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This article develops a conceptual framework and hypotheses to provide a better understanding of how traveler search behavior affects the information that firms provide in search advertising. Through an analysis of search advertising in the hotel industry, we find that firms provide significantly more price information in their search advertising to travelers whose search keywords indicate that they have prior product knowledge. This finding suggests that firms engage in tradeoffs between price information and product information in search advertising to better match tourists' preferences and needs. We also find that such tradeoffs depend on the advertiser type; travel agents are more likely than hoteliers to provide price information to price-conscious travelers. The implications of our results for search engine marketing (SEM) are also discussed.

The Planetary Data System (PDS) maintains archives of data collected by NASA missions that explore our solar system. The PDS Cartography and Imaging Sciences Node (Imaging Node) provides access to millions of images of planets, moons, and other bodies. Given the large and continually growing volume of data, there is a need for tools that enable users to quickly search for images of interest. Each image archived at the PDS Imaging Node is described by a rich set of searchable metadata properties, such as the time it was collected and the instrument used. However, users often wish to search on the content of the image to find those images most relevant to their scientific investigation or individual curiosity. To enable the content-based search of the large image archives, we utilized machine learning techniques to create convolution neural network (CNN) classification models. The initial CNN classification results for rover missions (i.e., Mars Science Laboratory and Mars Exploration Rover) and orbiter missions (i.e., Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Cassini, and Galileo) were deployed at the PDS Image Atlas (https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/search) in 2017. With the content-based search capability, users of the PDS Image Atlas can search using a list of pre-defined classes and quickly find relevant images. For example, users can search “Impact ejecta” and find the images containing impact ejecta from the archive of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. All of the CNN classification models were trained using the transfer learning approach, in which we adapted a CNN model pretrained on Earth images to classify planetary images. Over the past several years, we employed the following three techniques to improve the efficiency of collecting labeled data sets, the accuracy of the models, and the interpretability of the classification results: · First, we used the marginal-probability based active learning (MP-AL) algorithm to improve the efficiency of collecting labeled data sets. · Second, we used the classifier chain and ensemble approaches to improve the accuracy of the classification results. · Third, we incorporated the prototypical part network (ProtoPNet) architecture to improve the interpretability of the classification results.

NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS)* contains data collected by missions to explore our solar system. This includes Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), which has collected as much data as all other planetary missions combined. Currently, PDS offers no way to search lunar images based on content. Working with the PDS Cartography and Imaging Sciences Node (IMG), we develop LROCNet, a deep learning (DL) classifier for imagery from LRO’s Narrow Angle Cameras (NACs). Data we get from NACs are 5-km swaths, at nominal orbit, so we perform a saliency detection step to find surface features of interest. A detector developed for Mars HiRISE (Wagstaff et al.) worked well for our purposes, after updating based on LROC image resolution. We use this detector to create a set of image chipouts (small cutouts) from the larger image, sampling the lunar globe. The chipouts are used to train LROCNet. We select classes of interest based on what is visible at the NAC resolution, consulting with scientists and performing a literature review. Initially, we had 7 classes: fresh crater, old crater, overlapping craters, irregular mare patches, rockfalls and landfalls, of scientific interest, and none. Using the Zooniverse platform, we set up a labeling tool and labeled 5,000 images. We found that fresh crater made up 11% of the data, old crater 18%, with the vast majority none. Due to limited examples of the other classes, we reduced our initial class set to: fresh crater (with impact ejecta), old crater, and none. We divided the images into train/validation/test sets making sure no image swaths span multiple sets. We fine tune pre-trained DL models. VGG-11, a standard DL model, gives the best performance on the validation set, with an overall accuracy of 82% on the test set. We had 83% label agreement in our human label study; labeling was difficult as there is no clear class boundary. Our DL model accuracy is similar to human labelers. 64% of fresh craters, 80% old craters, and 86% of the none class are classified correctly. Predictions from this model will be integrated with IMG’s Atlas, allowing users to interactively search classes of interest. *https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov CL#22-3842 Copyright © 2022, California Institute of Technology. U.S. Government sponsorship acknowledged.

Drawing upon the knowledge-based view, this study divides firm knowledge-processing capability (KPC) into market and technical knowledge-processing capabilities, and examines the moderating effect ...

In the ongoing search for the optimal biomaterial for tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) has emerged as a new potential candidate. We have utilized a novel method to create unique, pore-free, extruded PGS grafts with and without a supportive exterior layer of polyglycolic acid (PGA). The 1 mm diameter by 5 mm length TEVGs were implanted in a rat model of infrarenal abdominal aorta interposition grafting. Three months after implantation, TEVGs comprised of extruded PGS with an external PGA braid demonstrated a patency rate of 9/10 (90%) with no signs of dilatation, dehiscence, or rupture. The PGS/PGA graft was remodeled into a neoartery with complete endothelialization of the neoartery lumen and formation of smooth muscle actinin multilayers as demonstrated via immunohistochemistry. Formation and maturation of extracellular matrix material were also observed, with amounts of elastin and collagen comparable to native rat aorta. No significant host inflammatory response was observed. These findings suggest the combination of an extruded PGS tube with an external reinforcing PGA braid is a promising material for small diameter TEVGs.

BPH is a common disease in aging men which impacts quality of life. With advancing age expectation coupled with the rising demand for BPH therapy, new technologies have been developed that target rapid recovery and symptom relief, low complication rates, and the ability to perform the procedure in an outpatient setting with local anesthesia. MIST technologies have fostered BPH medical care with ejaculation preservation. Techniques and outcomes for BPH technologies including Aquablation, Rezūm, UroLift, iTind, Optilume BPH, XFLO, Zenflow, and Butterfly are reviewed and evaluated. Given the novelty of these technologies, long-term data are required to assess safety and efficacy.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in men. A rapidly rising demand for safe and effective therapy for BPH has generated novel minimally invasive surgical treatments (MISTs). With multiple procedural options in the urology armamentarium for BPH therapy, we describe the current therapies and outcomes for office-based procedures for BPH including quality of life, voiding symptoms, and sexual function.There are three FDA-approved MISTs (Rezūm, Urolift, and iTind) and three emerging MISTs for BPH. Preliminary data suggest improvement in voiding symptoms and quality of life while minimizing unwanted sexual side effects. Long term data is required on the durability and safety of MISTs for BPH. MISTs mark a paradigm shift in BPH management. Sandwiched between conservative medical management and conventional transurethral surgery, these novel technologies promise to combine efficacy approaching that of TURP while sparing the negative side effects. We envision a future where BPH can be diagnosed and treated in an office-based setting with a standard cystoscope in one procedure.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG-3) renogram is one of the gold standard diagnostic tools of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO); however, there is no widely agreed in...

This paper explores the combined impact of social media and customer relationship management (CRM) on retail sales in the context of green (aka organic, natural and healthy) retailing, specifically in terms of duration. In particular, the study explores the impact on green retail sales of altruistic or egoistic marketing posts on a Facebook brand page relative to CRM membership over time compared with other types of sales. The results show that the purchase expenditures for longer-term members of a retailer's loyalty rewards program are higher and that over time, consumers are more likely to respond to messages related to healthy benefits than to those related to price and environmental benefits. This study demonstrates the value of managing social media in conjunction with CRM, which can positively influence the purchase behavior of a retailer's most valuable customers.

Ranking candidates for residency positions is challenging. We hypothesize that applicant academic achievements and performance during the interview are equally important in the ranking process.This is a retrospective study. Of 53 candidates interviewed during 2016-2017 cycle, 44 (83%) were ranked for 3 PGY1 positions. Each candidate was interviewed and scored in each of the following: USMLE Step 1 score, USMLE Step 2 score, research (RS), letters of recommendation (LOR), personal statement (PS), the way the candidate represented him/herself (RP), interest in the area (IN), answers to standardized questions (SQ), and degree of connection between the candidate and the interviewer (CN).Correlation and multiple regression analyses indicated an inverse relationship between ranking the candidates and USMLE2 (r = -0.14, p = -0.364), LOR (r = -0.513, p 0.001), PS (r = -0.414, p = 0.006), RP (r = -0.485, p = 0.001), CN (r = -0.605, p 0.001), IN (r = -0.349, p = 0.022), and SQ (r = -0.480, p = 0.001), USMLE1 (r = -0.036, p = 0.838) and RS (r = -0.008, p = 0.96). After controlling for the other variables, only CN reached statistical significance (p = 0.033).Candidate non-cognitive measures during the interview weigh higher than academic performance in the ranking process.

Antibiotic-releasing porous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) space maintainers, comprising PMMA with an aqueous porogen and a poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) antibiotic carrier, have been developed to facilitate local delivery of antibiotics and tissue integration. In this study, clindamycin-loaded space maintainers were used to investigate the effects of antibiotic release kinetics and dose upon bacterial clearance and bone and soft tissue healing in a pathogen-contaminated rabbit mandibular defect. Three formulations were fabricated for either high dose burst release (7 days) or with PLGA microparticles for extended release (28 days) at high and low dose. Although inoculated bacteria were not recovered from any specimens, the burst release formulation showed less inflammation and fibrous capsule formation and more bone formation close to the implant than the low dose extended release formulation by histologic analysis. These results suggest that local antibiotic release kinetics and dose affect ...

Interplanetary exploration occurs at vast distances that severely limit communication bandwidth to spacecraft exploring other planets. It is possible to collect much more scientific data than can ever be downlinked given current communication capabilities. Therefore, we are developing a system called COSMIC (Content-based Onboard Summarization to Monitor Infrequent Change) that will opportunistically analyze data onboard a Mars orbiter to alert scientists when meaningful changes have occurred. COSMIC will allow future spacecraft to continuously collect data to search for rare, transient phenomena such as fresh impacts or seasonally changing polar landforms under a constrained downlink budget. In this paper, we describe the overall goals and architecture of COSMIC, plans to enable specific scientific studies, label acquisition to enable supervised approaches to surface landform classification, a new machine learning evaluation framework for analyzing the trade-offs between classifier accuracy and computational requirements, and lessons learned about constraints that COSMIC will face operating onboard a spacecraft. In particular, we discuss design considerations surrounding computational and storage constraints, change detection strategies, and localizing detected landforms of interest within a global coordinate frame. Finally, we describe challenges and open research questions that must be addressed prior to deploying COSMIC.

Background Thromboelastography has called into question the coagulopathy seen following partial hepatectomy. However the coagulation profile in cirrhotic livers has not been studied. Our objective was to determine the coagulation profile following partial hepatectomy in normal and cirrhotic livers. Methods Patients undergoing liver resection were prospectively enrolled in the study. The prothrombin time and international normalized ratio, as well as the thromboelastogram, were obtained preoperatively, post-operatively, and on post-operative days 1, 3, and 5. Results 22 noncirrhotic and 11 cirrhotic patients undergoing liver resection were enrolled. Postoperatively the thromboelastogram demonstrated a hypercoagulable profile in 64%, 33%, 39% and 36% of patients on post-operative days 0, 1, 3 and 5 respectively. There was no difference between patients with cirrhosis and those without underlying liver disease. Conclusion Patients appear to have a similar coagulation profile after liver resection regardless of underlying cirrhosis with many having a hypercoagulable profile.

This study investigates pricing and technology licensing decisions in a two‐echelon supply chain with one upstream firm that provides a key input to two downstream firms. We assume that one of the downstream firms owns a licensable innovation that exhibits network effects and that the other can either accept the licence from the innovator or develop a substitutable innovation. We analyse the effects of the producer‐innovator's two alternative licensing strategies (i.e. fixed‐fee and royalty licensing) on the members of the supply chain and the supply chain's efficiency. We find that royalty licensing is optimal with low network effects. For high network effects, the innovating firm's optimal licensing strategy depends on the market size and the potential licensee's cost of developing a substitutable innovation. We also find that royalty licensing can achieve better coordination of the supply chain than fixed‐fee licensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e16538 Background: Finite resources are available to fund research, and it is important to ensure stakeholder input is identified and prioritized. In this light, the KCRNC and CIHR sponsored a consensus-based priority-setting partnership that brought together a group of patients, caregivers, and clinicians to identify the top 10 research priorities in kidney cancer (Table), with a consensus document published in 2017. The final step of the prioritization process was to determine how research funding allocation has aligned with these previously identified priority areas. We report the results of this assessment. Methods: We queried publicly available Canadian and American research databases to identify all research funds allocated to kidney cancer from 2018-2020. Each funded project was assessed to determine which priority areas were addressed. We evaluated the percent of projects and percent of funding dollars (converted to USD) allocated to priority areas. Projects were stratified by country, type of research (basic science/translational or clinical), and cancer stage of focus (localized and/or metastatic). Results: A total of 121 kidney cancer research projects were funded between 2018-2020, with 15 Canadian projects (total $ = 1,906,398 USD) and 106 American projects (total $ = 56,317,386 USD). Most projects were basic science or translational (88%). Half (50%) of the projects focused on localized cancer while 26% of projects focused on metastatic kidney cancer. Overall, 49% of projects aligned to one priority area, 47% of projects aligned to multiple priority areas, and 4% of projects were not aligned to priority areas. The priority areas which received the most funding were causes of kidney cancer (priority #10, 64% of funds), biomarkers (priorities #1b+1c+5, 59%), and immunotherapies (priority #4, 41%)(Table). Unfunded priority areas were supportive care (priority #6) and the role of biopsy in kidney cancer management (priority #8). Conclusions: Nearly all kidney cancer projects funded since 2018 were aligned with one or multiple stakeholder-identified research priority areas, although some priority areas remain underfunded. Mechanisms to improve distribution of funding to all priority areas may be warranted.[Table: see text]

We utilized innovative textile technology to create tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) comprised exclusively of rapidly degrading material poly(glycolic acid). Our new technology led to robust neotissue formation in the TEVGs, especially extracellular matrix formation, such as elastin. In addition, the rapid degradation of the polymer significantly reduced complications, such as stenosis or calcification, as seen with the use of slow degrading polymers in the majority of previous studies for aortic small diameter TEVGs.

This data article presents data associated with the research article entitled “Evaluation of cell-laden polyelectrolyte hydrogels incorporating poly(L-lysine) for applications in cartilage tissue engineering” (Lam et al., 2016) [1]. Synthetic hydrogel composites fabricated using oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) macromers were utilized as vehicles for the incorporation of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) as well as the encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PLL-laden and PLL-free hydrogels were fabricated to characterize the main and interaction effects of OPF molecular weight, PLL molecular weight, and PLL loading density on the swelling and degradation of synthetic OPF hydrogels. Cells were then encapsulated within such hydrogels for in vitro culture and examined for viability, biochemical activity, and chondrogenic gene expression. These data, which are supplementary to the associated research article (Lam et al., 2016) [1], are presented here. Keywords: Hydrogel, Poly(L-lysine), Mesenchymal stem cells, Condensation, Chondrogenic differentiation, Cartilage tissue engineering

Due to the lack of cell-adhesive moieties in traditional synthetic hydrogels, the present work investigated the use of degradable gelatin microparticles (GMPs) as temporary adherent substrates for anchorage-dependent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs were seeded onto GMPs of varying crosslinking densities and sizes to investigate their role on influencing MSC differentiation and aggregation. The MSC-seeded GMPs were then encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels and cultured in serum-free, growth factor-free osteochondral medium. Non-seeded MSCs co-encapsulated with GMPs in the hydrogels were used as a control for comparison. Over the course of 35 days, MSCs seeded on GMPs exhibited more cell-cell contacts, greater chondrogenic potential, and a down-regulation of osteogenic markers compared to the controls. Although the factors of GMP crosslinking and size had nominal influence on MSC differentiation and aggregation, GMPs demonstrate potential as an adherent-substrate for improving cell delivery from hydrogel scaffolds by facilitating cell-cell contacts and improving MSC differentiation.

To address the lack of reliable long-term solutions for cartilage injuries, strategies in tissue engineering are beginning to leverage developmental processes to spur tissue regeneration. This study focuses on the use of poly(L-lysine) (PLL), previously shown to up-regulate mesenchymal condensation during developmental skeletogenesis in vitro, as an early chondrogenic stimulant of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We characterized the effect of PLL incorporation on the swelling and degradation of oligo(poly(ethylene) glycol) fumarate) (OPF)-based hydrogels as functions of PLL molecular weight and dosage. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of PLL incorporation on the chondrogenic gene expression of hydrogel-encapsulated MSCs. The incorporation of PLL resulted in early enhancements of type II collagen and aggrecan gene expression and type II/type I collagen expression ratios when compared to blank controls. The presentation of PLL to MSCs encapsulated in OPF hydrogels also enhanced N-cadherin gene expression under certain culture conditions, suggesting that PLL may induce the expression of condensation markers in synthetic hydrogel systems. In summary, PLL can function as an inductive factor that primes the cellular microenvironment for early chondrogenic gene expression but may require additional biochemical factors for the generation of fully functional chondrocytes.

The underlying mechanisms of alpha band (8–12 Hz) neural oscillations are of importance to the functioning of attention control systems as well as to neuropsychiatric conditions that are characterized by deficits of that system, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objectives of the present study were to test if visual encoding-related alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) correlates with fronto-parieto-occipital connectivity, and whether this is disrupted in ADHD during spatial working memory (SWM) performance. We acquired EEG concurrently with fMRI in thirty boys (12–16 yrs. old, 15 with ADHD), during SWM encoding. Psychophysiological connectivity analyses indicated that alpha ERD during SWM encoding was associated with both occipital activation and fronto-parieto-occipital functional connectivity, a finding that expands on prior associations between alpha ERD and occipital activation. This finding provides novel support for the interpretation of alpha ERD (and the associated changes in occipital activation) as a phenomenon that involves, and perhaps arises as a result of, top-down network interactions. Alpha ERD was associated less strongly with occipital activity, but associated more strongly with fronto-parieto-occipital connectivity in ADHD, consistent with a compensatory attentional response. Additionally, we illustrate that degradation of EEG data quality by MRI-amplified motion artifacts is robust to existing cleaning algorithms and is significantly correlated with hyperactivity symptoms and the ADHD Combined Type diagnosis. We conclude that persistent motion-related MR artifacts in EEG data can increase variance and introduce bias in interpretation of group differences in populations characterized by hypermobility — a clear limitation of current-state EEG-fMRI methodology., Graphical abstract, Highlights • We measure neural activity and connectivity of alpha ERD. • We employ concurrent EEG-fMRI recordings. • Alpha ERD predicts occipital activation and fronto-parieto-occipital connectivity. • ADHD participants show weaker alpha ERD occipital effects. • ADHD participants show stronger alpha ERD connectivity effects.

Contains fulltext : 152781.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The present work investigated correlations between cartilage and subchondral bone repair, facilitated by a growth factor-delivering scaffold, in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. Histological scoring indices and microcomputed tomography morphological parameters were used to evaluate cartilage and bone repair, respectively, at 6 and 12 weeks. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between specific cartilage indices and subchondral bone parameters that varied with location in the defect (cortical vs. trabecular region), time point (6 vs. 12 weeks), and experimental group (insulin-like growth factor-1 only, bone morphogenetic protein-2 only, or both growth factors). In particular, significant correlations consistently existed between cartilage surface regularity and bone quantity parameters. Overall, correlation analysis between cartilage and bone repair provided a fuller understanding of osteochondral repair and can help drive informed studies for future osteochondral regeneration strategies.

In hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery higher volumes are associated with improved outcomes; however, there are limitations to regionalization. Here we report our experience establishing multidisciplinary HPB program at a university-affiliated community hospital.This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent HPB surgery between 2015 and 2017. Chief residents' HPB case logs were collected.61 pancreatic resections and 62 hepatic resections were performed. The morbidity, 30-day mortality and median length of stay following pancreatic resections were 27%, 1.5%, and 8 days, respectively. The morbidity, 90-day mortality, and median length of stay following hepatic resections were 24%, 3%, and 7 days, respectively. The median pancreatic and liver case volumes for graduating chief residents increased from 7 to 8 to 16 and 16, respectively (p 0.05), after the establishment of a HPB program. Participation in multidisciplinary care (p = 0.08) and clinical trial enrollment increased.Our study demonstrates short-term outcomes comparable to high volume centers. Development of a HPB program had a positive impact on resident operative experience, increased multidisciplinary care and increased clinical trial enrollment.

The delivery of biologics is an important component in the treatment of osteoarthritis and the functional restoration of articular cartilage. Numerous factors have been implicated in the cartilage repair process, but the uncontrolled delivery of these factors may not only reduce their full reparative potential and can also cause unwanted morphological effects. It is therefore imperative to consider the type of biologic to be delivered, the method of delivery, and the temporal as well as spatial presentation of the biologic to achieve the desired effect in cartilage repair. Additionally, the delivery of a single factor may not be sufficient in guiding neo-tissue formation, motivating recent research towards the delivery of multiple factors. This review will discuss the roles of various biologics involved in cartilage repair and the different methods of delivery for appropriate healing responses. A number of spatiotemporal strategies will then be emphasized for the controlled delivery of single and multiple bioactive factors in both in vitro and in vivo cartilage tissue engineering applications.

In this work, we investigated a cytocompatible particulate leaching method for the fabrication of cell-laden macroporous hydrogels. We used dehydrated and uncrosslinked gelatin microspheres as leachable porogens to create macroporous oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogels. Varying gelatin content and size resulted in a wide range of porosities and pore sizes, respectively. Encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibited high viability immediately following the fabrication process, and culture of cell-laden hydrogels revealed improved cell viability with increasing porosity. Additionally, the osteogenic potential of the encapsulated MSCs was evaluated over 16 days. Overall, this study presents a robust method for the preparation of cell-laden macroporous hydrogels with desired porosity and pore size for tissue engineering applications.

There exists a strong clinical need for a more capable and robust method to achieve bone augmentation, and a system with fine-tuned delivery of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has the potential to meet that need. As such, the objective of the present study was to investigate a synthetic biodegradable hydrogel for the delivery of DBM for bone augmentation in a rat model. Oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) constructs were designed and fabricated by varying the content of rat-derived DBM particles (either 1:3, 1:1 or 3:1 DBM:OPF weight ratio on a dry basis) and using two DBM particle size ranges (50–150 or 150–250 μm). The physical properties of the constructs and the bioactivity of the DBM were evaluated. Selected formulations (1:1 and 3:1 with 50–150 μm DBM) were evaluated in vivo compared to an empty control to investigate the effect of DBM dose and construct properties on bone augmentation. Overall, 3:1 constructs with higher DBM content achieved the greatest volume of bone augmentation, exceeding 1:1 constructs and empty implants by 3- and 5-fold, respectively. As such, we have established that a synthetic, biodegradable hydrogel can function as a carrier for DBM, and that the volume of bone augmentation achieved by the constructs correlates directly to the DBM dose.

Contains fulltext : 137827.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The present work investigated the use of biodegradable hydrogel composite scaffolds, based on the macromer oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF), to deliver growth factors for the repair of osteochondral tissue in a rabbit model. In particular, bilayered OPF composites were used to mimic the structural layers of the osteochondral unit, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were loaded into gelatin microparticles and embedded within the OPF hydrogel matrix in a spatially controlled manner. Three different scaffold formulations were implanted in a medial femoral condyle osteochondral defect: 1) IGF-1 in the chondral layer, 2) BMP-2 in the subchondral layer, and 3) IGF-1 and BMP-2 in their respective separate layers. The quantity and quality of osteochondral repair was evaluated at 6 and 12 weeks with histological scoring and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). While histological scoring results at 6 weeks showed no differences between experimental groups, micro-CT analysis revealed that the delivery of BMP-2 alone increased the number of bony trabecular islets formed, an indication of early bone formation, over that of IGF-1 delivery alone. At 12 weeks post-implantation, minimal differences were detected between the three groups for cartilage repair. However, the dual delivery of IGF-1 and BMP-2 had a higher proportion of subchondral bone repair, greater bone growth at the defect margins, and lower bone specific surface than the single delivery of IGF-1. These results suggest that the delivery of BMP-2 enhances subchondral bone formation and that, while the dual delivery of IGF-1 and BMP-2 in separate layers does not improve cartilage repair under the conditions studied, they may synergistically enhance the degree of subchondral bone formation. Overall, bilayered OPF hydrogel composites demonstrate potential as spatially-guided, multiple growth factor release vehicles for osteochondral tissue repair.