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22. Leptin gene polymorphisms are associated with weight gain during lithium augmentation in patients with major depression

Author

Bopp, Sandra K., Heilbronner, Urs, Schlattmann, Peter, Mühleisen, Thomas W., Bschor, Tom, Richter, Christoph, Steinacher, Bruno, Stamm, Thomas J., Merkl, Angela, Herms, Stefan, Köhler, Stephan, Sterzer, Philipp, Hellweg, Rainer, Heinz, Andreas, Cichon, Sven, Lang, Undine E., Schulze, Thomas G., Adli, Mazda, and Ricken, Roland

Published
2019
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27. Neural correlates of instrumental responding in the context of alcohol-related cues index disorder severity and relapse risk

Author

Schad, Daniel J., Garbusow, Maria, Friedel, Eva, Sommer, Christian, Sebold, Miriam, Hägele, Claudia, Bernhardt, Nadine, Nebe, Stephan, Kuitunen-Paul, Sören, Liu, Shuyan, Eichmann, Uta, Beck, Anne, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Walter, Henrik, Sterzer, Philipp, Zimmermann, Ulrich S., Smolka, Michael N., Schlagenhauf, Florian, Huys, Quentin J. M., Heinz, Andreas, and Rapp, Michael A.

Published
2019
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45. The Influence of Biological Relevance on Conditioned Hallucinations

Author

Martin, Joshua M., Sterzer, Philipp, Fisher, Victoria, Powers, Albert, and Anna-Lena Eckert

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Computational Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Neurobiology, affective salience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Life Sciences, Psychology, visual hallucinations, Social and Behavioral Sciences, predictive coding, conditioned hallucinations
Abstract

Perceptual experiences are thought to result from an inferential process in which the brain actively infers the hidden causes of sensory impressions by weighting sensory evidence against prior beliefs ("priors"). Imbalances in this weighting are theoretically implicated in dysfunctional inference and psychopathology. For example, it is assumed that overly strong priors underlie the development of hallucinations in schizophrenia (Corlett et al., 2019) and post-traumatic stress disorder (Lyndon & Corlett, 2020). This is supported by the finding that individuals prone to psychosis are more likely to report ‘conditioned hallucinations’ based on a learned audiovisual cue (Powers et al., 2017). The goal of this study is to investigate how the biological relevance of a stimulus influences the occurrence and intensity of conditioned hallucinations. The biological relevance of a stimulus can be defined as the observer-dependent biological value or significance of an external event and is closely related to its affective salience or behavioral utility. It varies between individuals depending on both genetic and environmental influences. For human observers, spiders can be considered biologically relevant due to their perceived threat and emotionally arousing nature. This can be even more pronounced in spider phobic individuals, who show prioritized perceptual processing and elevated affective reactions (Schmack et al., 2016). The influence of biological relevance on hallucinations has theoretical relevance to action-oriented predictive processing approaches. These approaches emphasize that perception is optimized to reflect the environment in terms of biologically-relevant action-opportunities as opposed to objective truth (e.g. Clark, 2015). This may lead to systematic biases in perceptual models, such that they are structured, tuned and updated in ways that may 'usefully misrepresent' the external surroundings (Seth & Tsakiris, 2018; Martin et al., 2021). Based on these accounts, we expect that individuals should exhibit increased perceptual biases towards biologically relevant stimuli, such that they experience more frequent and confident false alarms of biologically relevant stimuli in a conditioned hallucinations task. We additionally hypothesize that this effect will be elevated in individuals who score higher on measures of trait-anxiety and spider-phobia. Finally, using behavioral modelling we will evaluate whether differences in conditioned hallucinations are associated with an increased weighting of prior beliefs relative to sensory evidence.

Published
2023
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