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BackgroundSuicide is the second most common cause of death among adolescents and young adults. In the pediatric population, gunshot wounds (GSWs) and hangings are common mechanisms of pediatric suicide. Comorbid psychiatric illness is prevalent in this population, but psychiatric resource utilization after self-inflicted traumatic injury is not well characterized.MethodsWe analyzed patients

IntroductionFetal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair improves lower extremity motor function. We have previously demonstrated that augmentation of fetal MMC repair with placental mesenchymal stromal cells (PMSCs) seeded on extracellular matrix (PMSC-ECM) further improves motor function in the ovine model. However, little progress has been made in improving bowel and bladder function, with many patients suffering from neurogenic bowel and bladder. We hypothesized that fetal MMC repair with PMSC-ECM would also improve bowel and bladder function.MethodsMMC defects were surgically created in twelve ovine fetuses at median gestational age (GA) 73 days, followed by defect repair at GA101 with PMSC-ECM. Fetuses were delivered at GA141. Primary bladder function outcomes were voiding posture and void volumes. Primary bowel function outcome was anorectal manometry findings including resting anal pressure and presence of rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR). Secondary outcomes were anorectal and bladder detrusor muscle thickness. PMSC-ECM lambs were compared to normal lambs (n = 3).ResultsEighty percent of PMSC-ECM lambs displayed normal voiding posture compared to 100% of normal lambs (p = 1). Void volumes were similar (PMSC-ECM 6.1 ml/kg vs. normal 8.8 ml/kg, p = 0.4). Resting mean anal pressures were similar between cohorts (27.0 mmHg PMSC-ECM vs. normal 23.5 mmHg, p = 0.57). RAIR was present in 3/5 PMSC-ECM lambs that underwent anorectal manometry and all normal lambs (p = 0.46). Thicknesses of anal sphincter complex, rectal wall muscles, and bladder detrusor muscles were similar between cohorts.ConclusionOvine fetal MMC repair augmented with PMSC-ECM results in near-normal bowel and bladder function. Further work is needed to evaluate these outcomes in human patients.

IntroductionThe Management of Myelomeningocele Study demonstrated that in utero repair of myelomeningocele improved motor outcomes compared with postnatal repair. However, even after in utero repair, many children were still unable to walk. We have previously demonstrated that augmentation of in utero repair with early-gestation placental mesenchymal stromal cells (PMSCs) improves motor outcomes in lambs compared with standard in utero repair. The neuroprotective potential of PMSCs of all gestational ages has not been evaluated previously.MethodsPMSCs were isolated from discarded first trimester (n = 3), second trimester (n = 3), and term (n = 3) placentas by explant culture. Cytokine array analysis was performed. Secretion of two neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hepatocyte growth factor, was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An in vitro neuroprotective assay demonstrated to be associated with in vivo function was performed.ResultsAll cell lines secreted immunomodulatory and neuroprotective cytokines and secreted the neurotrophic factors evaluated. Increased neuroprotective capabilities relative to no PMSCs were demonstrated in two of the three first trimester cell lines (5.61, 4.96-6.85, P

BackgroundWhile fetal repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) revolutionized management, many children are still unable to walk independently. Preclinical studies demonstrated that research-grade placental mesenchymal stromal cells (PMSCs) prevent paralysis in fetal ovine MMC, however this had not been replicated with clinical-grade cells that could be used in an upcoming human clinical trial. We tested clinical-grade PMSCs seeded on an extracellular matrix (PMSC-ECM) in the gold standard fetal ovine model of MMC.MethodsThirty-five ovine fetuses underwent MMC defect creation at a median of 76 days gestational age, and defect repair at 101 days gestational age with application of clinical-grade PMSC-ECM (3 × 105 cells/cm2, n = 12 fetuses), research-grade PMSC-ECM (3 × 105 cells/cm2, three cell lines with n = 6 (Group 1), n = 6 (Group 2), and n = 3 (Group 3) fetuses, respectively) or ECM without PMSCs (n = 8 fetuses). Three normal lambs underwent no surgical interventions. The primary outcome was motor function measured by the Sheep Locomotor Rating scale (SLR, range 0: complete paralysis to 15: normal ambulation) at 24 h of life. Correlation of lumbar spine large neuron density with SLR was evaluated.ResultsClinical-grade PMSC-ECM lambs had significantly better motor function than ECM-only lambs (SLR 14.5 vs. 6.5, p = 0.04) and were similar to normal lambs (14.5 vs. 15, p = 0.2) and research-grade PMSC-ECM lambs (Group 1: 14.5 vs. 15, p = 0.63; Group 2: 14.5 vs. 14.5, p = 0.86; Group 3: 14.5 vs. 15, p = 0.50). Lumbar spine large neuron density was strongly correlated with motor function (r = 0.753, p

IntroductionFirearm injuries are a major public health concern. Safe firearm storage is recommended by multiple medical organizations. However, rates of firearm safety counseling are particularly low among trauma providers. Educational initiatives for other provider groups have proven to be effective. We hypothesized that educating trauma providers to offer safety counseling would be similarly effective.MethodsWe developed a didactic session around safe firearm storage counseling for trauma providers consisting of a lecture followed by an interactive session with standardized patients. Session participants completed pre- and postsurveys evaluating their knowledge about firearm storage, self-efficacy in providing firearm storage counseling, and attitudes towards firearm safety. We compared differences between pre- and postsurvey data using chi-square tests.ResultsThe didactic session was delivered to target trauma providers: three trauma nurse practitioners, 42 general surgery residents, and 26 emergency medicine residents. After the session, participants were more likely to know the optimal way to safely store a firearm and to be confident in effectively counseling patients about safe firearm storage. Learners were not more likely to believe that providers have a responsibility to counsel patients on firearm safety.DiscussionA didactic session on safe firearm storage counseling was associated with increased rates of knowledge and self-efficacy. The session did not change attitudes among trauma providers, although, prior to the session, most providers already believed they had a responsibility to counsel patients on safe firearm storage. Similar curricula should be piloted at other trauma centers.

PurposeAugmentation of in utero myelomeningocele repair with human placental mesenchymal stromal cells seeded onto extracellular matrix (PMSC-ECM) improves motor outcomes in an ovine myelomeningocele model. This study evaluated the safety of PMSC-ECM application directly onto the fetal spinal cord in preparation for a clinical trial.MethodsLaminectomy of L5-L6 with PMSC-ECM placement directly onto the spinal cord was performed in five fetal lambs at gestational age (GA) 100-106 days. Lambs and ewes were monitored for three months following delivery. Lambs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine at birth and at three months. All organs from lambs and uteri from ewes underwent histologic evaluation. Lamb spinal cords and brains and ewe placentas were evaluated for persistence of PMSCs by polymerase chain reaction for presence of human DNA.ResultsMRIs demonstrated no evidence of abnormal tissue growth or spinal cord tethering. Histological analysis demonstrated no evidence of abnormal tissue growth or treatment related adverse effects. No human DNA was identified in evaluated tissues.ConclusionThere was no evidence of abnormal tissue growth or PMSC persistence at three months following in utero application of PMSC-ECM to the spinal cord. This supports proceeding with clinical trials of PMSC-ECM for in utero myelomeningocele repair.Level of evidenceN/A TYPE OF STUDY: Basic science.

BackgroundSurgeons frequently care for children who have sustained gunshot wounds (GSWs). However, firearm safety education is not a focus in general surgery training. We hypothesised that firearm safety discussions do not routinely take place when children present to a trauma centre with a GSW.MethodA retrospective review of patients

BackgroundMyelomeningocele (MMC) is the congenital failure of neural tube closure in utero, for which the standard of care is prenatal surgical repair. We developed clinical-grade placental mesenchymal stromal cells seeded on a dural extracellular matrix (PMSC-ECM), which have been shown to improve motor outcomes in preclinical ovine models. To evaluate the long-term safety of this product prior to use in a clinical trial, we conducted safety testing in a murine model.MethodsClinical grade PMSCs obtained from donor human placentas were seeded onto a 6 mm diameter ECM at a density of 3 × 105 cells/cm2. Immunodeficient mice were randomized to receive either an ECM only or PMSC-ECM administered into a subcutaneous pocket. Mice were monitored for tumor formation until two study endpoints: 4 wk and 6 mo. Pathology and histology on all tissues was performed to evaluate for tumors. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to evaluate for the presence of human DNA, which would indicate persistence of PMSCs.ResultsFifty-four mice were included; 13 received ECM only and 14 received PMSC-ECM in both the 4-wk and 6-mo groups. No mice had gross or microscopic evidence of tumor development. A nodular focus of mature fibrous connective tissue was identified at the subcutaneous implantation pocket in the majority of mice with no significant difference between ECM only and PMSC-ECM groups (P = 0.32 at 4 wk, P > 0.99 at 6 mo). Additionally, no human DNA was detected by qPCR in any mice at either time point.ConclusionsSubcutaneous implantation of the PMSC-ECM product did not result in tumor formation and we found no evidence that PMSCs persisted. These results support the safety of the PMSC-ECM product for use in a Phase 1/2a human clinical trial evaluating fetal MMC repair augmented with PMSC-ECM.

BackgroundThere is little information on the effects of Pseudomonas infection on outcomes in perforated appendicitis. As Pseudomonas is not covered by many empiric appendicitis antibiotic regiments, we hypothesized that children with Pseudomonas would have worse outcomes.MethodsPatients

BackgroundNoncompressible torso hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable death on the battlefield. Intra-aortic balloon occlusion was first used in combat in the 1950s, but military use was rare before Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. During these wars, the combination of an increasing number of deployed vascular surgeons and a significant rise in deaths from hemorrhage resulted in novel adaptations of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) technology, increasing its potential application in combat. We describe the background of REBOA development in response to a need for minimally invasive intervention for hemorrhage control and provide a detailed review of all published cases (n = 47) of REBOA use for combat casualties. The current limitations of REBOA are described, including distal ischemia and reperfusion injury, as well as ongoing research efforts to adapt REBOA for prolonged use in the austere setting.Level of evidenceLevel V.

BackgroundTraumatic abdominal wall hernia (TAWH) in children is an uncommon injury and most commonly occurs after blunt abdominal trauma. There is no consensus on the management of these rare cases. We performed a systematic review of the literature to describe injuries, management, and outcomes.Materials and methodsFollowing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar was performed to identify English-language publications of blunt TAWH in patients

BackgroundThe inherent morbidity associated with fetal ovine models of myelomeningocele (MMC) has created challenges for long-term survival of lambs. We aimed to develop a fetal ovine surgical spinal exposure model which could be used to evaluate long-term safety after direct spinal cord application of novel therapeutics for augmentation of in utero MMC repair.MethodsAt gestational age (GA) 100-106, fetal lambs underwent surgical intervention. Laminectomy of L5-L6 was performed, dura was removed, and an experimental product was directly applied to the spinal cord. Paraspinal muscles and skin were closed and the fetus was returned to the uterus. Lambs were delivered via cesarean section at GA 140-142. Lambs were survived for 3 months with regular evaluation of motor function by the sheep locomotor rating scale. Spinal angulation was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging at 2 weeks and 3 months.ResultsFive fetal surgical intervention lambs and 6 control lambs who did not undergo surgical intervention were included. All lambs survived to the study endpoint of 3 months. No lambs had motor function abnormalities or increased spinal angulation.ConclusionThis model allows for long-term survival after fetal spinal cord exposure with product application directly onto the spinal cord.

IntroductionTranslational models of myelomeningocele (MMC) are needed to test novel in utero interventions. An ideal animal model for MMC has locomotor function at birth and is low cost enough to allow for high throughput. The rat MMC model is limited by immature locomotor function at birth. The ovine MMC model is a costly surgical model. Guinea pigs are uniquely suited for an MMC model being a small animal model with locomotor function at birth. We aimed to develop a retinoic acid (RA) model of MMC in the guinea pig and to evaluate if pregnant guinea pigs could tolerate uterine manipulation.MethodsTime-mated Dunkin Hartley guinea pig dams were dosed with 60 mg/kg of RA between gestation age (GA) 12 and 15 days in the development of an RA model. Fetuses were grossly evaluated for MMC lesions at Cesarean section after GA 31 days. Evaluation of the ability of pregnant guinea pig dams to tolerate uterine surgical intervention was performed by hysterotomy of a separated group of time-mated guinea pigs at GA 45, 50, and 55.ResultsForty-two pregnant guinea pigs were dosed with RA, with a total of 189 fetuses. The fetal demise rate was 38% (n = 71). A total of 118 fetuses were viable, 83% (n = 98) were normal fetuses, 8% (n = 10) had a neural tube defect, and 8% (n = 10) had a hematoma or other anomalies. No fetuses developed an MMC defect. None of the fetuses that underwent hysterotomy survived to term.ConclusionRA dosed at 60 mg/kg in guinea pigs between GA 12 and 15 did not result in MMC. Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs did not tolerate a hysterotomy near term in our surgical model. Further work is needed to determine if MMC can be induced in guinea pigs with alternate RA dosing.