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Currently, effective Intrusion-detection systems (IDS) still represent one of the important security tools. However, hybrid models based on the IDS achieve better results compared with intrusion detection based on a single algorithm. But even so, the hybrid models based on traditional algorithms still face different limitations. This work is focused on providing two main goals; firstly, analysis based on the main methods and limitations of the most-recent hybrid model-based on intrusion detection, secondly, to propose a novel hybrid IDS model called TLBO-ELM based on the Firefly algorithm and Fast Learning Network.

Many studies focusing on integrating reviews with ratings to improve recommendation performance have been quite successful. However, these works still face several shortcomings: (1) The importance of dynamically integrating review and interaction data features is typically ignored, yet treating these fusion features equally may lead to an incomplete understanding of user preferences. (2) Some forms of soft attention methods are adopted to model the local semantic information of words. As features thus captured may contain irrelevant information, the generated attention map is neither discriminatory nor detailed. In this paper, we propose a novel Adaptive Hierarchical Attention-enhanced Gated network integrating reviews for item recommendation, named AHAG. AHAG is a unified framework to capture the hidden intentions of users by adaptively incorporating reviews. Specifically, we design a gated network to dynamically fuse the extracted features and select the features that are most relevant to user preferences. To capture distinguishing fine-grained features, we introduce a hierarchical attention mechanism to learn important semantic information features and the dynamic interaction of these features. Besides, the high-order non-linear interaction of neural factorization machines is utilized to derive the rating prediction. Experiments on seven real-world datasets show that the proposed AHAG significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Conversational systems have recently attracted significant attention. Both the research community and industry believe that it will exert huge impact on human-computer interaction, and specifically, the IR/RecSys community has begun to explore Conversational Recommendation. In real-life scenarios, such systems are often urgently needed in helping users accomplishing different tasks under various situations. However, existing works still face several shortcomings: (1) Most efforts are largely confined in single task setting. (2) The conversational recommender naturally has access to the back-end data which should be fully leveraged to yield good recommendations. In this paper, we thus present a Topic-guided Conversational Recommender which is specifically designed for the multi-domain setting. It augments the sequence-to-sequence models with a neural latent topic component to better guide the response generation. To better leverage the dialogue history and the back-end data structure, we adopt a graph convolutional network to model the relationships between different recommendation candidates while also capture the match between candidates and the dialogue history. We then seamlessly combine these two parts with the idea of pointer networks. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves superior performance as compared to a wide range of baselines.

Despite a series of advances in the establishment of specialized services for women in all regions of the country, many still face great difficulties in accessing abortion services. Even in relation to anencephaly, there are still challenges for the proper structuring of legal abortion services, as it is difficult to identify health professionals available for abortion care permitted by law. This article discusses the issues involved in these cases. It was concluded that, due to the moral and religious stigma, there is a refusal of doctors related to the practice of abortion, despite the existence of Brazilian technical norms that regulate this practice. However, the right to conscientious objection is not necessarily recognized in the absence of another medical professional to assist women when there is a risk of death. Keywords: Anencephaly, Abortion, Women's Rights.

Audiologopēdija Veselības aprūpe Audiologopaedics Health Care Darba nosaukums: Sistemātisks literatūras pārskats: Vecāku viedtālruņu izmantošanas efekti mijiedarbībā ar agrīnā vecumposma (0-3 gadi) bērnu. Darba mērķis: Sistemātiski apkopot un analizēt pieejamos pētījumus par efektiem (specifiski ar bērna vai vecāka uzvedības reakcijām saistīti efekti), ko rada vecāku viedtālruņu izmantošana mijiedarbības laikā ar agrīnā vecumposma (0-3 gadi) bērnu. Pētnieciskais jautājums: Kādi ir pētījumos identificētie vecāku viedtālruņu izmantošanas efekti (specifiski ar bērna vai vecāka uzvedības reakcijām saistīti efekti) mijiedarbībā ar agrīnā vecumposma (0-3 gadi) bērnu?Pētījuma metodes: Sistemātisks literatūras pārskats. Pārskats tika veikts izmantojot PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) vadlīnijas. Datu ievākšanai tika izmantotas datubāzes: Wiley Online Library, ExlibrisPrimo, PubMed un ScienceDirect. Pētījumā tika iekļauti raksti, kas ir brīvpieejas un pilnā apjomā, kas nav vecāki par 10 gadiem, un kuri atbilst iekļaušanas un izslēgšanas kritērijiem. Pārskatā iekļauto pētījumu uzticamība un atbilstība tika vērtēta izmantojot JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) kritisko novērtēšanas rīku “Cheklist for analytical cross sectional design” kur attiecīgi četri pētījumi ieguva 7 punktus, divi pētījumi ieguva 6 punktus, kas vērtējami kā labas kvalitātes pētījumi. Pētījuma rezultāti: Sistemātiskā literatūras pārskata ietvaros tika analizēti 6 pētījumi par efektiem, ko rada vecāku viedtālruņu lietošana mijiedarbības laikā ar agrīnā vecumposma bērnu. Secinājumi: Vecāka viedtālruņa lietošanas laikā pieaug vecāka neatsaucīgums, bērni demonstrē paaugstinātu protesta uzvedību, piedzīvo negatīvas psihofizioloģiskas reakcijas, pieaug bērna sociālo pieprasījumu pēc iesaistīšanās skaits, cenšoties iniciēt kopīgoto uzmanību ar vecāku. Uzvedības reakcijas, kas samazinās ir bērna iesaistīšanās uzvedība ar māti vai rotaļlietām, samazinās arī mātes pedagoģiskā uzvedība, piemēram, tiešā uzmanība, atsaucīgums, lingvistiskā ievade un sarunu kārtas ar bērnu. Mātes daudz retāk uzsāk kopīgotās uzmanības iniciāciju ar bērnu, retāk atbild uz bērna kopīgotās iniciācijas uzvedību, kā rezultatā būtiski samazinās kopīgotās uzmanības starp māti un bērnu panākumu līmenis un kopējais kopīgotās uzmanības laiks, ko diāde spēj uzturēt. Title of the thesis: Systematic literature review: Effects of parental use of smartphones in interaction with an early age (0-3 years) child. Target of the thesis: Systematically collect and analyze the available studies on the effects (specifically - child's or parent's behavioral reactions) caused by the parent’s smartphone use during the interaction with the early age (0-3 years) child. Research question: What are the studies-identified effects of parental use of smartphone (specifically effects related to the child’s or parent’s behavioural reactions) in interaction with an early age (0-3 years) child? Research methods: A systematic literature review. The review was created using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The following databases were used in the selection of scientific articles: Wiley Online Library, ExlibrisPrimo, PubMed un ScienceDirect. The study only includes open-access and full-length articles, which are not older than 10 years and have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The reliability and relevance of the studies included in the report were evaluated using JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) critical appraisal tool “Checklist for analytical cross sectional design”, where respectively four studies scored 7 points, two studies scored 6 points, which are considered to be good quality studies. Results: Within the framework of the systematic literature review 6 studies were analyzed for the effects of parental use of smartphone in interaction with an early age child. Conclusions: During the parent’s use of smartphone, the parent’s unresponsiveness increases, children demonstrate increased protest behavior, experiencing negative psychophysiological reactions, the number of child’s social bids for involvement increases, also trying to initiate the joint attention with the parent much more often. Behavioral responses that decrease are child’s social engagement behavior and social monitoring, engagement behavior with mother or toys, decreases mother’s pedagogical behavior like responsiveness, linguistic input and conversational turns with the child. Also mothers much less often initiate joint attention with the child and respond to the initiation of joint attention by the child, which results in a reduced joint attention success between the mother and the child and the total amount of time of the joint attention that the dyad is able to maintain.

Targeted drug delivery has been extensively studied in the last decade, whereas both passive and active targeting strategies still face many challenges, such as off-target drug release. Light-responsive drug delivery systems have been developed with high controllability and spatio-temporal resolution to improve drug efficacy and reduce off-target drug release. Photoremovable protecting groups are light-responsive moieties that undergo irreversible photocleavage reactions upon light irradiation. They can be covalently linked to the molecule of interest to control its structure and function with light. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of photocleavage technologies in nanoparticle-based drug delivery for precise targeting and controlled drug release, with a highlight of strategies to achieve long-wavelength light excitation. A greater understanding of these mechanisms and emerging studies will help design more efficient photocleavage-based nanosystems to advance photoresponsive drug delivery.

X-ray computed tomography (CT), as one of the most widely used noninvasive imaging modalities, can provide three-dimensional anatomic details with high resolution, which plays a key role in disease diagnosis and treatment assessment. However, although they are the most prevalent and FDA-approved contrast agents, iodinated water-soluble molecules still face some challenges in clinical applications, such as fast clearance, serious adverse effects, nonspecific distribution, and low sensitivity. Because of their high biocompatibility, tunable designability, controllable biodegradation, facile synthesis, and modification capability, the polymers have demonstrated great potential for efficient delivery of iodinated contrast agents (ICAs). Herein, we comprehensively summarized the applications of multifunctional polymeric materials for ICA delivery in terms of increasing circulation time, decreasing nephrotoxicity, and improving the specificity and sensitivity of ICAs for CT imaging. We mainly focused on various iodinated polymers from the aspects of preparation, functionalization, and application in medical diagnosis. Future perspectives for achieving better imaging and clinical translation are also discussed to motivate new technologies and solutions.

Among rechargeable batteries, metal-air batteries have attracted considerable attention because of their high theoretical specific energy, environmentally friendly, and low-cost. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of electrocatalyst is considered to be a key reaction during discharge process of cathode, determining metal-air batteries performance. However, ORR electrocatalysts still face the key challenges of unsatisfactory electrocatalytic kinetics and complex preparation process that limits their wide applications. Herein, the research progresses of sustainable carbon-based ORR electrocatalysts are reviewed. We introduce the functional design approaches for performance improvement of carbon-based ORR electrocatalysts, including construction of pore structure, activation, and heteroatom doping. Abundant and inexpensive animal metabolites, plant, and microorganism are reviewed as raw material for obtaining high-performance ORR electrocatalysts. Furthermore, research directions of sustainable carbon-based ORR electrocatalysts are proposed.

In an age where e-commerce can provide a huge variety of different products online, customers still face the issue of the last mile challenge. The purpose of this paper is to find out if the last-m...

We report the impact of a Gentle Touch Stimulation (GTS) program. Forty-three mothers provided daily 10-min GTS with C-tactile (CT) afferent optimal stroking touch, for 4 weeks to their 3-12 weeks old infants. CT-afferents are cutaneous unmyelinated, low-threshold mechanosensitive nerves hypothesized to underly the regulatory impact of affective touch. We compared physiological and behavioral responses during a no-touch-baseline (BL), static-touch-baseline (BL-T), intervention/control (GTS/CTRL), Still Face (SF) and Reunion (RU) condition for GTS-infants versus a control-group (CTRL) at the start (T1) and end of (T2) of the program. We collected mother-infant ECG, respiration, cortisol, video-recordings, and diary-reports. At T1, physiological arousal significantly increased during SF in both groups, that is, decreased respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and R-R interval (RRI). At T2, GTS-infants showed significantly increased RSA, RRI, decreased respiration during GTS, buffering SF-arousal and allowing complete recovery during RU; CTRL-infants showed higher SF-arousal and small recovery, under initial BL-levels. Maternal cardio-respiratory showed a metabolic investment during RU. Cortisol and behavioral analyses showed higher arousal in CTRL-infants than GTS-infants at T2. We suggest that the combination of phasic short-term and tonic long-term responses to CT-optimal stroking touch, delivered in a structured daily manner, contribute to the building of infant stress regulation and resilience.Reportamos el impacto del programa de Estimulación Táctil Suave (GTS). Cuarenta y tres madres les dieron a sus infantes de 3-12 semanas 10 minutos de GTS con un toque táctil-C (CT) aferente óptimo de caricias por 4 semanas. Los aferentes CT son nervios cutáneos amielínicos mecano-sensibles de bajo impacto que según hipótesis rigen el impacto regulatorio del toque afectivo. Comparamos las respuestas fisiológicas y de comportamiento durante un momento de referencia no táctil (BL), un momento de referencia táctil estático (BL-T), intervención/control (GTS-CTRL), la Cara Seria (SF) y la condición de Reunión (RU) para infantes GTS versus un grupo de control (CTRL) al principio (T1) y al final (T2) del programa. Recogimos información ECG de madre-infante, respiración, cortisol, grabaciones en vídeo, y reportes de un diario. Al T1, la estimulación fisiológica significativamente aumentó durante SF en ambos grupos, v.g., una baja en la arritmia respiratoria paranasal (RSA) y el intervalo R-R (RRI). Al T2, los infantes GTS significativamente mostraron un aumento de RSA, RRI, una baja en la respiración durante GTS, amortiguando la estimulación SF y permitiendo un completo recobro durante RU; los infantes de CTRL mostraron una más alta estimulación SF y un pequeño recobro, bajo los niveles BL iniciales. El aspecto cardio-respiratorio materno mostró inversión metabólica durante RU. Los análisis de cortisol y de comportamiento mostraron más altas estimulaciones de infantes de CTRL que en infantes GTS al T2. Proponemos que la combinación de las respuestas fásicas a corto plazo y tónicas a largo plazo a las caricias táctiles óptimas CT, ofrecidas de una manera estructural diaria, contribuyen a moldear la regulación del estrés y capacidad de resistencia del infante.Cet article fait état de l'impact du programme Stimulation Toucher en Douceur (an anglais Gentle Touch Stimulation, que nous abrégeons ici GTS). Quarante-trois mères ont procédé chaque jour à un GTS de 10 minutes avec un toucher par caresse optimale C-tactile (CT) afférent, pendant 4 semaines à leurs nourrissons de 3-12 semaines. Les afférents CD sont des nerfs cutanés amyéliniques, à faible seuil et mécano-sensibles, dont on pense qu'ils sous-tendent l'impact régulatoire du toucher affectif. Nous comparons les réponses physiologiques et les réponses comportementales durant la condition à un niveau de référence NR sans toucher, un niveau de référence toucher statique (NR-T), un contrôle/intervention (GTS/CTRL), Visage Impassible (Still Face, soit SF) et la Réunion (RU) pour les bébés GTS par rapport aux bébés du groupe de contrôle (CTRL) au commencement (T1) et à la fin (T2) du programme. Nous avons recueilli l’électrocardiogramme mère-bébé, la respiration, le niveau de cortisol et les rapports-journaux. Au T1 la stimulation physiologique a augmenté de façon importante durant le SF pour les deux groupes, c'est-à-dire une arythmie des sinus respiratoires (RSA) décrue et un intervalle R-R décru (RRI). Au T2 les bébés GTS ont fait preuve d'une RSA et d'un RRI bien plus élevés, une respiration décrue durant le GTS, un éveil SF tampon et ont fait preuve d'un rétablissement complet durant la RU. Les bébés contrôle ont fait preuve de plus d’éveil SF et d'un petit rétablissement, moins élevés que les niveaux BL initiaux. La cardio-respiration maternelle a fait preuve un investissement métabolique durant la RU. Les analyses de cortisol et les analyses comportementales ont montré un éveil plus élevé chez les bébés-CTRL que chez les bébés GTS au T2. Nous suggérons que la combinaison de réactions phasiques à court terme et de réponses toniques à long terme au toucher caresse CT-optimal, donné chaque jour de manière structurée, contribue à la construction de la régulation du stress du bébé et de sa résilience.Warum sehnen wir uns nach Berührung? Die Auswirkungen täglicher sanfter Berührungsstimulation auf die physiologische und verhaltensbezogene Regulation sowie Resilienz von Mutter und Kind Wir berichten über die Auswirkungen eines Programms zur sanften Berührungsstimulation (Gentle Touch Stimulation; GTS). Dreiundvierzig Mütter wendeten bei ihren 3-12 Wochen alten Säuglingen 4 Wochen lang täglich 10 Minuten GTS an, d.h. eine C-taktile (CT) afferente optimale streichelnde Berührung. Bei den CT-Afferenzen handelt es sich um kutane, nicht-myelinisierte, niedrigschwellig mechanosensorische Nerven, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie den regulierenden Auswirkungen affektiver Berührungen zugrunde liegen. Wir verglichen die physiologischen und verhaltensbezogenen Reaktionen von GTS-Säuglingen im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe (CTRL) zu Beginn (T1) und am Ende (T2) des Programms während einer berührungsfreien Baseline (BL), einer statischen Berührungsbaseline (BL-T), einer Interventions-/Kontrollbedingung (GTS/CTRL), einer „Still Face“ Bedingung (SF) und einer Wiedervereinigung (RU). Erhoben wurden Mutter-Kind EKG, Atmung, Cortisol, Videoaufzeichnungen und Tagebucheinträge. Zu T1 nahm die physiologische Erregung während der SF in beiden Gruppen signifikant zu, d. h. die respiratorische Sinusarrhythmie (RSA) und das R-R-Intervall (RRI) nahmen ab. Zu T2 zeigten die GTS-Säuglinge signifikant erhöhte RSA, RRI und verringerte Atmung während der GTS, was die SF-Erregung abpufferte und eine vollständige Erholung während der RU ermöglichte. Die CTRL-Säuglinge zeigten eine höhere SF-Erregung und eine geringe Erholung unter den ursprünglichen BL-Werten. Die mütterliche kardio-respiratorische Aktivität zeigte eine metabolische Investition während der RU. Cortisol- und Verhaltensanalysen zeigten eine höhere Erregung bei CTRL-Säuglingen als bei GTS-Säuglingen zu T2. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Kombination von phasischen Kurzzeit- und tonischen Langzeitreaktionen auf CT-optimale streichelnde Berührungen, die täglich strukturiert durchgeführt werden, zum Aufbau der Stressregulation und Resilienz von Säuglingen beitragen.なぜ私たちはタッチングを希求するか−毎日の優しいタッチングの刺激が、母Ȁ子の身体生理および行動の調節と レジリエンス(復元力)に及ぼす影響 ジェントルタッチスティミュレーション(GTS)プログラムの効果について報告する。 43人の母親が、生後3〜12週の母親の乳児に、C-tactile(CT)求心性の最適ななでるタッチングを含む10分間のGTSを4週間毎日行った。CT求心性神経は、情緒的なタッチングの調整的な影響を過小評価していると仮定される皮膚の無髄鞘の低閾値のメカノセンシチブ神経である。GTSの非タッチベースライン(BL)、静的タッチベースライン(BL-T)、介入/制御(GTS / CTRL)、スティルフェイス(SF)、および再会(RU)状態での身体生理および行動の反応を、GTS-乳児と対照群(CTRL-乳児)で、プログラムの開始時(T1)と終了時(T2)に比較した。母と子の心電図、呼吸の状態、コルチゾール、ビデオ録画、および日記を記録した。T1では、両グループとも、SF中において身体生理的に有意に覚醒した。つまり、呼吸性洞性不整脈(RSA)とR-R間隔(RRI)が減少した。T2では、GTS-乳児は、RSA、RRIが有意に増加し、GTS中に呼吸数が減少し、SF覚醒は緩まり、RU中に完全に回復を示した。一方、CTRL-乳児は、初期のBLレベル下で、より高いSF覚醒とわずかな回復を示した。母親の心肺系は、RU中に代謝投資を示した。コルチゾールと行動分析では、T2ではGTS-乳児よりもCTRL-乳児でより高い覚醒を示した。構造化され毎日提供されるCT最適なストロークタッチングに対する相性の短期的および強壮性の長期的反応の組み合わせが、乳児のストレス調節と回復の構築に寄与するとした。.我们报告了一项“温和触摸刺激” (GTS) 项目的影响。43位母亲利用“C组触觉 (CT) 传入神经”的最佳轻抚触摸方式每天为其3-12周大的婴儿提供10分钟的GTS, 为期4周。C组触觉传入神经是皮肤无髓鞘、低阈值的机械敏感性神经, 被认为是情感触摸调节影响的基础。我们在项目开始 (T1) 和结束 (T2) 阶段比较了GTS-婴儿与对照组在无接触基线 (BL)、静态接触基线 (BL-T)、干预/对照 (GTS/CTRL)、静止面孔 (SF) 以及重聚 (RU) 条件下的生理和行为反应。我们收集了母婴心电图、呼吸、皮质醇、录像和日记报告。在T1阶段, 两组婴儿在SF期间的生理唤醒显著增加, 即呼吸性窦性心律不齐 (RSA) 和R-R间期 (RRI) 减少。在T2阶段, GTS-婴儿的RSA、RRI显著增加, GTS期间呼吸减少, SF-唤醒减缓, 并在RU期间呈现完全恢复;在初始BL水平下, CTRL-婴儿表现出更高的SF-唤醒和微小恢复程度。在RU期间, 母亲的心肺功能显示出代谢消耗。皮质醇和行为分析显示, 在T2阶段, CTRL-婴儿的唤醒程度高于GTS-婴儿。我们建议, 对CT的最佳轻抚触摸方式应结合阶段性短期反应和强直长期反应, 以结构化的日常方式开展, 这有助于建立婴儿压力调节和复原力。.لماذا نتوق إلى اللمس؟ تأثير تحفيز اللمسة اللطيفة اليومية على التنظيم الفسيولوجي والسلوكي للأم والطفل والمرونة نعرض في هذه الدراسة تأثير برنامج تحفيز اللمسة اللطيفة (GTS). اشتركت مجموعة من 43 أمًا في الدراسة حيث طلب منهم تقديم 10 دقائق يومياً من اللمسة المثالية مع التمسيد لمدة 4 أسابيع لأطفالهن الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 3-12 أسبوعًا. المستقبلات العصبية منخفضة العتبة في الحساسية الميكانيكية و يُفترض أنها تتحكم في التأثير التنظيمي لللمس العاطفي. قمنا بمقارنة الاستجابات الفسيولوجية والسلوكية خلال حالة عدم وجود اللمس (BL) ، واللمس الثابت (T-BL) ، ومجموعة التدخل / المجموعة الضابطة (GTS / CTRL) ، والوجه الثابت (SF) ، ومجموعة Reunion (RU) للأطفال في برنامج اللمسة اللطيفة (GTS) مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة (CTRL) في نقطة البداية (T1) ونقطة النهاية (T2) من البرنامج. قمنا بجمع بيانات رسم القلب ، والتنفس ، والكورتيزول ، وتسجيلات الفيديو ، وتقارير اليوميات. في نقطة البداية (T1) ، زادت الاستثارة الفسيولوجية بشكل ملحوظ خلال حالة الوجه الثابت (SF) في كلا المجموعتين ، أي انخفاض عدم انتظام ضربات القلب التنفسي (RSA) و (RRI). وفي نقطة النهاية (T2) ، أظهر الرضع في برنامج (GTS) زيادة ملحوظة في RSA ، RRI ، وانخفاض التنفس أثناء GTS ؛ بينما أظهر الرضع في المجموعة الضابطة استثارة أعلى للوجه الثابت (SF) وفترة انتعاش قصيرة ، تحت مستويات BL الأولية. وأظهرت تحليلات الكورتيزول والسلوكية إثارة أعلى عند الرضع في المجموعة الضابطة عن الرضع في مجموعة التدخل عند نقطة النهاية (T2). تقترح الدراسة أن الجمع بين الاستجابات المرحلية قصيرة المدى وطويلة المدى للمس التمسيدي الأمثل الذي يقدم بشكل يومي ونظامي ، يمكن أن يساهم في بناء المرونة وتنظيم الإجهاد لدى الرضع.

Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) is a major pathogen of Asian sea bass that has emerged in many countries across the Asia Pacific since 1992 and carries the potential to cause drastic economic losses to the aquaculture sector. The lack of an approved vaccine for SDDV necessitates timely prevention as the first line of defence against the disease, but current diagnostic platforms still face challenges that render them incompatible with field applications, particularly in resource-limited settings. Here, we developed a novel detection platform for SDDV based on a CRISPR-Cas12a-based nucleic acid detection technology combined with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA-Cas12a). Using the viral adenosine triphosphatase (SDDV-ATPase) gene as a target, we achieved the detection limit of 40 copies per reaction and high specificity for SDDV. The coupling with fluorescence and lateral flow readouts enables naked-eye visualization and straightforward data interpretation requiring minimal scientific background. Compared with semi-nested PCR in field sample evaluation, our RPA-Cas12a assay is more sensitive and capable of detecting SDDV in asymptomatic fish. Importantly, the entire workflow can be carried out at a constant temperature of 37°C within an hour from start to finish, thus removing the need for an expensive thermal cycling apparatus and long turnaround times associated with PCR-based methods. Therefore, owing to its high accuracy, rapidity and user-friendliness, the developed RPA-Cas12a platform shows the potential for diagnosis of SDDV at point of need and could be a valuable tool to help protect fish farming communities from large-scale epidemics.

The risk of stroke in diabetic patients is significantly higher than in non-diabetic patients. Appropriate studies on the prevalence and characteristics of the onset of elderly diabetes with stroke in many countries are still lacking. Effective prevention and control still face enormous challenges. Older diabetic patients with osteoporosis need sensible intervention and treatment based on an individualised comprehensive assessment.

Aqueous metal batteries have attracted particular attention due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and high safety. However, they still face challenges that hinder practical application...

Despite technological and immunological innovations, living-donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients still face substantial risk of postoperative complications. Sarcopenia is being recognized more and more as a biomarker that correlates with poor outcomes in surgical patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenia and significant surgical complications in LDLT recipients. This retrospective review included patients who had received LDLT at our institute from 2005 to 2017. Sarcopenia was assessed using the psoas muscle index (PMI) in cross-sectional images. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the ability of PMI to predict postoperative complications. Correlations between major postoperative complications and sarcopenia were evaluated using regression analysis. A total of 271 LDLT recipients were included. No significant differences were found between PMI and major postoperative complications in male patients. Female recipients with major postoperative complications had significantly lower mean PMI values (P = 0.028), and the PMI cut-off value was 2.63 cm2/m2. Postoperative massive pleural effusion requiring pigtail drainage occurred more frequently in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group (P = 0.003). 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year overall survival rates in female were significantly poorer in the sarcopenia group (n = 14) compared with the non-sarcopenia group (n = 108), at 92.9% versus 97.2%, 85.7% versus 95.4%, 85.7% versus 92.5% and 70.1 versus 82.0%, respectively (P = 0.041) and 94.6%, 89.9%, 85.9% and 78.5% in male patients. Sarcopenia is associated with a significantly higher risk of major postoperative complications in females. PMI and sarcopenia together are predictive of major postoperative complications and survival rates in female LDLT recipients.

Summary The electrification of mass transportation is hailed as a solution for reducing global greenhouse-gas emissions and dependence on unsustainable energy sources. The annual sales of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued to rise since 2011, with a global sale of EVs of 2.1 million in 2019. This increase in sales is mainly due to continued improvement in the cost and performance of commercial EVs, increased EV options available to consumers, and environmental awareness. However, despite the positive outlook, EVs still face major challenges that hinder their rapid and widespread adoption: limited driving range, long charging times, and a lack of sufficient charging infrastructure. This review outlines the recent advances in EVs and related infrastructure, mainly from artificial intelligence (AI), which makes EVs a more attractive consumer option. The application of AI in improving EVs, facilitating EV charging stations, and EV integration with the smart grid is critically analyzed and reviewed. Finally, future trends and prospects in the area are discussed.

Although research suggests that callous-unemotional (CU) traits are underpinned by deficits in social affiliation and reduced sensitivity to threat, there has been little investigation of the biophysiological regulatory mechanisms underlying these processes in infancy. The current study uses data from the Durham Child Health and Development Study (DCHD; n = 206) to examine whether and how the combination of infants’ behavioral reactivity and levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an indicator of parasympathetic nervous system functioning, during the still-face episode of the still-face paradigm at 6 months differentiates risk for CU traits and oppositional defiant behaviors (ODD) at age 3 years, as well as whether these relations vary by children’s attachment security. Results indicate that reduced negative affect during the still-face episode at 6 months predicts higher CU traits (B = -0.28, β = -0.27, p = 0.003) and ODD (B = -0.35, β = -0.24, p = 0.007) at 3 years. Results also show that comparatively lower RSA, i.e. engaged parasympathetic system, predicts higher CU traits (B = -0.10, β = -0.34, p = 0.013), but not ODD. Tests of moderation suggest the combination of blunted negative affect but comparatively lower RSA levels during a social stressor constitutes risk for later CU traits for children who are also insecurely attached (simple slope = -0.70, t = 2.88, p = 0.006 at -1 SD). Findings contribute to our understanding of the complex and interactive risk processes which precede the development of CU traits.

Gluten-free products have emerged in response to the increasing prevalence of gluten-related disorders, namely celiac disease. Therefore, the quantification of gluten in products intended for consumption by individuals who may suffer from these pathologies must be accurate and reproducible, in a way that allows their proper labeling and protects the health of consumers. Immunochemical methods have been the methods of choice for quantifying gluten, and several kits are commercially available. Nevertheless, they still face problems such as the initial extraction of gluten in complex matrices or the use of a standardized reference material to validate the results. Lately, other methodologies relying mostly on mass spectrometry-based techniques have been explored, and that may allow, in addition to quantitative analysis, the characterizationof gluten proteins. On the other hand, although the level of 20 mg/kg of gluten detected by these methods is sufficient for a product to be considered gluten-free, its immunogenic potential for celiac patients has not been clinically validated. In this sense, in vitro and in vivo models, such as the organoid technology applied in gut-on-chip devices and the transgenic humanized mouse models, respectively, are being developed for investigating both the gluten-induced pathogenesis and the treatment of celiac disease. Due to the ubiquitous nature of gluten in the food industry, as well as the increased prevalence of gluten-related disorders, here we intend to summarize the available methods for gluten quantification in food matrices and for the evaluation of its immunogenic potential concerning the development of novel therapies for celiac disease to highlight active research and discuss knowledge gaps and current challenges in this field.

In post-authoritarian Indonesia, although the position of followers of belief (kepercayaan) before the state has relatively positive progress, some still face problems related to their religious identity. One of the followers of belief groups that still receive religious discrimination is the Sapta Darma community in Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia. For example, the followers of Sapta Darma in this region face problems of the availability of cemetery for their deceased members, while just like some other religions; a burial ground is an important part of their religious ritual and identity. This article attempts to explain what restrictions prevent the Sapta Darma community from obtaining cemetery land for their members and what the Sapta Darma community has conducted to settle the problem. This article is based on qualitative research that was conducted in Brebes. This article shows that the availability of Public Cemetery (TPU) and some people’s acceptance of this community serve as the main restriction for the Sapta Darma community to fulfill their need for cemetery land. To settle this problem, they have made some attempts, including seeking the state’s recognition and solution independently.

Referral reward programs (RRPs) are a widely used tool to stimulate word-of-mouth. However, marketers still face a dilemma—while incentivization encourages senders to make referrals, recipients often react negatively towards such incentives. We propose a solution—referral scarcity—to improve referral effectiveness depending on thinking style. Three experiments show that limiting the number of referral rewards makes holistic-thinking recipients feel more special, boosting their referral acceptance and RRP evaluations. We replicate these effects across various contexts and in the relationship norm most common for referrals—exchange norm. Our findings theoretically contribute to the research on incentivized word-of-mouth, scarcity appeals, and thinking styles. We also demonstrate how marketers can adopt sender-benefiting referral rewards to maximize its dissemination and acceptance while identifying the consumer segment where it would be most effective.

Although cancer survival rates are improving, pediatric patients with cancer still face numerous stressors. Using an integrative approach, a literature review was conducted to identify stressors and synthesize effective coping strategies among pediatric patients with cancer. The CINAHL® Complete, ProQuest, and PubMed® databases were searched for relevant studies using key terms. Eight studies were included in the final analysis. Three factors contributing to everyday stressors of pediatric patients with cancer and four major coping categories were identified.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been widely adopted for clinical HLA typing and advanced immunogenetics researches. Current methodologies still face challenges in resolving cis-trans ambiguity involving distant variant positions, and the turnaround time is affected by testing volume and batching. Nanopore sequencing may become a promising addition to the existing options for HLA typing. The technology delivered by the MinION sequencer of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) can record the ionic current changes during the translocation of DNA/RNA strands through transmembrane pores and translate the signals to sequence reads. It features simple and flexible library preparations, long sequencing reads, portable and affordable sequencing devices, and rapid, real-time sequencing. However, the error rate of the sequencing reads is high and remains a hurdle for its broad application. This review article will provide a brief overview of this technology and then focus on the opportunities and challenges of using nanopore sequencing for high-resolution HLA typing and immunogenetics research.

Industrial-scale pharmaceutical applications still face many challenges in overcoming the low absorption and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Hot-melt extrusion has emerged as a promising approach with continuous processing on an industrial scale for the preparation of drug delivery systems. Many reviews have mentioned the potential applications, processes, principles and advantages and disadvantages of hot-melt extrusion in the pharmaceutical industry. However, a focus on the recent progress of hot-melt extrusion, which investigates the impacts of processes and formulations of solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble drugs, is missing. In this review, various factors, including polymers, drug properties, additives and surfactants, in solid dispersion SD formulations by hot-melt extrusion will be discussed. Moreover, the effects of the hot-melt extrusion process on the physicochemical properties of solid dispersions will be mentioned. The utilization of molecular interactions in hot-melt extrusion to improve drug stability will also be described. Overall, this summary of recent studies on solid dispersion by hot-melt extrusion will provide perspectives and effectiveness for the development of formulations containing poorly water-soluble drugs.

Titanium and its alloys are widely used in different biomaterial applications due to their remarkable mechanical properties and bio-inertness. However, titanium-based materials still face some challenges, with an emphasis on hemocompatibility. Blood-contacting devices such as stents, heart valves, and circulatory devices are prone to thrombus formation, restenosis, and inflammation due to inappropriate blood–implant surface interactions. After implantation, when blood encounters these implant surfaces, a series of reactions takes place, such as protein adsorption, platelet adhesion and activation, and white blood cell complex formation as a defense mechanism. Currently, patients are prescribed anticoagulant drugs to prevent blood clotting, but these drugs can weaken their immune system and cause profound bleeding during injury. Extensive research has been done to modify the surface properties of titanium to enhance its hemocompatibility. Results have shown that the modification of surface morphology, roughness, and chemistry has been effective in reducing thrombus formation. The main focus of this review is to analyze and understand the different modification techniques on titanium-based surfaces to enhance hemocompatibility and, consequently, recognize the unresolved challenges and propose scopes for future research., This manuscript aims to explore the hemocompatibility of titanium surfaces for achieving enhanced implant life. The surface treatment techniques investigated have shown that different surface properties can be tuned to improve hemocompatibility.

espanolEn este trabajo se presenta un estudio de los terminos espanoles usados por George Borrow en una de las tres versiones de su traduccion al calo de un fragmento del Evangelio de San Lucas, mediante su comparacion con las soluciones que ofrecen las otras dos versiones. Dicho estudio brinda un curioso panorama de la evolucion lexica del calo de Borrow, en el que parecen mezclarse los vocablos espanoles tomados de diversas fuentes con las invenciones de terminos calos o los prestamos de otros dialectos del romani. Todo ello apunta a la dificultad actual con que nos encontramos de cara al estudio de esta lengua tan relacionada con el espanol. EnglishThis work presents a study on the Spanish terms used by George Borrow in one of the three versions of his translation of a fragment of St Luke’s Gospel into Calo, of a fragment of the Saints Luke’s Gospel, by means of a comparison with the solutions offered in the other two versions. This study offers a revealing overview of the lexical evolution of Borrow’s Calo, in which Spanish words seem to mix up with the inventions of terms or loans from other Romani dialects. All of this points to the current difficulty that we still face when studying Calo.

The outbreak of a new coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) has caused global pandemic that lead to a dramatic changed of education system, including Buddhist education. During the covid-19 pandemic, Buddhist educators are required to made tireless efforts to maintain learning continuity. Besides, the educators also should be able to adapt new pedagogical concepts and modes of delivering their teaching. This research is carried out a literature study to explore the role of educators in the effort of education transformation and the development of Buddhist students in the covid-19 pandemic. It is found that those educators still face various kinds of obstacles that need to be solved, such as (1) lack of skill and knowledge to carry out the teaching and learning process properly in accordance with the situation of covid-19 pandemic situation; (2) the availability of Buddhist teaching-learning sources in Bahasa Indonesia; (3) frequent changes of the curriculum; and (4) low education budgets to conducted online teaching and learning process, particularly in the remote areas. The results of this study contribute practical insights for educators, especially Buddhist educators in maximizing their role to transform and develop Buddhist students in the covid-19 pandemic.

Although mindfulness in parenting has been recognized as important for some time, there is a dearth of measurement tools, especially for caregivers of infants. Two studies were conducted: (1) developing and providing an initial psychometric evaluation of the Mindful Parenting in Infancy Scale (MPIS) and (2) reproducing initial findings with an independent sample of infants and caregivers. In Study 1, 37 caregivers of infants (3-12 months of age) responded to MPIS, providing indicators of parenting stress and infant temperament. Study 2 caregivers (N = 57) responded to identical measures, with infant electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during the Still Face Procedure, along with a baseline condition. Study 1 results indicated good internal consistency, with Study 2 providing additional support for reliability. Correlations with parenting stress markers were also significant across both investigations, indicative of greater stress with lower levels of mindfulness. A number of correlations with temperament scores were also significant, and in the hypothesized direction, across both studies. Importantly, the MPIS score was predictive of infant frontal EEG asymmetry in a path model examined in the context of Study 2. Thus, the present investigation provides support for MPIS as a promising brief measurement tool based on results obtained with two independent samples.

In the past few years, Ecuador has experienced legal changes toward the recognition of sexual minority rights. However, lesbian and gay (LG) individuals and couples still face legal obstacles to become parents and social barriers that place their families in disadvantage compared to their heterosexual counterparts. To date, it is not known whether the legal changes reflect society’s move toward a more progressive and accepting climate. This study analyzed the attitudes toward LG parenting in an Ecuadorian online-recruited sample. Three hundred thirty-eight (338) participants answered an online questionnaire about the negative effects and the benefits of having LG parents. The strongest belief among participants was that children of LG parents would be victimized because of their parents’ sexual orientation. Analyses indicated differences in attitudes based on age, sexual orientation, marital status, education level, as well as religiosity. Finally, regression models suggested that beliefs about the origins of sexual orientation and contact with LG people predicted attitude scores. Implications of these findings are discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Today, nanocrystals enclosed by high-index facets (HIFs) are attracting widely attentions of researchers due to their tremendous potential in the field of catalysis, especially in electrocatalysis, such as electro-oxidation of small organic molecule (such as formic acid, methanol, and ethanol), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), as well as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the practical applications of nanocrystals enclosed by HIFs still face many limitations in preparations of advanced electrocatalysts, including preparation strategy, limited life-time and stability. The development of advanced electrocatalysts enclosed with HIFs is crucial for solving these problems if the large-scale application of them is to be realized. Herein, we firstly detailedly demonstrate the identification methods of nanocrystals enclosed by HIFs, and then preparation strategies are elaborated in detail in this review. Current advanced nanocrystals enclosed by HIFs in electrocatalytic application are also summarized and we present representative achievements to further reveal the relationship of excellent electrocatalytic performance and nanocrystals with HIFs. Finally, we predict the remaining challenges and present our perspectives with regards of design strategies of improving electrocatalytic performance of Pt-based catalysts in the future.

Despite global commitments of policy makers to improve maternal health through capacity strengthening and provision of high-quality reproductive health services, family planning services still face great challenges in Africa. A nationwide cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in Benin involving health facilities showed gaps in Knowledge Attitudes and Practices (KAP) in meeting family planning guidelines. A total of 446 health providers were interviewed. Data analysis relied on the calculation of tertiles and chi-square tests were computed to assess the differences at 5% level of significance. Results reveal that most health providers (92.9%) showed a good knowledge of the standard guidelines of FP, one fourth (23.4%) showed a wrong knowledge of the advantages and about half (51.6%) of them lacked extended knowledge of FP methods. Results also underscore discrepancies between most providers' attitudes and existing FP guidelines which were in line with the inadequate practices showed by half of respondents. Results underscore the need for the development and implementation of basic training programs and capacity strengthening interventions toward health providers in order to improve performances of FP services in Benin.

Coordinating breast cancer treatment is a complex task that can overwhelm patients and their support networks. Though the Cancer Patient Navigator (CPN) program in Nova Scotia (NS) provides professional assistance to patients, certain groups of patients may still face barriers to accessing its services. Employing interviews and a modified Delphi approach with CPN participants, this study sought to identify factors associated with the need for navigation to help better target CPN program referrals among breast cancer patients. Six CPNs were recruited directly through the CPN program manager for interviews and surveys. The CPNs identified 27 different factors, which were divided into 4 categories: sociodemographic, psychological, clinical and health systems. While these patient factors (particularly sociodemographic) are not directly modifiable, awareness of their association with the need for navigation could be used to better target patients with a high need for navigation for referral to CPN services.

The Still-face Paradigm has been widely used for the assessment of emotion regulation in infants, as well as for the study of the mother-child relationship. Given the close bond that dogs have with...

Silicon (Si) is known as an advanced anode material in the application of high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, Si-based anodes still face many challenges in practical applications, su...

The diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disease in pet guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus still face profoundly serious challenges owing to their relatively small size, conspicuous clinical signs, difficulty for sampling, and insufficient scientific evidence to correlate signs and particular pathologies. This article is intended to summarize the available information on the relevant anatomy, physiology, and respiratory pathology in these species.

Proper adoption of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) has been inextricably linked to global financial market penetration and economic development. Yet most of the developing countries still face some challenges in its adoption. Various studies have examined the benefits and challenges of IFRS adoption. The organization and culture, resistance to change, knowledge of IFRS and government policy has dominated the discourse on the challenges of IFRS adoption in developing countries. As we consider the shift in discourse towards the developing countries, this paper explore the empirical analysis studies that analyzing the challenges hindering the proper adoption of IFRS, and its implication for financial market development and economic growth. This paper develops the main issues that pose a challenge to IFRS adoption in developing country like Iraq by reviewing the existing empirical evidence in the literature

Efforts to improve the quality of education continue to be carried out systematically. This educational renewal is a conscious effort that is deliberately carried out with the aim of seriously improving educational practice but the current reality shows that in the field of education we still face problems, namely the low quality of output produced. Likewise in the learning process in class. Teachers often face students who have low learning motivation, which also affects their low learning achievement. Another fact also shows that the teaching methods of teachers in the classroom tend to be monotonous and do not vary. Based on this background, the researchers compiled this research with the aim of: 1) To determine the increase in mathematics learning outcomes about fractions through Problem Solving at SDN Cimanuk 1, Cimanuk District. 2) To improve teacher professionalism and performance. The subjects in this study were 24 grade IV students with details of 13 women and 11 women. The results of this study indicate an increase in student learning outcomes from each cycle, seen from the initial cycle only 13 students or 54.2% who completed learning, after the improvement in cycle I increased to 19 students or 79.2%, as well as the second cycle. significantly increased to 24 students or 100% who complete the study. This shows that Problem Solving can improve student learning outcomes in mathematics about fractions of class IV odd semester SDN Cimanuk 1, Cimanuk District, Pandeglang Regency

Over the last two decades, declines in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) recruitment and growth in many areas of the Laurentian Great Lakes have raised concerns about the status of this important species. Although Lake Superior populations have been less affected than those in other Great Lakes, these populations still face multiple threats. We characterized lake whitefish diets collected off the Keweenaw Peninsula between 2015 and 2017 and compared results to previous Lake Superior studies. We additionally estimated length-weight relationships to determine whether lake whitefish body condition (i.e., expected weight-at-length) had changed since the 1980s. Diet diversity was low, although individual specialization was moderate to high. Fish transitioned from consuming Diporeia in the spring to Mysis and fish eggs during fall and winter; sphaeriids composed 20–30% of diets across all seasons. Compared to findings for other Lake Superior regions, lake whitefish diets comprised lower percentages of high energy items (e.g., Diporeia, Mysis) and higher percentages of low energy items (e.g., sphaeriids). Expected weights in the 2000s and 2010s were lower in the 400- and 500-mm length groups but similar in larger lengths groups compared to the 1980s; condition was highest across all lengths in the 1990s. The observed decline in condition since the 1990s in the 400- and 500-mm length groups, in combination with possibly greater consumption of less energetically profitable items, suggests that lake whitefish

Shared Decision-Making (SDM) is one of the key components of patient-centred care. People diagnosed with schizophrenia/psychosis still face significant barriers to achieving this, particularly when...

Many Italian gay and lesbian individuals have the desire to become parents, despite the fact that they still face barriers due to the low acceptance of same-sex parenthood. This study investigates the desire and motivation of same-sex couples to have children. The sample consists of 31 same-sex couples (17 lesbian couples and 14 gay male couples) and 31 heterosexual couples. All the participants were childless at the time of the study and had been involved in their current relationship for at least two years. We used the Parenthood Motivation List (PML) to assess motivations underlying the desire to have children. The results showed that both groups wanted to have children and considered the same motivations to be important for parenthood. We discovered that happiness, well-being, and parenthood were important for same-sex parenthood, while social control was considered less important. In addition, gay men and lesbians had lower scores for well-being and identity.

How does the symbolic power of a female president affect female parliamentary behavior? Whereas female descriptive representation has increased around the world, women parliamentarians still face significant discrimination and stereotyping, inhibiting their ability to have a real voice and offer “thick” representation to women voters. We leverage the case of Malawi, a case where the presidency changed hands from a man to a woman through a truly exogenous shock, to study the effect of a female president on female parliamentary behavior. Drawing on unique parliamentary transcripts data, we argue and show that women MPs under a female president become empowered and less confined to stereotypical gendered issue-ownership patterns, leading to a significant increase in female MP speech making. Our results directly address theories of symbolic representation by focusing particularly on intraelite role-model effects.

Because of their outstanding electrocatalytic activity, M–N–C catalysts have got increasing attention, especially for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nevertheless, M–N–C catalysts still face the g...

Women academics have represented half of the academic body at Chinese higher education institutions since 2018. However, national and international scientific research on women academics in China has been limited, in contrast with the numerous international publications on women academics working in European, Oceanian, and North American higher education systems. Motivated by this relative lack, this study takes a historical perspective to analyze the role played and the expectations and challenges faced by women academics in Chinese higher education. We organize this history into three periods: (1) the emergence of the modern, Western-influenced university, starting at the beginning of the twentieth century; (2) the creation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949; and (3) the contemporary period, beginning with China’s opening up in the late 1970s. For each of these periods, the study identifies how traditions, changing cultural and societal beliefs concerning gender, and the development of the higher education system in China transformed the role, positioning and activities of women academics. This study contributes to a better understanding of the current status of women academics in China, what has changed, and the challenges they still face to gain further prominence in the country’s fast-developing higher education system.

Ionospheric anomalies, like large ionospheric gradients, might produce a difference between the ionospheric error experienced by the Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) reference station and the aircraft on approach. This ionospheric delay difference could lead to hazardous position errors if undetected. For that reason, the GBAS Approach Service Types (GAST) C and D provide solutions against this threat, but the methods employed still face challenges by limiting the availability in certain cases, especially in regions with severe ionospheric conditions. This issue is caused by the use of very conservative ionospheric threat models derived based on the worst-ever-experienced ionospheric gradients in the relevant region. However, these worst-case gradients occur very rarely. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology capable of detecting ionospheric gradients in real-time and estimating their parameters in near real-time by using a wide area network of dual-frequency and multi-constellation GNSS monitoring stations. Hence, the GBAS stations could use this information to update the threat model currently applied in their algorithms, which would result in an improvement of the GBAS availability in regions where it is degraded. The detection and estimation algorithm is initially theoretically explained. Then, the performance of this algorithm is evaluated with simulated gradients and with a real gradient, utilizing for both the real measurements recorded by a reference network in Alaska. The synthetic gradients are simulated over the nominal real measurements from this network and all the gradient parameters are modified within their ranges in the already existing threat models. In this way, we assess the performance of our algorithm by comparing the differences between the known simulated gradient parameters and the parameters estimated by our algorithm. Additionally, we also evaluate our algorithm with one real ionospheric gradient measured by the same network in Alaska to study the differences between using simulated gradients and real gradients. Results with both simulated gradients and the real gradient show the potential of our methodology to support GBAS stations by detecting and estimating the ionospheric gradients instead of using worst case models all the time.

Despite extensive evidence-based guidelines, clinicians still face many barriers to reducing the incidence of obesity. Recognizing that obesity is a chronic disease will allow clinicians to properly treat patients and bill for reimbursement. With enhanced education, knowledge of reimbursement, and a push for legislation, physician assistants can pave the way to reducing rates of obesity in adults.