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Biallelic pathogenic variants in the PNPLA6 gene cause a broad spectrum of disorders leading to gait disturbance, visual impairment, anterior hypopituitarism and hair anomalies. PNPLA6 encodes neuropathy target esterase (NTE), yet the role of NTE dysfunction on affected tissues in the large spectrum of associated disease remains unclear. We present a systematic evidence-based review of a novel cohort of 23 new patients along with 95 reported individuals with PNPLA6 variants that implicate missense variants as a driver of disease pathogenesis. Measuring esterase activity of 46 disease-associated and 20 common variants observed across PNPLA6-associated clinical diagnoses unambiguously reclassified 36 variants as pathogenic and 10 variants as likely pathogenic, establishing a robust functional assay for classifying PNPLA6 variants of unknown significance. Estimating the overall NTE activity of affected individuals revealed a striking inverse relationship between NTE activity and the presence of retinopathy and endocrinopathy. This phenomenon was recaptured in vivo in an allelic mouse series, where a similar NTE threshold for retinopathy exists. Thus, PNPLA6 disorders, previously considered allelic, are a continuous spectrum of pleiotropic phenotypes defined by an NTE genotype:activity:phenotype relationship. This relationship, and the generation of a preclinical animal model, pave the way for therapeutic trials, using NTE as a biomarker., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain 2024.)

We present single-shot high-performance quantitative phase imaging with a physics-inspired plug-and-play denoiser for polarization differential interference contrast (PDIC) microscopy. The quantitative phase is recovered by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), balancing total variance regularization and a pre-trained dense residual U-net (DRUNet) denoiser. The custom DRUNet uses the Tanh activation function to guarantee the symmetry requirement for phase retrieval. In addition, we introduce an adaptive strategy accelerating convergence and explicitly incorporating measurement noise. After validating this deep denoiser-enhanced PDIC microscopy on simulated data and phantom experiments, we demonstrated high-performance phase imaging of histological tissue sections. The phase retrieval by the denoiser-enhanced PDIC microscopy achieves significantly higher quality and accuracy than the solution based on Fourier transforms or the iterative solution with total variance regularization alone., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2023 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.)

Biallelic pathogenic variants in the PNPLA6 gene cause a broad spectrum of disorders leading to gait disturbance, visual impairment, anterior hypopituitarism, and hair anomalies. PNPLA6 encodes Neuropathy target esterase (NTE), yet the role of NTE dysfunction on affected tissues in the large spectrum of associated disease remains unclear. We present a clinical meta-analysis of a novel cohort of 23 new patients along with 95 reported individuals with PNPLA6 variants that implicate missense variants as a driver of disease pathogenesis. Measuring esterase activity of 46 disease-associated and 20 common variants observed across PNPLA6 -associated clinical diagnoses unambiguously reclassified 10 variants as likely pathogenic and 36 variants as pathogenic, establishing a robust functional assay for classifying PNPLA6 variants of unknown significance. Estimating the overall NTE activity of affected individuals revealed a striking inverse relationship between NTE activity and the presence of retinopathy and endocrinopathy. This phenomenon was recaptured in vivo in an allelic mouse series, where a similar NTE threshold for retinopathy exists. Thus, PNPLA6 disorders, previously considered allelic, are a continuous spectrum of pleiotropic phenotypes defined by an NTE genotype:activity:phenotype relationship. This relationship and the generation of a preclinical animal model pave the way for therapeutic trials, using NTE as a biomarker.

Objective: To examine factors that influence uptake of expanded carrier screening (ECS) among women undergoing preconception and prenatal genetic counseling., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 500 medical records from women with prenatal or preconception genetic counseling at a prenatal genetic counseling service. We tabulated acceptance of ECS by indication for genetic counseling along with demographic and pregnancy-related factors., Results: ECS was offered to 483 of 500 women, and 192 (39.8%) accepted. Of the 67 women counseled preconceptionally, 46 (68.7%) accepted ECS. This was significantly more than for 416 women counseled during pregnancy, of whom 146 (35.1%) accepted (P ≤ 0.001). For pregnant patients, the mean gestational age of those accepting ECS (12 weeks 3 days; n = 146) was significantly lower than those declining (13 weeks 4 days; n = 270; P ≤ 0.001). The acceptance rates were 7 of 12 (58.3%, P = 0.195) for Ashkenazi Jewish women, 12 of 41 (29.3%; P = 0.186) for Asian women, and 7 of 25 (28.0%; P = 0.241) for women of mixed ethnicity., Conclusions: These results suggest that receiving genetic counseling prior to or earlier in the first trimester is associated with acceptance of ECS and support the importance of early genetic counseling about carrier screening options., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objective: Prenatal and preconception care guidelines recommend obtaining family history to screen for reproductive genetic risk. The effectiveness of this screening and subsequent referral for genetic counseling is not well established. This study describes how often pregnant women with reproductive genetic risks were not referred for prenatal genetic counseling and the indications frequently missed., Method: We retrospectively reviewed genetic consultation medical records for first-trimester screen pretest counseling. These women had no documented indications for genetic counseling. We used the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics referral guidelines for genetic counseling to identify missed indications within the parents' personal and family histories. Patients with advanced maternal age were excluded., Results: We reviewed 416 consultation notes. The counselor elicited a genetic risk for which a referral had not been made in 27% of the pregnant women. Of these, 70% were genetic risks in the family history, 23% in the couple's history, and 7% in the prenatal history. The most common missed indications were personal or family history of birth defects (38%), intellectual disability or autism (19%), and a prior positive genetic carrier screening test (14%)., Conclusion: Genetic risk factors are not consistently identified as a referral indication for reproductive genetic counseling. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Until recently, the prenatal detection of genetic disease was available to only a subset of the pregnant population deemed to be at an increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities or, more rarely, other genetic disorders, based on family history, multiple-marker screening or ultrasound findings. Guided by recent data that indicate that screening for Down syndrome has improved and that risks of invasive procedures are smaller than previously ascertained, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has recommended that all women have access to invasive prenatal diagnosis. The parallel development of newer genetic diagnostic technologies, such as chromosomal microarray analysis, has made it feasible to simultaneously test for more conditions than was possible with standard karyotype analysis complemented by targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization or mutation detection for specific conditions. In the pediatric and adult population, chromosomal microarray analysis has already been thoroughly evaluated and is now recommended as a first-line diagnostic test for clinically suspected genetic disorders. In this article, we review the current status of array-based comparative genomic hybridization use for prenatal diagnosis and predict that, in the future, it will replace karyotyping as a first-line test for detecting chromosomal abnormalities in the prenatal setting.

This paper describes the Pittsburgh Registry of Infant Multiplets (PRIM; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), the results of pilot research conducted in this registry, and the plans for future studies. The main focus of the registry is on psychological development and the risk for behavioral disorders. Particularly, characteristics associated with antisociality and the risk for substance use disorders (e.g., aggressivity, hyperactivity/impulsivity), as well as language development and other traits (e.g., dental health) are among the research targets.