait control and maturity in adolescents by determining if differences existed between adolescents and adults in a) the amount of spatiotemporal variability of walking and running patterns across a range of speeds, and b) how swiftly gait patterns are adapted to increasing gait speed during the walk-to-run transition. Forty-six adolescents (10–12-year-olds, n = 17; 13–14-year-olds, n = 12; and 15–17-year-olds, n = 17) and 12 young adults completed an incrementally ramped treadmill test (+0.2 km·h−1 every 30 s) to determine the preferred transition speed (PTS) during a walk-to-run transition. Age-related differences in the variability of stride lengths and stride durations were assessed across 4 speeds (self-selected walking speed, PTS − 0.06 m·s−1, PTS + 0.06 m·s−1, PTS + 0.83 m·s−1). Repeated measures ANOVAs (p

In this article I argue that two core components of contemporary British human geography curricula (global governance and place making) can and should be taught together. I also argue that material...

This introduction frames a selection of papers that encourage a richer spatial understanding of the years before the partition of India. The papers respond to two types of question. One type is spatial (at what scale to do we approach partition? Through which spaces should we attempt to understand both micro and macro processes? Movements across what distances constituted partition?). The second type is temporal (what timescales do we invoke when approaching partition? Of what was it the endpoint? What sort of memories were invoked and made during India’s multiple partitions?). This introduction establishes the main trends in partition historiography, tracked through the last two decennial anniversaries. It sketches out spatial analyses of partition to date, regarding territory and displacement especially, but shows that much of this geographical interpretation has been implicit rather than explicit, and that most have begun with partition. Whilst framing many of their arguments in twentieth-century colonial practice, and occasionally straying into the post-colonial, the papers in this special issue mostly focus on the 1930s-40s at a range of scales (from the international, through the nation-state, to cities, mohallas, and courtrooms). Collectively they make the argument that if partition has a history, then it also has an historical geography. We hope these papers will help people read these histories and geographies with a finer spatial eye.

This book describes how to conduct a large-scale anthropometric survey in the military with a specific focus on the New Zealand Defence Force Anthropometry Survey. This book provides a historical introduction to surface kinanthropometry (Part I), 3D scanning technology (Part II) and an overview of military anthropometry surveys in Part IV. It also provides a description of the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) anthropometry survey in Part IV, conclusions in Part V and concludes with the measurement technique protocols and normative data for the NZDF kinanthropometry survey in Part VI. While surface anthropometry has traditionally been used to assess body composition through the internationally recognised methodology of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), the commercialisation of three-dimensional photometry (3D scanning) has led to the adoption of new and often non-standardised, measurement techniques. We detail standardisation procedures for 3D scanning in terms of participant preparation, equipment calibration, test protocols, data reporting and data interpretation. We outline how 3D scanning works, what it is used to measure, and what the issues are surrounding its validity, practicality, and reliability. This book provides an essential reference for practitioners wishing to measure military physique. We have not presented 3-D assessment data (i.e. surface manifold, volumetric, symmetry or shape analysis). We have only extracted 1-D measures from 3D images in this eBook.

This paper argues that we can view the Round Table Conference (three sittings between 1930-32) as an international organisation that re-assembled the technology of the colonial Indian state. The conference is traditionally associated with colonial and anti-colonial leaders adopting federal nationalism rather than radical internationalism, or international-facing Dominion status, as their goal. In this new reading the conference is posed at the intersection of Fred Halliday’s three typologies of internationalism, namely, radical (anti-colonial), liberal (League of Nations) and hegemonic (imperial). Within the liberal internationalist form of the conference, radical anti-colonialism was ultimately subsumed by imperial internationalism, but the latter was much altered by these interactions. This argument is made in two stages. First, the influence of the League of Nations on the conference is examined, through exploring its role as model, precedent and potential arbiter, and through exploring the time spent in Geneva by conference delegates. Second the paper explores the influence of forms of internationalism at the London conference. The Round Table meetings conformed to many of the interwar criteria for what constituted an international conference, while various delegates used the meetings to argue for their forms of pan-Islamic, labour, or spiritual internationalism. While commonly viewed as a failure, the conference resulted in the 1935 Government of India Act, which laid the foundations for the constitution of independent India, and trained many future Indian leaders in the art of state-crafting. As such this paper brings new theorisations of the international to bare on significant new archival and prosopographical material, making an original contribution to revisiting a founding moment in Indian political history.

Responding to ongoing concerns that Michel Foucault’s influential governmentality analytics fail to enable the study of ‘resistance’, this paper analyses his last two lecture courses on ‘parrhesia’ (risky and courageous speech). While Foucault resisted resistance as an analytical category, he increasingly pointed us towards militant, alternative and insolent forms of counter-conduct. The paper comparatively analyses Foucault’s reading of Plato, Socrates and the Cynics, exploring parrhesia’s episteme (its truth–knowledge relations), techne (its practice and geographies), identities (its souls and its bodies) and its possible relations to the present. It concludes that Foucault viewed resistance as power; power which problematised governmentalities but could also be analysed as a governmentality itself. In pursuing parrhesia, Foucault reaffirmed his commitment to studying discourse as always emplaced and enacted, while sketching out the geographies (from the royal court and the democratic Assembly to the public square and the street) that staged the risk of truth-talking. This suggests new subjects and spaces to open up political possibilities when exploring the geographies of governmentalities.

Human locomotion is a fundamental skill that is required for daily living, yet it is not completely known how human gait is regulated in a manner that seems so effortless. Gait transitions have been analyzed to gain insight into the control mechanisms of human locomotion since there is a known change that occurs as the speed of locomotion changes. Specifically, as gait speed changes, there is a spontaneous transition between walking and running that occurs at a particular speed. Despite the growing body of research on the determinants of this preferred transition speed and thus the triggering mechanisms of human gait transitions, a clear consensus regarding the control mechanisms of gait is still lacking. Therefore, this article reviews the determinants of the preferred transition speed using concepts of the dynamic systems theory and how these determinants contribute to four proposed triggers (i.e. metabolic efficiency, mechanical efficiency, mechanical load and cognitive and perceptual) of human gait transitions. While individual anthropometric and strength characteristics influence the preferred transition speed, they do not act to trigger a gait transition. The research has more strongly supported the mechanical efficiency and mechanical load determinants as triggering mechanisms of human gait transitions. These mechanical determinants, combined with cognitive and perceptual processes may thus be used to regulate human gait patterns through proprioceptive and perceptual feedback as the speed of locomotion changes.

Purpose:To investigate whether youth and adults can perceive differences in exertion between walking and running at speeds near the preferred transition speed (PTS) and if there are age-related differences in these perceptions.Methods:A total of 49 youth (10–12 y, n = 21; 13–14 y, n = 10; 15–17 y, n = 18) and 13 adults (19–29 y) completed a walk-to-run transition protocol to determine PTS and peak oxygen uptake. The participants walked and ran on a treadmill at 5 speeds (PTS–0.28 m·s−1, PTS–0.14 m·s−1, PTS, PTS+0.14 m·s−1, PTS+0.28 m·s−1) and rated perceived exertion using the OMNI Perceived Exertion (OMNI-RPE) scale. Oxygen consumption was measured during the walk-to-run transition protocol to obtain the relative intensity (percentage of peak oxygen uptake) at PTS. OMNI-RPE scores at all speeds and percentage of peak oxygen uptake at PTS were compared between age groups.Results:The 10- to 12-year-olds transitioned at a higher percentage of peak oxygen uptake than adults (64.54 [10.18] vs 52.22 [11.40], respectively;P = .035). The 10- to 14-year-olds generally reported higher OMNI-RPE scores than the 15- to 17-year-olds and adults (P −1.Conclusions:Children aged 10–14 years are less able to distinguish whether walking or running requires less effort at speeds near the PTS compared with adults. The inability to judge which gait mode is less demanding could hinder the ability to minimize locomotive demands.

Between 1930-1932 the three sessions of the Round Table Conference in London drew over 70 Indian delegates to the city, for up to three months, to debate India's constitutional future within the British Empire. This paper argues that the "atmosphere" of the conference was central to its successes and failures, and that studying atmospheres can help us think about the co-constitution of place, bodies and politics more broadly. It approaches atmospheres from three interrelated perspectives. First, the atmospheric environment of the conference is set, in terms of both the physical geography of the weather and the human geography of the conference venue. Second, it traces conference bodies, which endured the weather, used it as metaphor, and attuned their politics to the affective atmosphere. The paper concludes with reflections on representing non-representational atmospheres. It argues that the current atmospheres literature is oddly de-raced; debates about weather and bodies' reactions to social and political atmospheres being inherently and always racialised. Analysing the reactions of and to diverse Indian delegates in 1930s London gives us insights into an interwar colonial geographical imagination, while also highlighting the neglect of race in atmospheric literature to date, and the potential for thinking about meteorological and affective atmospheres together.

BACKGROUND Electric adjustable height desks (EAHD) have been promoted as an opportunity for desk based workers to stand at work but there is limited evidence that they have an effect on light physical activity. OBJECTIVE The main objective was to determine if there would be a change in light physical activity with the introduction of EAHD. The secondary objective was to assess if there was an associated change in leisure time activity. METHODS Activity levels were measured by step counts, self-reported activity levels and pre- and post-trial recall levels. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with the software R. Generalised linear models were fitted to the data. A Poisson regression was used for count data. Statistical hypotheses were deemed significant if their p values were less than 0.05. RESULTS There was a significant (p

In this article, I situate Foucault’s governmentality analytics between his first lecture course ( On the Will to Know, 1970–1971) and his first course after his two ‘governmentality’ lectures ( On the Government of the Living, 1979–1980). The lectures are interconnected by a shared interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex as well as by different but related obsessions with the production of truth: the earlier, with truth as fact; the latter, with truth as self-relation. The former analyses discourses of truth, law, inquiry and sovereignty in ancient Greece. The latter focuses on early Christian individual manifestations of truth (baptism, penance and spiritual direction) forming a genealogy of confession and, Foucault suggests, of western subjectivity itself. This article uses the analytical categories of governmentality, usually used to analyse regimes of government, to perform a comparative reading of the lecture courses, charting the continuities and ruptures in their various studies of episteme, techne, identities, ethos and problematisations. This suggests that the earlier lectures outline the birth of the sovereign–juridical compact that modern governmentalities would emerge through and against, whereas the later lectures use the term ‘governmentality’ less, but enable the analysis of the conduct of conduct to progress to the ethical scale of self-formation.

The 1919 Government of India Act instituted sweeping constitutional reforms that were inspired by the concept of “dyarchy”. This innovation in constitutional history devolved powers to the provinces and then divided these roles of government into reserved and transferred subjects, the latter of which would be administered by elected Indian ministers. Recent scholarship has been reassessing the local biopolitical potential unleashed by the 1919 Act. In this paper I revisit dyarchy at the national scale to show how this “All-India” re-visioning of Indian sovereignty was actually negotiated in relation to its imperial and international outsides and the exigencies of retaining governmental control inside the provinces. This paper will propose a constitutional historical geography of dyarchy, focusing on three scales and the forms of comparison they allow. First, Lionel Curtis’s political geometries and the international genealogies of his federalist aspirations are explored. Secondly, the partially democratic level of the province is shown to have been rigorously penetrated by, and categorically subordinated to, the central tier of colonial autocracy, which orchestrated a political geography of exclusion and exception. Finally, rival conceptions of time and sequentiality will be used to examine the basis for nationalist criticisms and exploitations of dyarchy’s reconfigurations of democracy, biopolitics, and the vital mass of the people.

Thirty six volunteer air force personnel were sequentially exposed in a randomized balanced order in a hypobaric chamber to 30 min of baseline (sea level) and mild hypoxia induced by a specified altitude (sea level, 8000 ft and 12,000 ft), followed immediately by breathing 100% oxygen from an oro-nasal mask. Mood and complex cognition were assessed. Analysis of variance indicated that mood (fatigue and vigour) remained the same at 8000 ft but fatigue was increased (p = 0.001) and vigour reduced (p = 0.035) at 12,000 ft and was restored by supplementary oxygen. Complex cognition was not significantly altered by the test conditions. The results of this study do not support prior evidence that mild hypoxia equivalent to either 8000 or 12,000 ft, impairs complex cognition, but suggests that some aspects of mood may be affected at 12,000 ft and can be restored by breathing 100% oxygen.

Health care workers, including nurses, have one of the highest musculoskeletal injury incidence rates of any profession, especially work-related back injuries. The majority of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in health care are caused by moving and handling of people (MHP). In order to reduce MSDs due to MHP, some national health care sector authorities worldwide have developed intervention programmes or guidelines that can be used by their health care organisations. However, very few of the national interventions have been evaluated for their efficacy or impact. In those that have, the effort to reduce the incidence of MSDs caused by MHP has been largely unsuccessful, often because of barriers. This study aimed to identify what barriers, and facilitators, existed in health care organisations in relation to implementation of the New Zealand MHP guidelines. It was found that implementing a MHP programme especially requires sufficient resources for training and strong support based on evidence, or legislation. Management support for equipment purchase or maintenance is also essential, as is sufficient training for changing the culture of the workplace. It is also important to assess staff MHP knowledge and practices. MHP programmes need to be designed to be suitable for different sectors such as age care, and different users such as a foreign work force.

When evaluating national work environment initiatives, it is important to choose methods through which it is possible to gather necessary and relevant information in a time efficient way for researchers and involved organisations. This article evaluates the usefulness of chronicle workshops as a data collection method to help assess the effectiveness of national work environment initiatives aiming to create interventions in organisations. Chronicle Workshops were used as one of three methods in case studies evaluating a national guideline on moving and handling people. Chronicle workshops were found to be an efficient method to identify specific interventions, when they occurred, who had been instrumental in implementing them, what contextual factors had influenced the intervention and factors facilitating and hindering intervention. They lacked specificity on individual strategies and why these did or did not work. Thus Chronicle workshops are good at creating an overview of implementation efforts but need to be supplemented with other methods to gain more detailed information.

For many years Massey University in New Zealand ran a postgraduate diploma and masters degree in Ergonomics/Human Factors (EHF) that were small, successful, comprehensive, internationally recognized, linked directly to professional certification and innovative. However in 2016 these qualifications were closed. This occurred soon after some other recent prominent university EHF course closures, worldwide. The demise of the Massey EHF programme was largely due to governmental restriction in tertiary academic budgets and poor understanding of the holistic nature of EHF amongst senior tertiary decision makers. This paper describes the history and composition of the Massey EHF programme. It outlines the reasons for its fragility and closure and indicates that it could easily be revived. The paper concludes with consideration of a way forward and the potential for evolution of EHF at Massey, by being more widely integrated into a broader range of academic undergraduate courses. A logical and co-operative way forward for a small country would be to integrate undergraduate teaching of EHF into wider teaching programmes across all of its universities, not just one, and to complement this with a single cross-university national masters degree.

From flight-crew to cabin-crew, air-traffic controllers to aircraft engineers - the ‘human factor’ is vital to the safe and efficient operation of all aspects of the aviation industry. Over the past three decades a better understanding of Human Factors has resulted in significant safety benefits, forming a cornerstone of every aviation safety management programme. With this in mind, an innovative approach to teaching Ergonomics and Human Factors (E/HF) at Coventry University has created a unique MSc in Aviation Human Factors. From the outset this specialist part-time MSc has been designed to attract a wide range of aviation professionals (e.g. aviation engineers, flight and cabin crew, safety personnel, or air traffic controllers) from civil or military organisations in the UK or overseas. The course therefore provides a niche and bespoke learning experience for its students, and from a user requirements perspective this necessitated a particular pedagogic approach.

This introduction to a special issue on historical geographies of internationalism begins by situating the essays that follow in relation to the on-going refugee crisis in Europe and beyond. This crisis has revealed, once again, both the challenges and the potential of internationalism as a form of political consciousness and the international as a scale of political action. Recent work has sought to re-conceptualise internationalism as the most urgent scale at which governance, political activity and resistance must operate when confronting the larger environmental, economic, and strategic challenges of the twenty-first century. Although geographers have only made a modest contribution to this work, we argue that they have a significant role to play. The essays in this special issue suggest several ways in which a geographical perspective can contribute to rethinking the international: by examining spaces and sites not previously considered in internationalist histories; by considering the relationship between the abstractions of internationalism and the geographical and historical specificities of its performance; and by analysing the interlocking of internationalism with other political projects. We identify, towards the end of this essay, seven ways that internationalism might be reconsidered geographically in future research through; its spatialities and temporalities; the role of newly independent states; science and research; identity politics; and with reference to its performative and visual dimensions.