82 results on '"Steven, Kennedy"'
Search Results
2. OCR Anthology for Classical Greek AS and A Level
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Malcolm Campbell, Rob Colborn, Frederica Daniele, Benedict Gravell, Sarah Harden, Steven Kennedy, Matthew McCullagh, Charlie Paterson, John Taylor, Claire Webster and Malcolm Campbell, Rob Colborn, Frederica Daniele, Benedict Gravell, Sarah Harden, Steven Kennedy, Matthew McCullagh, Charlie Paterson, John Taylor, Claire Webster
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- 2016
3. Discovery of the SMYD3 Inhibitor BAY-6035 Using Thermal Shift Assay (TSA)-Based High-Throughput Screening
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Ingo Hartung, Masoud Vedadi, Magda Szewczyk, Volker Badock, Carlo Stresemann, Holger Steuber, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Shawna Organ, Norbert Schmees, Clara D. Christ, Detlef Stoeckigt, Steven Kennedy, Stefan Gradl, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Megha Abbey, Stephan Siegel, Andrea Haegebarth, Manfred Husemann, Fengling Li, Marcus Bauser, Joerg Weiske, Irene Chau, Viacheslav V. Trush, and Peter Brown
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Models, Molecular ,0301 basic medicine ,Thermal shift assay ,High-throughput screening ,Antineoplastic Agents ,MAP3K2 ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Small Molecule Libraries ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Drug Discovery ,Humans ,Binding site ,Protein kinase A ,Kinase ,Drug discovery ,Chemistry ,Hydrogen Bonding ,Isothermal titration calorimetry ,Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ,High-Throughput Screening Assays ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Molecular Medicine ,Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ,Protein Binding ,Biotechnology - Abstract
SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3) is a protein lysine methyltransferase that was initially described as an H3K4 methyltransferase involved in transcriptional regulation. SMYD3 has been reported to methylate and regulate several nonhistone proteins relevant to cancer, including mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). In addition, overexpression of SMYD3 has been linked to poor prognosis in certain cancers, suggesting SMYD3 as a potential oncogene and attractive cancer drug target. Here we report the discovery of a novel SMYD3 inhibitor. We performed a thermal shift assay (TSA)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) with 410,000 compounds and identified a novel benzodiazepine-based SMYD3 inhibitor series. Crystal structures revealed that this series binds to the substrate binding site and occupies the hydrophobic lysine binding pocket via an unprecedented hydrogen bonding pattern. Biochemical assays showed substrate competitive behavior. Following optimization and extensive biophysical validation with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we identified BAY-6035, which shows nanomolar potency and selectivity against kinases and other PKMTs. Furthermore, BAY-6035 specifically inhibits methylation of MAP3K2 by SMYD3 in a cellular mechanistic assay with an IC50
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- 2021
4. Use of Soil Chemical Analysis to Detect Commercial Wildlife Game Baits
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Aaron Haines, Angela Fetterolf, Meta Griffin, Tristan Conrad, and Steven Kennedy
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baiting ,commercial wildlife baits ,conservation officers ,evidence ,game animals ,pennsylvania ,sodium ,soil chemical analysis ,wildlife ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Abstract
Hunters and poachers often use commercially-available, nutrient-rich baits to attract wildlife game animals. We used atomic absorption spectroscopy and ion selective electrochemical analysis techniques to determine whether two common proprietary baits (Deer Cane and Acorn Rage) would leave detectable chemical signatures in soil (i.e., Na+, Cl-, and Ca+2). Our goal was to evaluate low cost tests which could be replicated by wildlife conservation officers in the field. To complete the evaluation we randomly placed two commercial baits on 3 sites in The Millersville University Biological Preserve in Millersville, PA. We collected soils samples from each site over the course of 35 days after bait placement to conduct our soil chemical analysis. We found that baited soils consistently exhibited higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl- compared to control soils. The levels of Na+ on baited soils for the first 3 weeks for both bait sites averaged 3,209 ppm and 4,056 ppm and these levels were substantially higher than average and median concentrations of Na+ found on wild natural lick sites in North America. The simple low-cost techniques we used to test baited soils, NaCl Insta-TEST strips and ‘Acetic Acid’ test, proved effective in detecting the higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl-. These inexpensive field tests may provide wildlife conservation officers a simple tool to verify the use of commercial wildlife baits in areas under investigation for illegal baiting. We recommend that future evaluations of commercial wildlife baits in soils include data on heavy rainfall events, soil type, bait placement and duration.
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- 2017
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5. Distribution of Volatile Compounds in Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) Leaves Grown in Soilless Substrate Analyzed Using Electronic Nose
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Dharma Pitchay, Steven Kennedy, and Ramasamy Ravi
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,food.ingredient ,food ,chemistry ,biology ,Electronic nose ,Citronellal ,Substrate (chemistry) ,General Medicine ,Hystrix ,biology.organism_classification ,Kaffir Lime - Abstract
Objective: The key objective of this research is to investigate the aroma profle of Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaves grown under greenhouse and peatlite soilless substrate conditions using the electronic nose system. Methodology: Fresh Citrus hystrix samples of recently matured (RML) and old (OL) leaves were analyzed using electronic nose. A total of 79 volatiles were identified and those equivalent to 90% were reported. Results: The RML and OL leaves had similar volatiles such as Citronellal, N-Nonanal, Myrcene, Pentyl Octanoate and γ-Terpinene with no significant difference in the concentration. Citronellal was the major volatile found more than 20% in both recently matured and old leaves. Recently matured and old leaves also had dissimilar volatiles such as 5-Propyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone(32.9%), β-Pinene (7.6%), Terpinen-4-ol (2.4%), 1-Hexanol (1.3%) and (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol-Acetate (1.0%) were only found in the recently matured leaves, whereas 1-Nonanol (30.8%), 3-Methyl Butanoic Acid(4.6%), p-Methyl Acetophenone (1.5%), Trans-Hex-2-Enyl Acetate (1.4%) and Methyl Eugenol (1.1%) were detected only in OL. Conclusion: The results are very useful in food and cosmetics industries to develop innovative products based on kaffirlime leaves/oil.
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- 2020
6. What’s changed in European (Union) Studies?
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Steven Kennedy
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European Studies ,EU Studies ,Political science ,Social Sciences - Abstract
I have been asked to reflect on my experience of 35 years publishing university textbooks in relation to the evolution and development of European Union Studies (which term I shall use to include the study of the EU’s earlier incarnations in the European Community/Communities). My engagement with EU studies actually started well before I became a publisher in 1979 as I had developed an interest in the subject as an undergraduate student of International Relations in the early 1970s and actually embarked in 1974 on writing a PhD on the relationship between European integration and disintegration which a combination of the theft of a car containing all my (not, I confess, all that many) notes, the advent of ‘eurosclerosis’ and the stymieing of Scottish devolution consigned to the dustbin of history (though it would have been very timely I guess today).
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- 2015
7. Fragment-based discovery of a chemical probe for the PWWP1 domain of NSD3
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Xiao-Ling Cockcroft, Stephan Karl Zahn, Mark Petronczki, Catherine M. Rogers, Fengling Li, Helmut Berger, Bernadette Sharps, Markus Zeeb, Ralph A. Neumüller, Mark Pearson, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Teresa Krammer, Oleg Fedorov, Barbara Müllauer, Alexander Weiss-Puxbaum, Kilian Huber, Masoud Vedadi, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Christopher R. Vakoc, Abdellah Allali-Hassani, Tobias Wunberg, Steven Kennedy, Christoph Reiser, Michael Schleicher, Julian E. Fuchs, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Moriz Mayer, Jark Böttcher, Guido Boehmelt, Dietrich Böse, Alexandra Hörmann, Andreas Zoephel, Heribert Arnhof, Sandra Winkler, Darryl B. McConnell, Peter Brown, David Dilworth, Maja Corcokovic, Klaus Rumpel, Thomas Gerstberger, Nikolai Mischerikow, Carrow I. Wells, Ulrich Reiser, and Daniela Häring
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Messenger RNA ,Cell Survival ,Chemistry ,Protein domain ,Nuclear Proteins ,Myeloid leukemia ,Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ,Cell Biology ,Amplicon ,medicine.disease ,In vitro ,Cell Line ,Chromatin ,Cell biology ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc ,Leukemia ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Protein Domains ,medicine ,Humans ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,Binding site ,Molecular Biology ,Cell Proliferation - Abstract
Here, we report the fragment-based discovery of BI-9321, a potent, selective and cellular active antagonist of the NSD3-PWWP1 domain. The human NSD3 protein is encoded by the WHSC1L1 gene located in the 8p11-p12 amplicon, frequently amplified in breast and squamous lung cancer. Recently, it was demonstrated that the PWWP1 domain of NSD3 is required for the viability of acute myeloid leukemia cells. To further elucidate the relevance of NSD3 in cancer biology, we developed a chemical probe, BI-9321, targeting the methyl-lysine binding site of the PWWP1 domain with sub-micromolar in vitro activity and cellular target engagement at 1 µM. As a single agent, BI-9321 downregulates Myc messenger RNA expression and reduces proliferation in MOLM-13 cells. This first-in-class chemical probe BI-9321, together with the negative control BI-9466, will greatly facilitate the elucidation of the underexplored biological function of PWWP domains. A chemical probe BI-9321 for the PWWP1 domain of NSD3 and its inactive analog were identified. BI-9321 binds to the methyl-lysine binding site, reduces the association of NSD3 with chromatin and inhibits proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells.
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- 2019
8. A Systems Approach to Business Sustainability Education
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Luciana Oranges Cezarino, Steven Kennedy, Lara Bartocci Liboni, and Sylvia Grewatsch
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Settore SECS-P/07 - Economia Aziendale ,education ,Sustainability ,Biodiversity ,General Medicine ,Business ,Environmental planning - Abstract
The worsening and urgency of societal challenges, such as the climate emergency and biodiversity loss, have triggered questioning of the effectiveness of business sustainability teaching and the ca...
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- 2021
9. A Suite of Biochemical Assays for Screening RNA Methyltransferase BCDIN3D
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Masoud Vedadi, Steven Kennedy, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Yujun George Zheng, Fengling Li, and Levi L. Blazer
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0301 basic medicine ,S-Adenosylmethionine ,Methyltransferase ,Fluorescence Polarization ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Enzyme Stability ,microRNA ,High-Throughput Screening Assays ,Humans ,Binding site ,Surface plasmon resonance ,Enzyme Assays ,Binding Sites ,biology ,Temperature ,RNA ,Methyltransferases ,Surface Plasmon Resonance ,Molecular biology ,O-methyltransferase ,Kinetics ,MicroRNAs ,030104 developmental biology ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,Fluorescence anisotropy ,Biotechnology - Abstract
BCDIN3D is an RNA-methyltransferase that O-methylates the 5' phosphate of RNA and regulates microRNA maturation. To discover small-molecule inhibitors of BCDIN3D, a suite of biochemical assays was developed. A radiometric methyltransferase assay and fluorescence polarization-based S-adenosylmethionine and RNA displacement assays are described. In addition, differential scanning fluorimetry and surface plasmon resonance were used to characterize binding. These assays provide a comprehensive package for the development of small-molecule modulators of BCDIN3D activity.
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- 2017
10. Selective, Small-Molecule Co-Factor Binding Site Inhibition of a Su(var)3-9, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax Domain Containing Lysine Methyltransferase
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Dafydd R. Owen, Aiping Dong, Martin James Wythes, Steven Kennedy, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Matthieu Schapira, Hong Wu, Rajiah Aldrin Denny, Viacheslav V. Trush, Mihir D. Parikh, Agustin Casimiro-Garcia, Renato Ferreira de Freitas, Masoud Vedadi, Magdalena Swewczyk, Hong Zeng, Tatlock John H, Fengling Li, Alexandria P. Taylor, Robert Arnold Kumpf, Peter Brown, and Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
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Models, Molecular ,S-Adenosylmethionine ,Methyltransferase ,Lysine ,01 natural sciences ,Small Molecule Libraries ,03 medical and health sciences ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Drug Discovery ,Structure–activity relationship ,Humans ,Binding site ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Enhancer ,Cells, Cultured ,030304 developmental biology ,Cell Proliferation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Binding Sites ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ,Small molecule ,0104 chemical sciences ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Molecular Medicine - Abstract
The first chemical probe to primarily occupy the co-factor binding site of a Su(var)3-9, enhancer of a zeste, trithorax (SET) domain containing protein lysine methyltransferase (PKMT) is reported. Protein methyltransferases require S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a co-factor (methyl donor) for enzymatic activity. However, SAM itself represents a poor medicinal chemistry starting point for a selective, cell-active inhibitor given its extreme physicochemical properties and its role in multiple cellular processes. A previously untested medicinal chemistry strategy of deliberate file enrichment around molecules bearing the hallmarks of SAM, but with improved lead-like properties from the outset, yielded viable hits against SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) that were shown to bind in the co-factor site. These leads were optimized to identify a highly biochemically potent, PKMT-selective, and cell-active chemical probe. While substrate-based inhibitors of PKMTs are known, this represents a novel, co-factor-derived strategy for the inhibition of SMYD2 which may also prove applicable to lysine methyltransferase family members previously thought of as intractable.
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- 2019
11. Identification and characterization of the first fragment hits for SETDB1 Tudor domain
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Steven Kennedy, Sean K. Liew, Matthieu Schapira, Masoud Vedadi, Abdellah Allali-Hassani, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Scott Houliston, Andrei K. Yudin, Jinrong Min, Diego B. Diaz, P. Mader, Hong Wu, Aman Iqbal, Aiping Dong, Vijayaratnam Santhakumar, Rodrigo Mendoza-Sanchez, Renato Ferreira de Freitas, Victoria B. Corless, David Smil, Peter Brown, Ludmila Dombrovski, Elena Dobrovetsky, and Carlo C. dela Seña
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Models, Molecular ,Tudor domain ,Methyltransferase ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Peptide binding ,Crystallography, X-Ray ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Histones ,Small Molecule Libraries ,03 medical and health sciences ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,0302 clinical medicine ,Drug Discovery ,Transferase ,Humans ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,Tudor Domain ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ,Small molecule ,0104 chemical sciences ,3. Good health ,Chromatin ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,Histone ,Acetylation ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine - Abstract
SET domain bifurcated protein 1 (SETDB1) is a human histone-lysine methyltransferase, which is amplified in human cancers and was shown to be crucial in the growth of non-small and small cell lung carcinoma. In addition to its catalytic domain, SETDB1 harbors a unique tandem tudor domain which recognizes histone sequences containing both methylated and acetylated lysines, and likely contributes to its localization on chromatin. Using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy fragment screening approaches, we have identified the first small molecule fragment hits that bind to histone peptide binding groove of the TTD of SETDB1. Herein, we describe the binding modes of these fragments and analogues and the biophysical characterization of key compounds. These confirmed small molecule fragments will inform the development of potent antagonists of SETDB1 interaction with histones.
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- 2019
12. Discovery of a Potent and Selective Coactivator Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) Inhibitor by Virtual Screening
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Renato Ferreira de Freitas, Masoud Vedadi, David Smil, Steven Kennedy, Matthieu Schapira, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Mohammad S. Eram, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Vijayaratnam Santhakumar, and Peter Brown
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Models, Molecular ,0301 basic medicine ,Virtual screening ,Methyltransferase ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,CARM1 ,Arginine ,Chemistry ,HEK 293 cells ,Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ,Ligand (biochemistry) ,CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,03 medical and health sciences ,HEK293 Cells ,030104 developmental biology ,Biochemistry ,Guanylate Cyclase ,Drug Discovery ,Coactivator ,Humans ,Molecular Medicine ,Structure–activity relationship ,Enzyme Inhibitors - Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) represent an emerging target class in oncology and other disease areas. So far, the most successful strategy to identify PRMT inhibitors has been to screen large to medium-size chemical libraries. Attempts to develop PRMT inhibitors using receptor-based computational methods have met limited success. Here, using virtual screening approaches, we identify 11 CARM1 (PRMT4) inhibitors with ligand efficiencies ranging from 0.28 to 0.84. CARM1 selective hits were further validated by orthogonal methods. Two structure-based rounds of optimization produced 27 (SGC2085), a CARM1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 50 nM and more than hundred-fold selectivity over other PRMTs. These results indicate that virtual screening strategies can be successfully applied to Rossmann-fold protein methyltransferases.
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- 2016
13. Economic Evaluation of Treatments for Pediatric Bilateral Severe to Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Melike Deger, Florian Payk, Georgina Sanderson, Steven Kennedy, Abul Hasnat Milton, and Chris Foteff
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Male ,Research design ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hearing loss ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ,education.educational_degree ,Population ,Context (language use) ,Audiology ,Habilitation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,030223 otorhinolaryngology ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Cost–benefit analysis ,business.industry ,Australia ,Cochlear Implantation ,Sensory Systems ,Quality-adjusted life year ,Cochlear Implants ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Economic evaluation ,Female ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Objectives In Australia, surgical treatment options for children with bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss exist in a continuum ranging from unilateral cochlear implantation (CI), sequential bilateral CI through to simultaneous bilateral CI, depending on the condition. When treatment options are mutually exclusive, the mean costs and benefits of each treatment group are summed together to obtain the total mean costs and benefits. This enables an incremental analysis of treatment options in the context of the treated populations.The objective was to evaluate the cost-utility of current Australian CI treatment practices in children using domestic costs and consequences when compared with bilateral hearing aids (HAs). Research design Economic evaluation including a Markov model based on secondary sources. Setting The base case modeled a government health payer perspective over a child's lifetime. Primary and secondary school education costs were also assessed. Intervention Bilateral HAs compared with CI, including unilateral, sequential bilateral, or simultaneous bilateral CI weighted according to treatment. Main outcome measures Incremental costs per quality adjusted life year. Results Approximately 42% of children in Australia with unilateral CI did not transition to sequential bilateral nor undergo simultaneous bilateral implantation. This differs from previous economic evaluations that assumed 100% of children transitioned to sequential bilateral CI treatment or were treated with simultaneous bilateral CI.The incremental cost utility of unilateral cochlear implantation compared with HAs was AUD 21,947/QALY. The weighted average incremental cost utility of the combined cochlear implantation treatment groups was AUD 31,238/QALY when compared with HAs. Conclusion Previous economic evaluations of cochlear implantation assumed 100% of unilaterally treated patients would transition to sequential bilateral or be treated with simultaneous bilateral implantation. This approach does not take into account the total treated population, where a proportion of patients are treated with unilateral CI.CI was cost effective when compared with HAs, and included children treated with unilateral, sequential bilateral, and simultaneous bilateral CI.The model was sensitive to the number of assessment and habilitation visits. Alternative health service models with cost efficiencies are needed to reduce after care costs.
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- 2016
14. A Radioactivity-Based Assay for Screening Human m6A-RNA Methyltransferase, METTL3-METTL14 Complex, and Demethylase ALKBH5
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Chao Xu, Steven Kennedy, Alma Seitova, Fengling Li, Masoud Vedadi, Taraneh Hajian, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, and Elisa Gibson
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0301 basic medicine ,Methyltransferase ,AlkB ,Plasma protein binding ,Ligands ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Radioligand Assay ,03 medical and health sciences ,Protein splicing ,Drug Discovery ,Humans ,biology ,AlkB Homolog 5, RNA Demethylase ,RNA ,Methyltransferases ,Molecular biology ,Kinetics ,030104 developmental biology ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,Demethylase ,Biological Assay ,JARID1B ,Protein Binding ,Biotechnology - Abstract
N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is the most common reversible internal modification in mammalian RNA. Changes in m(6)A levels have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including nuclear RNA export, control of protein translation, and protein splicing, and they have been linked to obesity, cancer, and other human diseases. METTL3 and METTL14 are N(6)-adenosine methyltransferases that work more efficiently in a stable METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14). ALKBH5 is an m(6)A-RNA demethylase that belongs to the AlkB family of dioxygenases. We report the development of radioactivity-based assays for kinetic characterization of m(6)A-RNA modifications by METTL3-14 complex and ALKBH5 and provide optimal assay conditions suitable for screening for ligands in a 384-well format with Z' factors of 0.78 and 0.77, respectively.
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- 2016
15. The case for establishing a board of review for resolving environmental issues: The science court in Canada
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Keith R. Solomon, Gerald Stobo, Sam Kacew, Steven Kennedy, Donald Mackay, and John P. Giesy
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Judicial Role ,Government ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,Jurisprudence ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Geography, Planning and Development ,General Medicine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Public administration ,Public relations ,01 natural sciences ,Politics ,Arbitration ,Business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Pace - Abstract
Technology and scientific advancements are accelerating changes in society at a pace that is challenging the abilities of government regulatory agencies and legal courts to understand the benefits and costs of these changes to humans, wildlife, and their environments. The social, economic, and political facets of concern, such as the potential effects of chemicals, complicate the preparation of regulatory standards and practices intended to safeguard the public. Court judges and attorneys and, in some cases, lay juries are tasked with interpreting the data and implications underlying these new advancements, often without the technical background necessary to understand complex subjects and subsequently make informed decisions. Here, we describe the scientific-quasi-judicial process adopted in Canada under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, which could serve as a model for resolving conflicts between regulatory agencies and the regulated community. An example and process and lessons learned from the first Board of Review, which was for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5; CAS# 541-02-06), are provided. Notable among these lessons are: 1) the need to apply state-of-the-science insights into the regulatory process, 2) to encourage agencies to continuously review and update their assessment processes, criteria, and models, and 3) provide these processes in guidance documents that are transparent and available to all stakeholders and generally foster closer cooperation between regulators, the academic community, industry, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:572-579. © 2015 SETAC.
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- 2016
16. Systems Change: Spatial, Temporal, and other Impact Mechanisms for a Sustainable Future
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Darcy Jane Riddell, Garima Sharma, Steven Kennedy, Marc Ventresca, Paulo Savaget, Lara Bartocci Liboni, Sylvia Grewatsch, Marya L. Besharov, and Gail Whiteman
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Knowledge management ,System change ,business.industry ,Health care ,General Medicine ,business - Abstract
The world is changing fast. Technology, healthcare, education, climate, business – there is hardly anything in life that is not changing. Some changes are desirable, such as Artificial Intelligence...
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- 2020
17. Discovery of covalent enzyme inhibitors using virtual docking of covalent fragments
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Steven Kennedy, Patrick Chuong, Sandipan Roy Chowdhury, Stefan G. Kathman, Alexander V. Statsyuk, Alyssa uyen Nguyen, Kai Zhu, and Rama K. Mishra
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Stereochemistry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Cathepsin L ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Molecular Docking Simulation ,Article ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Structure–activity relationship ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Protease ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Drug discovery ,Organic Chemistry ,Cysteine protease ,0104 chemical sciences ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,Enzyme ,Covalent bond ,Docking (molecular) ,Molecular Medicine - Abstract
Here we present a virtual docking screen of 1648 commercially available covalent fragments, and identified covalent inhibitors of cysteine protease cathepsin L. These inhibitors did not inhibit closely related protease cathepsin B. Thus, we have established virtual docking of covalent fragments as an approach to discover covalent enzyme inhibitors.
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- 2018
18. LLY-283, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Arginine Methyltransferase 5, PRMT5, with Antitumor Activity
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Steven Kennedy, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Zahid Quyoom Bonday, Ken Weichert, Wayne P. Bocchinfuso, Grogan Michael John, Mary M. Mader, Masoud Vedadi, Robert M. Campbell, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Cortez Guillermo S, Fengling Li, Stephen Antonysamy, Mohammad S. Eram, Ernesto Guccione, Binghui Li, Peter Brown, and Magdalena M. Szewczyk
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0301 basic medicine ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Methyltransferase ,Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 ,Organic Chemistry ,Methylation ,Biochemistry ,Molecular biology ,In vitro ,3. Good health ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,In vivo ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Drug Discovery ,Transcriptional regulation ,Signal transduction - Abstract
[Image: see text] Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a type II arginine methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of symmetric dimethylarginine in a number of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Although the cellular functions of PRMT5 have not been fully unraveled, it has been implicated in a number of cellular processes like RNA processing, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation. PRMT5 is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues and its expression has been shown to be elevated in several cancers including breast cancer, gastric cancer, glioblastoma, and lymphoma. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel and selective PRMT5 inhibitor with potent in vitro and in vivo activity. Compound 1 (also called LLY-283) inhibited PRMT5 enzymatic activity in vitro and in cells with IC(50) of 22 ± 3 and 25 ± 1 nM, respectively, while its diastereomer, compound 2 (also called LLY-284), was much less active. Compound 1 also showed antitumor activity in mouse xenografts when dosed orally and can serve as an excellent probe molecule for understanding the biological function of PRMT5 in normal and cancer cells.
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- 2018
19. Kinetic characterization of human histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferases, ASH1L and SETD2
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Evelyne Lima-Fernandes, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Irene Chau, Steven Kennedy, Masoud Vedadi, Matthieu Schapira, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Fengling Li, and Mohammad S. Eram
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Models, Molecular ,Methyltransferase ,Chemistry ,Molecular Sequence Data ,EZH2 ,Biophysics ,Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ,Methylation ,Biochemistry ,Molecular biology ,Substrate Specificity ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Kinetics ,Histone H3 ,Histone methyltransferase ,Histone methylation ,Histone H2A ,Humans ,Nucleosome ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Molecular Biology ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Background Dysregulation of methylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K36) have been implicated in a variety of diseases including cancers. ASH1L and SETD2 are two enzymes among others that catalyze H3K36 methylation. H3K4 methylation has also been reported for ASH1L. Methods Radioactivity-based enzyme assays, Western and immunoblotting using specific antibodies and molecular modeling were used to characterize substrate specificity of ASH1L and SETD2. Results Here we report on the assay development and kinetic characterization of ASH1L and SETD2 and their substrate specificities in vitro. Both enzymes were active with recombinant nucleosome as substrate. However, SETD2 but not ASH1L methylated histone peptides as well indicating that the interaction of the basic post-SET extension with substrate may not be critical for SETD2 activity. Both enzymes were not active with nucleosome containing a H3K36A mutation indicating their specificity for H3K36. Analyzing the methylation state of the products of ASH1L and SETD2 reactions also confirmed that both enzymes mono- and dimethylate H3K36 and are inactive with H3K4 as substrate, and that only SETD2 is able to trimethylate H3K36 in vitro. Conclusions We determined the kinetic parameters for ASH1L and SETD2 activity enabling screening for inhibitors that can be used to further investigate the roles of these two proteins in health and disease. Both ASH1L and SETD2 are H3K36 specific methyltransferases but only SETD2 can trimethylate this mark. The basic post-SET extension is critical for ASH1L but not SETD2 activity. General significance We provide full kinetic characterization of ASH1L and SETD2 activity.
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- 2015
20. Discovery of a Dual PRMT5–PRMT7 Inhibitor
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Steven Kennedy, David Smil, Matthieu Schapira, Fengling Li, Mohammad S. Eram, Peter Brown, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Masoud Vedadi, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, and Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
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MAPK/ERK pathway ,0303 health sciences ,Methyltransferase ,Arginine ,Cell growth ,Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 ,Organic Chemistry ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,3. Good health ,03 medical and health sciences ,Transduction (genetics) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Drug Discovery ,RNA splicing ,DNA ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
The protein arginine methyltransferases PRMT7 and PRMT5, respectively, monomethylate and symmetrically dimethylate arginine side-chains of proteins involved in diverse cellular mechanisms, including chromatin-mediated control of gene transcription, splicing, and the RAS to ERK transduction cascade. It is believed that PRMT5 and PRMT7 act in conjunction to methylate their substrates, and genetic deletions support the notion that these enzymes derepress cell proliferation and migration in cancer. Using available structures of PRMT5, we designed DS-437, a PRMT5 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6 μM against both PRMT5 and PRMT7 that is inactive against 29 other human protein-, DNA-, and RNA-methyltransferases and inhibits symmetrical dimethylation of PRMT5 substrates in cells. This compound behaves as a cofactor competitor and represents a valid scaffold to interrogate the potential of the PRMT5-PRMT7 axis as a target for therapy.
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- 2015
21. A Potent, Selective and Cell-Active Allosteric Inhibitor of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3)
- Author
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David Smil, Ying Lin, Masoud Vedadi, Kehao Zhao, Feng He, Steven Kennedy, Jian Jin, Keith Schmidt, H. Ümit Kaniskan, Matthieu Schapira, Bryan L. Roth, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Elena Dobrovetsky, Zhengtian Yu, Xiao Luo, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Miao Dai, Xi Ping Huang, Xiaobao Yang, Peter Atadja, Fengling Li, Mohammad S. Eram, Sun-Joon Min, Aiping Dong, Jennifer Lin-Jones, Irene Zang, Peter Brown, and Melissa R. Landon
- Subjects
Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases ,Methyltransferase ,Arginine ,Allosteric regulation ,Plasma protein binding ,Calorimetry ,Molecular Dynamics Simulation ,Methylation ,Article ,Catalysis ,Histones ,Allosteric Regulation ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Humans ,Transferase ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Binding site ,Binding Sites ,Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Surface Plasmon Resonance ,Isoquinolines ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,HEK293 Cells ,Mechanism of action ,Biochemistry ,Mutagenesis ,medicine.symptom ,Protein Binding - Abstract
PRMT3 catalyzes the asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues of various proteins. It is essential for maturation of ribosomes, may have a role in lipogenesis, and is implicated in several diseases. A potent, selective, and cell- active PRMT3 inhibitor would be a valuable tool for further investigating PRMT3 biology. Here we report the discovery of the first PRMT3 chemical probe, SGC707, by structure-based optimization of the allosteric PRMT3 inhibitors we reported previously, and thorough characterization of this probe in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. SGC707 is a potent PRMT3 inhibitor (IC50 = 31 ± 2 nm, KD = 53 ± 2 nm) with outstanding selectivity (selective against 31 other methyltransferases and more than 250 non-epigenetic targets). The mechanism of action studies and crystal structure of the PRMT3-SGC707 complex confirm the allosteric inhibition mode. Importantly, SGC707 engages PRMT3 and potently inhibits its methyltransferase activity in cells. It is also bioavailable and suitable for animal studies. This well- characterized chemical probe is an excellent tool to further study the role of PRMT3 in health and disease.
- Published
- 2015
22. Inspiring the Next Generation
- Author
-
Philip Isaac, Annabel Koeck, Laura Hannigan, Sinead Conneely, Daniel Bergsagel, and Steven Kennedy
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,business - Published
- 2017
23. ( R )-PFI-2 is a potent and selective inhibitor of SETD7 methyltransferase activity in cells
- Author
-
Abdellah Allali-Hassani, Marius Sudol, Amber L. Couzens, Menno J. Oudhoff, Hong Zeng, Peter Brown, Masoud Vedadi, Mitchell J.S. Braam, Aiping Dong, Anne-Claude Gingras, Brian S. Gerstenberger, Fengling Li, Richard Marcellus, Spencer A. Freeman, Fabio M.V. Rossi, Dafydd R. Owen, Rima Al-awar, Lee R. Roberts, Tatlock John H, Hong Wu, Paul V. Fish, Steven Kennedy, Ahmed Aman, Colby Zaph, Guillermo A. Senisterra, Matthieu Schapira, Jean-Philippe Lambert, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Mark E. Bunnage, Rachel L. Grimley, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, and Caroline L. Benn
- Subjects
Pyrrolidines ,Methyltransferase ,Peptide binding ,Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Biology ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Tetrahydroisoquinolines ,Humans ,Structure–activity relationship ,Hippo Signaling Pathway ,Chemoproteomics ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ,Sulfonamides ,Hippo signaling pathway ,Multidisciplinary ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Signal transducing adaptor protein ,YAP-Signaling Proteins ,Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ,Methyltransferases ,Methylation ,Biological Sciences ,Fibroblasts ,Phosphoproteins ,Molecular biology ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,Mutation ,MCF-7 Cells ,Signal transduction ,Signal Transduction ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
SET domain containing (lysine methyltransferase) 7 (SETD7) is implicated in multiple signaling and disease related pathways with a broad diversity of reported substrates. Here, we report the discovery of (R)-PFI-2-a first-in-class, potent (Ki (app) = 0.33 nM), selective, and cell-active inhibitor of the methyltransferase activity of human SETD7-and its 500-fold less active enantiomer, (S)-PFI-2. (R)-PFI-2 exhibits an unusual cofactor-dependent and substrate-competitive inhibitory mechanism by occupying the substrate peptide binding groove of SETD7, including the catalytic lysine-binding channel, and by making direct contact with the donor methyl group of the cofactor, S-adenosylmethionine. Chemoproteomics experiments using a biotinylated derivative of (R)-PFI-2 demonstrated dose-dependent competition for binding to endogenous SETD7 in MCF7 cells pretreated with (R)-PFI-2. In murine embryonic fibroblasts, (R)-PFI-2 treatment phenocopied the effects of Setd7 deficiency on Hippo pathway signaling, via modulation of the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) and regulation of YAP target genes. In confluent MCF7 cells, (R)-PFI-2 rapidly altered YAP localization, suggesting continuous and dynamic regulation of YAP by the methyltransferase activity of SETD7. These data establish (R)-PFI-2 and related compounds as a valuable tool-kit for the study of the diverse roles of SETD7 in cells and further validate protein methyltransferases as a druggable target class.
- Published
- 2014
24. The Healthy Immigrant Effect: Patterns and Evidence from Four Countries
- Author
-
Michael P. Kidd, Nicholas Biddle, James Ted McDonald, and Steven Kennedy
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Counterfactual thinking ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Immigration ,Multitude ,Country of origin ,Geography ,Anthropology ,Phenomenon ,Demographic economics ,Native-Born ,Social psychology ,Demography ,media_common - Abstract
The existence of a healthy immigrant effect—where immigrants are on average healthier than the native born—is a widely cited phenomenon across a multitude of literatures including epidemiology and the social sciences. There are many competing explanations. The goals of this paper are twofold: first, to provide further evidence on the presence of the healthy immigrant effect across source and destination country using a set of consistently defined measures of health; and second, to evaluate the role of selectivity as a potential explanation for the existence of the phenomenon. Utilizing data from four major immigrant recipient countries, USA, Canada, UK, and Australia allows us to compare the health of migrants from each with the respective native born who choose not to migrate. This represents a much more appropriate counterfactual than the native born of the immigrant recipient country and yields new insights into the importance of observable selection effects. The analysis finds strong support for the healthy immigrant effect across all four destination countries and that selectivity plays an important role in the observed better health of migrants vis a vis those who stay behind in their country of origin.
- Published
- 2014
25. Circular Economy and Management Theory: Developing Theoretical Underpinnings for an Emergent Concept
- Author
-
Hadi Chapardar, Pratima Bansal, Jennifer Howard-Grenville, Laura Albareda, Weslynne S. Ashton, Steven Kennedy, Raymond L. Paquin, Aglaia Fischer, Andre Martins Nogueira, Stefano Pascucci, Samuli Patala, and Suzanne Gladys Tilleman
- Subjects
Management theory ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Circular economy ,medicine ,Economics ,General Medicine ,Neoclassical economics ,Traction (orthopedics) - Abstract
In recent years, the concept of circular economy (CE) has increasingly gained traction, especially among practice and policy communities. In academia, research on CE mainly deals with practical and...
- Published
- 2019
26. Correction to Discovery of a Potent and Selective Coactivator Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) Inhibitor by Virtual Screening
- Author
-
Vijayaratnam Santhakumar, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Masoud Vedadi, Peter Brown, Mohammad S. Eram, Steven Kennedy, Matthieu Schapira, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Renato Ferreira de Freitas, and David Smil
- Subjects
Virtual screening ,Biochemistry ,CARM1 ,Chemistry ,Drug Discovery ,Coactivator ,Molecular Medicine ,Arginine methyltransferase - Published
- 2016
27. The EED protein-protein interaction inhibitor A-395 inactivates the PRC2 complex
- Author
-
Kenneth M. Comess, Steven Kennedy, Donald J. Osterling, Michael L. Curtin, Masoud Vedadi, Ramzi F. Sweis, Guillermo Senisterra, Mikkel Algire, Evelyne Lima-Fernandes, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Justin D. Dietrich, William N. Pappano, Bailin Shaw, David Maag, Dong Cheng, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Fengling Li, Marina A. Pliushchev, Kelly L Klinge, Jun Guo, Chaohong Sun, Andrew M. Petros, Gary G. Chiang, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Huan-Qiu Li, Maricel Torrent, Scott Galasinski, Sujatha Selvaraju, Yupeng He, David Lindley, Clarissa G. Jakob, Sanjay C. Panchal, Wenqing Gao, Lance J Bigelow, Haizhong Zhu, Fritz G. Buchanan, and Qin Wu
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Models, Molecular ,Cell Survival ,Protein subunit ,Allosteric regulation ,Antineoplastic Agents ,macromolecular substances ,Protein–protein interaction ,03 medical and health sciences ,Histone H3 ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Gene silencing ,Humans ,Epigenetics ,Molecular Biology ,Cell Proliferation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Sulfonamides ,biology ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ,Cell Biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Enzyme ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Indans ,biology.protein ,Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ,PRC2 ,Protein Binding - Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a regulator of epigenetic states required for development and homeostasis. PRC2 trimethylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), which leads to gene silencing, and is dysregulated in many cancers. The embryonic ectoderm development (EED) protein is an essential subunit of PRC2 that has both a scaffolding function and an H3K27me3-binding function. Here we report the identification of A-395, a potent antagonist of the H3K27me3 binding functions of EED. Structural studies demonstrate that A-395 binds to EED in the H3K27me3-binding pocket, thereby preventing allosteric activation of the catalytic activity of PRC2. Phenotypic effects observed in vitro and in vivo are similar to those of known PRC2 enzymatic inhibitors; however, A-395 retains potent activity against cell lines resistant to the catalytic inhibitors. A-395 represents a first-in-class antagonist of PRC2 protein-protein interactions (PPI) for use as a chemical probe to investigate the roles of EED-containing protein complexes.
- Published
- 2016
28. Global Profiling of Acetyltransferase Feedback Regulation
- Author
-
Abdellah Allali-Hassani, Rhushikesh A. Kulkarni, Masoud Vedadi, Julie M. Garlick, Steven Kennedy, David C. Montgomery, Jordan L. Meier, Hong Wu, Yin-Ming Kuo, and Andrew J. Andrews
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cell signaling ,Lysine Acetyltransferases ,Metabolite ,Computational biology ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Catalysis ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Humans ,Coenzyme A ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Small molecule ,030104 developmental biology ,Enzyme ,Acetyltransferase ,Proteome ,Signal transduction ,Chromatography, Liquid ,HeLa Cells ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) are key mediators of cell signaling. Methods capable of providing new insights into their regulation thus constitute an important goal. Here we report an optimized platform for profiling KAT-ligand interactions in complex proteomes using inhibitor-functionalized capture resins. This approach greatly expands the scope of KATs, KAT complexes, and CoA-dependent enzymes accessible to chemoproteomic methods. This enhanced profiling platform is then applied in the most comprehensive analysis to date of KAT inhibition by the feedback metabolite CoA. Our studies reveal that members of the KAT superfamily possess a spectrum of sensitivity to CoA, and highlight NAT10 as a novel KAT that may be susceptible to metabolic feedback inhibition. This platform provides a powerful tool to define the potency and selectivity of reversible stimuli, such as small molecules and metabolites, that regulate KAT-dependent signaling.
- Published
- 2016
29. Cost-Utility Analysis of Cochlear Implantation in Australian Adults
- Author
-
Georgina Sanderson, Melike Deger, Steven Kennedy, Chris Foteff, Florian Payk, and Abul Hasnat Milton
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hearing loss ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ,Audiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Medicine ,Humans ,030223 otorhinolaryngology ,Cochlear implantation ,Cost–utility analysis ,business.industry ,Australia ,Treatment options ,Cochlear Implantation ,Sensory Systems ,Quality-adjusted life year ,Cochlear Implants ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Female ,sense organs ,Neurology (clinical) ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Sequential and simultaneous bilateral cochlear implants are emerging as appropriate treatment options for Australian adults with sensory deficits in both cochleae. Current funding of Australian public hospitals does not provide for simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) as a separate surgical procedure. Previous cost-effectiveness studies of sequential and simultaneous bilateral CI assumed 100% of unilaterally treated patients' transition to a sequential bilateral CI. This assumption does not place cochlear implantation in the context of the generally treated population. When mutually exclusive treatment options exist, such as unilateral CI, sequential bilateral CI, and simultaneous bilateral CI, the mean costs of the treated populations are weighted in the calculation of incremental cost-utility ratios. The objective was to evaluate the cost-utility of bilateral hearing aids (HAs) compared with unilateral, sequential, and simultaneous bilateral CI in Australian adults with bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss.Cost-utility analysis of secondary sources input to a Markov model.Australian health care perspective, lifetime horizon with costs and outcomes discounted 5% annually.Bilateral HAs as treatment for bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss compared with unilateral, sequential, and simultaneous bilateral CI.Incremental costs per quality adjusted life year (AUD/QALY).When compared with bilateral hearing aids the incremental cost-utility ratio for the CI treatment population was AUD11,160/QALY. The incremental cost-utility ratio was weighted according to the number of patients treated unilaterally, sequentially, and simultaneously, as these were mutually exclusive treatment options.No peer-reviewed articles have reported the incremental analysis of cochlear implantation in a continuum of care for surgically treated populations with bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Unilateral, sequential, and simultaneous bilateral CI were cost-effective when compared with bilateral hearing aids. Technologies that reduce the total number of visits for a patient could introduce additional cost efficiencies into clinical practice.
- Published
- 2016
30. Luciferase inhibition by a novel naphthoquinone
- Author
-
Robert J. Sheaff, John C. DiCesare, Rachel Hoffmann, Steven Kennedy, Lauren Bull, Tyler Gutschenritter, Nanthiya Sujijantarat, Daniel LePage, and Rebecca Bedford
- Subjects
Biophysics ,Photoprotein ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Luciferases, Firefly ,Photinus pyralis ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Bioluminescence ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Luciferase ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Luciferases, Renilla ,Radiation ,Cell Death ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,biology ,Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase ,biology.organism_classification ,Luciferin ,Naphthoquinone ,Kinetics ,HEK293 Cells ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Mechanism of action ,medicine.symptom ,Naphthoquinones - Abstract
The novel naphthoquinone 12,13-dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]naphthalen-5,12-imine (hereafter called TU100) was created as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Previous work showed it is an irreversible inhibitor of type I and II topoisomerases that alkylates specific enzyme thiols. While analyzing the effect of TU100 on cancer cells, we discovered it is a potent inhibitor of luciferase derived from both Photinus pyralis (fireflies) and Renilla reniformis (sea pansy). Pre-incubation experiments showed that TU100 does not irreversibly inactivate luciferase, indicating its mechanism is different from that observed with topoisomerases. Firefly luciferase generates light using ATP and luciferin as substrates (bioluminescence). An examination of TU100 inhibition at varying substrate concentrations revealed the drug is uncompetitive with respect to ATP and competitive with respect to luciferin. The TU100 binding constant (K(I)) is 2.5±0.7 μM as determined by Dixon plot analysis. These data suggest TU100 specifically binds the luciferase-ATP complex and prevents its interaction with luciferin. Given the novel structure of TU100, unique mechanism of action, and ability to target luciferase from different species, these results identify TU100 as an important new reagent for investigating and regulating bioluminescent enzymes.
- Published
- 2012
31. Induction of Cell Death by a Novel Naphthoquinone Containing a Modified Anthracycline Ring System
- Author
-
Robert J. Sheaff, Steven Kennedy, Suong Nguyen, Denisse Carvajal, John C. DiCesare, Andre Boustani, and Monica Lazar
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Programmed cell death ,Cell cycle checkpoint ,DNA damage ,Organic Chemistry ,Cell cycle ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Naphthoquinone ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Apoptosis ,Cell culture ,Drug Discovery ,Cancer research ,Molecular Medicine ,Viability assay - Abstract
The novel naphthoquinone adduct 12,13-Dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]naphthalen-5,12-imine (hereafter called TU100) was synthesized as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. TU100 arrests tissue culture cells in S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, followed by rapid induction of apoptosis. Evaluation by the Developmental Therapeutics Program at the National Cancer Institute revealed TU100 differentially inhibits growth of tissue-specific human cancer cell lines and has in vivo efficacy in a hollow fiber assay. These data were evaluated against previously analyzed compounds using the COMPARE algorithm and predicted that TU100 has a unique mechanism of action. Further analysis revealed TU100 does not intercalate into DNA despite structural similarity to anthracyclines. Cells treated with the drug do exhibit DNA damage, however, as indicated by phosphorylation of histone H2A.X. This damage and effects on cell viability are likely mediated in part by TU100-induced reactive oxygen species. Based on these results, TU100 shows promise as a chemotherapeutic drug owing to its unique structure, cellular targets, and efficacy against selected panels of tissue-specific cancer cell lines.
- Published
- 2011
32. Abstract 1646: Discovery and characterization of BAY-6035, a novel benzodiazepine-based SMYD3 inhibitor
- Author
-
Manfred Husemann, Fengling Li, Volker Badock, Viacheslav V. Trush, Detlef Stoeckigt, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Jörg Weiske, Shawna Organ, Stephan Siegel, Stefan Gradl, Amaury Ernesto Fernandez-Montalvan, Norbert Schmees, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Holger Steuber, Masoud Vedadi, Steven Kennedy, Clara D. Christ, Marcus Bauser, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Andrea Haegebarth, Ingo Hartung, Carlo Stresemann, and Peter Brown
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Thermal shift assay ,Methyltransferase ,Oncology ,Kinase ,Chemistry ,Transcriptional regulation ,Methylation ,MAP3K2 ,Binding site ,Protein kinase A ,Molecular biology - Abstract
SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3) is a protein lysine methyltransferase (PKMT) which was initially described as H3K4 methyltransferase involved in transcriptional regulation. SMYD3 has recently been reported to methylate and regulate several non-histone cancer relevant proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). In addition overexpression of SMYD3 has been linked to poor prognosis in certain cancers, thus supporting a possible oncogenic role for SMYD3 and making it an attractive target for anticancer drug development. Here we report the discovery of a novel potent and selective SMYD3 inhibitor series. We performed a thermal shift assay based (TSA) high throughput screening followed by extensive biophysical validation resulting in identification of a benzodiazepine-based SMYD3 inhibitor series. The co-crystallization structures revealed that this series binds to the substrate binding site and occupies the hydrophobic pocket for lysine binding using an unprecedented hydrogen bond pattern. The competitive behavior of the inhibitor in biochemical assays was consistent with the binding mode observed in the crystal structure. Further optimization generated BAY-6035, which showed improved nanomolar potency and was selective against kinases and other PKMTs. Furthermore, BAY-6035 specifically inhibited methylation of MAP3K2 by SMYD3 in a cellular assay with similar potency. In summary, BAY-6035 is a novel selective and potent SMYD3 inhibitor probe and will foster the exploration of the biologic role of SMYD3 in diseased and non-diseased tissues. Citation Format: Stefan Gradl, Holger Steuber, Jörg Weiske, Norbert Schmees, Stephan Siegel, Detlef Stoeckigt, Clara D. Christ, Fengling Li, Shawna Organ, Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy, Magdalena M. Szewczyk, Steven Kennedy, Viacheslav Trush, Masoud Vedadi, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, Peter J. Brown, Manfred Husemann, Amaury E. Fernandez-Montalvan, Volker Badock, Marcus Bauser, Andrea Haegebarth, Ingo V. Hartung, Carlo Stresemann. Discovery and characterization of BAY-6035, a novel benzodiazepine-based SMYD3 inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1646.
- Published
- 2018
33. Examining Full Employment in Australia Using the Phillips and Beveridge Curves
- Author
-
Steven Kennedy, Anthony Goldbloom, and Nghi Luu
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Full employment ,Keynesian economics ,Economics - Published
- 2008
34. Cervical Cancer Screening by Immigrant and Minority Women in Canada
- Author
-
Steven Kennedy and James Ted McDonald
- Subjects
Adult ,Canada ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Immigration ,Ethnic group ,Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ,Population health ,Cancer screening ,Humans ,Medicine ,Official language ,Minority Groups ,Aged ,Language ,media_common ,Cervical cancer ,business.industry ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cancer ,Emigration and Immigration ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Physical therapy ,Female ,business ,Acculturation ,Demography - Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable forms of cancer and the Pap smear test is one of the most widely accessible forms of cancer screening. An important public health issue is the extent to which Canadian women are engaging in regular screening for cervical cancer, particularly potentially at-risk groups such as recent immigrants and women from minority ethnic backgrounds. We use recent population health surveys to analyze immigrant and native-born women's use of Pap smear testing, with a focus on how screening rates differ by ethnic background and characteristics of immigration. We find that almost all recent immigrant women have markedly lower use of Pap smear testing than comparable Canadian-born women, but these rates slowly increase with years in Canada. However, we find wide variation in rates of screening by ethnic background. Screening rates for White immigrant women from countries where the official language is neither English nor French approach Canadian-born women's utilization rates after 15-20 years in Canada, as do the screening rates of Black and Hispanic women. Screening rates for those from Asian backgrounds remain significantly below native-born Canadian levels even after many years in Canada. As well, immigrant women of Asian background who arrived as children and second-generation Asian Canadians both exhibit significantly lower rates of Pap smear testing than Canadian-born White women.
- Published
- 2007
35. Health Assimilation Patterns Amongst Australian Immigrants
- Author
-
Steven Kennedy, Nicholas Biddle, and James Ted McDonald
- Subjects
National health ,Economics and Econometrics ,education.field_of_study ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Immigration ,Population ,Geography ,Probit model ,Health survey ,Country of birth ,education ,Immigrant population ,media_common ,Demography - Abstract
This paper compares the health of Australian immigrants with that of the Australian-born population and examines the extent to which differences vary with time since migration. Health is measured using self-reports of chronic diseases from three national health surveys. Probit models are used to estimate the health effects of immigrant arrival cohorts, years since migration and country of birth. We find that the health of Australian immigrants is better than the Australian-born population, but the longer immigrants spend in Australia, the closer their health approximates that of the Australian-born population. There are variations for different immigrant groups and for particular chronic diseases.
- Published
- 2007
36. Conceptual Design for Offshore Pipeline Replacement in Mature Field, Using Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe for CAPEX optimization in F-Field Pipeline Repair and Replacement Program
- Author
-
Steven Kennedy, Hanto Yananto, and Yuyung Girindra
- Subjects
Engineering ,Conceptual design ,Field (physics) ,business.industry ,Reinforced thermoplastic pipe ,Submarine pipeline ,Structural engineering ,business ,Civil engineering ,Pipeline (software) - Abstract
A study was initiated to evaluate the benefit of low capital cost and low maintenance cost technologies to rehabilitate pipelines in marginal fields and apply artificial lift solutions to marginal wells to keep them running profitably and with an attractive return on investment (and with no sacrifice to safety and environmental risks). The challenge is to have a new technology with lower "Total" cost from design, procurement, installation, operation and maintenance during its life time. In addition, the technology must meet the required planned production flow, which, in some cases, can be higher than current flow. RTP per API15S was shown as the most cost effective solution in rehabilitation of pipelines in marginal fields.
- Published
- 2015
37. Discovery of A-893, A New Cell-Active Benzoxazinone Inhibitor of Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2
- Author
-
Bailin Shaw, David Maag, Clarissa G. Jakob, Zhi Wang, Gary G. Chiang, Peter Brown, Fengling Li, Nirupama B. Soni, Mikkel Algire, Steven Kennedy, Jun Guo, Masoud Vedadi, Cheryl H. Arrowsmith, William N. Pappano, and Ramzi F. Sweis
- Subjects
Methyltransferase ,Organic Chemistry ,Cell ,Lysine ,Methylation ,Pharmacology ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Small molecule ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cell culture ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Epigenetics ,IC50 - Abstract
A lack of useful small molecule tools has precluded thorough interrogation of the biological function of SMYD2, a lysine methyltransferase with known tumor-suppressor substrates. Systematic exploration of the structure–activity relationships of a previously known benzoxazinone compound led to the synthesis of A-893, a potent and selective SMYD2 inhibitor (IC50: 2.8 nM). A cocrystal structure reveals the origin of enhanced potency, and effective suppression of p53K370 methylation is observed in a lung carcinoma (A549) cell line.
- Published
- 2015
38. Immigrant Mental Health and Unemployment
- Author
-
James Ted McDonald and Steven Kennedy
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,Spouse ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Immigration ,Unemployment ,Demographic economics ,Psychology ,Affect (psychology) ,Short duration ,Mental health ,media_common - Abstract
In this paper we examine how the stresses associated with the transition to a new country combined with additional stress arising from a period of unemployment affect the mental health of immigrants. Australian immigrants are found to have poorer mental health at 6 months after arrival in Australia compared with 18 and 42 months. Furthermore, unemployment, and especially a long duration of unemployment, is found to be associated with poor mental health. We found that although immigrant women appear unaffected by their spouses’ labour force status, there is evidence that immigrant men's mental health is affected by spouse labour force status.
- Published
- 2006
39. The case for establishing a board of review for resolving environmental issues: The science court in Canada
- Author
-
John P, Giesy, Keith R, Solomon, Sam, Kacew, Donald, Mackay, Gerald, Stobo, and Steven, Kennedy
- Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources ,Jurisprudence ,Consensus ,Ecology ,Judicial Role ,Models, Theoretical ,Environmental Policy - Abstract
Technology and scientific advancements are accelerating changes in society at a pace that is challenging the abilities of government regulatory agencies and legal courts to understand the benefits and costs of these changes to humans, wildlife, and their environments. The social, economic, and political facets of concern, such as the potential effects of chemicals, complicate the preparation of regulatory standards and practices intended to safeguard the public. Court judges and attorneys and, in some cases, lay juries are tasked with interpreting the data and implications underlying these new advancements, often without the technical background necessary to understand complex subjects and subsequently make informed decisions. Here, we describe the scientific-quasi-judicial process adopted in Canada under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, which could serve as a model for resolving conflicts between regulatory agencies and the regulated community. An example and process and lessons learned from the first Board of Review, which was for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5; CAS# 541-02-06), are provided. Notable among these lessons are: 1) the need to apply state-of-the-science insights into the regulatory process, 2) to encourage agencies to continuously review and update their assessment processes, criteria, and models, and 3) provide these processes in guidance documents that are transparent and available to all stakeholders and generally foster closer cooperation between regulators, the academic community, industry, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:572-579. © 2015 SETAC.
- Published
- 2014
40. Indigenous and Other Australian Poverty: Revisiting the Importance of Equivalence Scales*
- Author
-
Nicholas Biddle, Steven Kennedy, and Boyd Hunter
- Subjects
National health ,Economics and Econometrics ,Poverty ,Economics ,Low-Income Population ,Demographic economics ,Affect (psychology) ,Equivalence (measure theory) ,Indigenous - Abstract
Equivalence scales attempt to control for family size and composition, as well as the relative costs of maintaining various family types. The 1995 National Health Survey is used to examine how variations in the assumptions underlying equivalence scales, such as household composition and economies of size, affect poverty measures for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. The main finding is that the assumptions about the costs of children can increase Indigenous poverty by a factor of two- and-a-half. Another finding is that the choice of equivalence scales can induce large threshold effects that influence the composition of poverty.
- Published
- 2004
41. Insights into the ‘healthy immigrant effect’: health status and health service use of immigrants to Canada
- Author
-
James Ted McDonald and Steven Kennedy
- Subjects
Adult ,Canada ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public health ,Immigration ,Population health ,Emigration and Immigration ,Empirical Research ,Health Services ,Cohort Studies ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Cohort effect ,Epidemiology ,Community health ,medicine ,Health Status Indicators ,Humans ,Convergence (relationship) ,business ,Mass screening ,media_common ,Demography - Abstract
This paper combines multiple cross-sections of data drawn from the National Population Health Survey and Canadian Community Health Survey to confirm the existence of the 'healthy immigrant effect', specifically that immigrants are in relatively better health on arrival in Canada compared to native-born Canadians, and that immigrant health converges with years in Canada to native-born levels. The paper finds robust evidence that the healthy immigrant effect is present for the incidence of chronic conditions for both men and women, and results in relatively slow convergence to native-born levels. There is only weak evidence in terms of self-assessed health status. The inclusion of controls for region of origin and year of arrival does not account for the observed effects, although region of origin is an important determinants of immigrant health. The paper then considers some alternative explanations for the observed differences, and support is found for the idea that the healthy immigrant effect reflects convergence in physical health rather than convergence in screening and detection of existing health problems.
- Published
- 2004
42. Household Composition, Equivalence Scales and the Reliability of Income Distributions: Some Evidence for Indigenous and Other Australians
- Author
-
Boyd Hunter, Steven Kennedy, and Daniel R. Smith
- Subjects
National health ,Economics and Econometrics ,Geography ,Income distribution ,Multiple forms ,Extended family ,Survey data collection ,Residence ,Socioeconomics ,Equivalence (measure theory) ,Indigenous - Abstract
Indigenous families experience substantial and multiple forms of economic burden arising from the size and structure of their families and households. Indigenous households are more likely to have more than one family in residence than other Australian households and are more likely to be multigenerational with older Indigenous people living with younger people in extended family households. This paper seeks to characterise the economies of household size in Indigenous and other Australian households using equivalence scales that cover the range of feasible values and 1995 National Health Survey data.
- Published
- 2003
43. Erratum: The EED protein–protein interaction inhibitor A-395 inactivates the PRC2 complex
- Author
-
Yupeng, He, Sujatha, Selvaraju, Michael L, Curtin, Clarissa G, Jakob, Haizhong, Zhu, Kenneth M, Comess, Bailin, Shaw, Juliana, The, Evelyne, Lima-Fernandes, Magdalena M, Szewczyk, Dong, Cheng, Kelly L, Klinge, Huan-Qiu, Li, Marina, Pliushchev, Mikkel A, Algire, David, Maag, Jun, Guo, Justin, Dietrich, Sanjay C, Panchal, Andrew M, Petros, Ramzi F, Sweis, Maricel, Torrent, Lance J, Bigelow, Guillermo, Senisterra, Fengling, Li, Steven, Kennedy, Qin, Wu, Donald J, Osterling, David J, Lindley, Wenqing, Gao, Scott, Galasinski, Dalia, Barsyte-Lovejoy, Masoud, Vedadi, Fritz G, Buchanan, Cheryl H, Arrowsmith, Gary G, Chiang, Chaohong, Sun, and William N, Pappano
- Subjects
Cell Biology ,Molecular Biology - Published
- 2017
44. Carbon pricing in Australia: an early view from the inside
- Author
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Daniel Besley, Simon Writer, Christian Downie, and Steven Kennedy
- Subjects
Public economics ,Natural resource economics ,Economics ,Climate change ,Valuation (finance) - Published
- 2014
45. A wage curve for Australia?
- Author
-
Steven Kennedy and Jeff Borland
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,Wage curve ,Earnings ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Efficiency wage ,Unemployment ,Econometrics ,Economics ,health care economics and organizations ,Regression ,media_common - Abstract
This paper examines the wage curve in Australia. Regressions for weekly earnings are estimated on a pooled cross-section data set for 1982 to 1994/95. Using the preferred regression specification it is found that the elasticity of weekly earnings with respect to state-level rates of unemployment is -0.07 to -0.09. These findings are robust to a variety of modifications to the regression specification. A comparison of Australia, the US and UK is undertaken to examine how differences in wage-setting institutions between those countries might affect wage curve estimates.
- Published
- 2000
46. Disruption of Cell Cycle Machinery in Pancreatic Cancer
- Author
-
Robert J. Sheaff, Hannah Berrett, and Steven Kennedy
- Subjects
Cell type ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Pancreatic cancer ,Cell ,Cancer research ,medicine ,Cancer ,Cell cycle ,Biology ,Cell fate determination ,Pancreas ,medicine.disease ,Restriction point - Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of cell cycle machinery in initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer. Normal pancreatic cells—their types, organization, and functions—are first described to characterize the environment in which cellular transformation and tumor expansion occurs. The epidemiology and histology of pancreatic cancer is then briefly presented to emphasize the urgent need for earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments. Current efforts towards this goal are focused on understanding the disease at the molecular level, so the hallmarks of cancerous cells are discussed with respect to the progression model of pancreatic cancer development. Because the pancreas is composed of various cell types with different genetic backgrounds and regulatory systems, identifying the cell in which cancer originates is of utmost importance. Molecular mechanisms of normal proliferative control are then presented so that mechanisms by which they are disrupted can be appreciated. Particular attention is paid to how signaling transduction pathways and the cell cycle machinery cooperate to make cell fate decisions at the Restriction point. This analysis sets the stage for evaluating the role of cell cycle control mechanisms in transformation of the initiating cell in pancreatic cancer. The chapter concludes by arguing that genetic alterations associated with pancreatic cancer indicate disrupted cell cycle control mechanisms play a central role in disease development and progression.
- Published
- 2012
47. Altered UV absorbance and cytotoxicity of chlorinated sunscreen agents
- Author
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Robert J. Sheaff, Hualin Zhang, Steven Kennedy, Gordon H. Purser, and Vaughn F. Sherwood
- Subjects
Halogenation ,Cell Survival ,Ultraviolet Rays ,Disinfectant ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Photochemistry ,Cell Line ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Benzophenones ,polycyclic compounds ,medicine ,Chlorine ,Humans ,Cytotoxicity ,Cells, Cultured ,Swimming ,Dioxybenzone ,Active ingredient ,Chromatography ,Epithelial Cells ,General Medicine ,Sulisobenzone ,Fibroblasts ,chemistry ,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ,Oxybenzone ,Sunscreening Agents ,Ultraviolet - Abstract
Sunscreens are widely utilized due to the adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health. The safety of their active ingredients as well as that of any modified versions generated during use is thus of concern. Chlorine is used as a chemical disinfectant in swimming pools. Its reactivity suggests sunscreen components might be chlorinated, altering their absorptive and/or cytotoxic properties. To test this hypothesis, the UV-filters oxybenzone, dioxybenzone, and sulisobenzone were reacted with chlorinating agents and their UV spectra analyzed. In all cases, a decrease in UV absorbance was observed. Given that chlorinated compounds can be cytotoxic, the effect of modified UV-filters on cell viability was examined. Chlorinated oxybenzone and dioxybenzone caused significantly more cell death than unchlorinated controls. In contrast, chlorination of sulisobenzone actually reduced cytotoxicity of the parent compound. Exposing a commercially available sunscreen product to chlorine also resulted in decreased UV absorbance, loss of UV protection, and enhanced cytotoxicity. These observations show chlorination of sunscreen active ingredients can dramatically decrease UV absorption and generate derivatives with altered biological properties.
- Published
- 2012
48. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of NFκB transcriptional regulation by nuclear IκBα in human macrophages
- Author
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Sitharam, Ramaswami, Subrata, Manna, Ashish, Juvekar, Steven, Kennedy, Ales, Vancura, and Ivana, Vancurova
- Subjects
Cell Nucleus ,Lipopolysaccharides ,Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ,Protein Transport ,NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha ,Macrophages ,NF-kappa B ,Transcription Factor RelA ,Humans ,NF-kappa B p50 Subunit ,I-kappa B Proteins ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Cell Line - Abstract
Transcription factor NFκB comprises a family of proteins that serve as crucial regulators of genes involved in host immune and inflammatory responses, cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Since transcription of NFκB-dependent genes is increased in numerous inflammatory disorders as well as in many types of cancer and leukemia, inhibition of NFκB-dependent transcription thus represents an important therapeutic target. We have previously shown that in human leukocytes, transcription of NFκB-dependent genes is inhibited by the nuclear translocation and accumulation of IκBα, which can be induced by an inhibitor of CRM1-dependent nuclear export, leptomycin B (LMB). In this chapter, we describe a protocol that uses chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to analyze the regulation of NFκB recruitment to NFκB-dependent promoters by nuclear IκBα induced by LMB. We show that in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human U-937 macrophages, recruitment of NFκB p65 and p50 proteins to NFκB-dependent promoters of IκBα and cIAP2 genes is suppressed by the LMB-induced nuclear IκBα. Even though in this study we use U-937 macrophages, this protocol should be readily adaptable to analyze the regulation of NFκB recruitment by nuclear IκBα also in other cell types.
- Published
- 2011
49. Induction of cell death by a novel naphthoquinone containing a modified anthracycline ring system
- Author
-
Denisse, Carvajal, Steven, Kennedy, Andre, Boustani, Monica, Lazar, Suong, Nguyen, John C, DiCesare, and Robert J, Sheaff
- Subjects
Mice ,Cell Survival ,Animals ,Humans ,Anthracyclines ,Apoptosis ,Cell Cycle Checkpoints ,Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Cell Line ,Naphthoquinones - Abstract
The novel naphthoquinone adduct 12,13-Dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]naphthalen-5,12-imine (hereafter called TU100) was synthesized as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. TU100 arrests tissue culture cells in S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, followed by rapid induction of apoptosis. Evaluation by the Developmental Therapeutics Program at the National Cancer Institute revealed TU100 differentially inhibits growth of tissue-specific human cancer cell lines and has in vivo efficacy in a hollow fiber assay. These data were evaluated against previously analyzed compounds using the COMPARE algorithm and predicted that TU100 has a unique mechanism of action. Further analysis revealed TU100 does not intercalate into DNA despite structural similarity to anthracyclines. Cells treated with the drug do exhibit DNA damage, however, as indicated by phosphorylation of histone H2A.X. This damage and effects on cell viability are likely mediated in part by TU100-induced reactive oxygen species. Based on these results, TU100 shows promise as a chemotherapeutic drug owing to its unique structure, cellular targets, and efficacy against selected panels of tissue-specific cancer cell lines.
- Published
- 2011
50. Topoisomerase I inactivation by a novel thiol reactive naphthoquinone
- Author
-
Robert J. Sheaff, John C. DiCesare, and Steven Kennedy
- Subjects
Stereochemistry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Biophysics ,Topoisomerase-I Inhibitor ,Biochemistry ,Dithiothreitol ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine ,Humans ,Cysteine ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Protease ,biology ,Topoisomerase ,Cell Biology ,Naphthoquinone ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,DNA Topoisomerases, Type I ,Reducing Agents ,Thiol ,biology.protein ,Topoisomerase I Inhibitors ,HeLa Cells ,Naphthoquinones - Abstract
The naphthoquinone adduct 12,13-dihydro-N-methyl-6,11,13-trioxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]naphthalen-5,12-imine (hereafter called TU100) contains structural features of both the anthracycline and isoquinone chemotherapeutics. An initial characterization showed TU100 is cytotoxic to mammalian cells and can inhibit topoisomerase I and II. Analysis using topoisomerase I now reveals TU100 is a slow acting inhibitor targeting the enzyme in the absence of DNA. Diluting pre-incubated TU100 and topoisomerase I failed to alleviate inhibition, suggesting the enzyme is being covalently modified. Critical cysteine thiols were identified as the possible target based on the ability of reducing agents to reverse TU100 inhibition. Consistent with this idea, TU100 protected topoisomerase I from inactivation by the sulfhydryl modifying agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Unlike agents nonspecifically reacting with thiols, however, TU100 is specific for topoisomerase because it failed to inhibit a cysteine dependent protease. These results indicate TU100 is a novel naphthoquinone that inactivates free topoisomerase I via alkylation of cysteine residues.
- Published
- 2011
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