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The red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) is one of the most cultivated species in the world. Extracts obtained from Kappaphycus (KAlv-sap) have been shown to promote plant growth as well as defense against abiotic stresses. The present study aimed to examine the regulation of photosynthesis and the genetic and metabolic mechanisms resulting from foliar and root application of KAlv-sap in rice plants (Oryza sativa). KAlv-sap was obtained from fresh algae cultivated in the bay of Ilha Grande, Paraty, Brazil, and previously well characterized. Experiments were performed using applications at 21 and 24 days after germination (DAG) with four treatments: control (without KAlv-sap); two foliar application treatments with 2% and 10% KAlv-sap (2% K-sapF and 10% KAlv-sapF, respectively); and root application treatment with 2% KAlv-sap (2% KAlv-sapR). Both foliar and root applications of KAlv-sap promoted improved photosynthetic efficiency transport and adaptive response to the stress, at least until 27 DAG. KAlv-sap application increased the uptake of N and K, leading to an increase in N-NO3- and amino-N. Such conditions promote increases in biomass production, growth, and root development. Root application of KAlv-sap stimulated the growth of plants at later times compared to foliar application and, in both cases, the pathways of action include the regulation of redox homeostasis. The results shed light on the pathways of action stimulated by aqueous extracts of Kappaphycus, contributing to the improvement of the agricultural bioinputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal touch represents the primal sensory experience between humans, fostering social bonding from the cradle to the death bed. In recent decades “affective touch” has been intensely studied, stimulated by the discovery of a population of mechanosensitive unmyelinated C-tactile afferents in mammalian skin. A lack of touch in childhood is associated with negative consequences for psychosocial and physical health and the benefits of professional touch techniques in the prevention and treatment of various diseases have been shown over and over again in clinical studies. However, its application in mainstream clinical applications remains limited. To bridge the gap between recent discoveries in touch research and clinical medicine, we propose the establishment of a new discipline: ‘Touch Medicine’. Here, we unfold the potential of Touch Medicine by focusing on the treatment of depression, which in our view is primarily a disorder of the lived body. Controlled studies and systematic reviews have demonstrated the antidepressant, anxiolytic and analgesic effects of specific massage techniques. Underlying mechanisms of action are currently under investigation, ranging from interoceptive, endocrinological, to stress-related or psychological underpinnings. Touch Medicine represents a novel interdisciplinary field connected to various medical specialities such as neonatology, pediatrics, pain medicine, neurology, psychiatry, and geriatrics – but also clinical psychology and psychosomatic medicine might benefit from the integration of these findings into their daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart rate (HR) and vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) are two distinct biomarkers of cardiac autonomic activity. Decreased cardiac vagal activity (or decreased HRV) in particular has been linked with impairments in the functional flexibility of the central autonomic network (CAN), resulting in impaired stress and emotion regulatory capacities. Decreased HRV is widely used as trait marker of psychopathology. Repetitive engagement in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescence correlates with both deficits in stress and emotion regulation, as well as decreased HRV. Existing research has, however, focused on short-term recordings of HR and HRV under resting and phasic conditions. In this study, we examined whether diurnal variation of cardiac autonomic activity, indexed by cosinor parameters of HR and HRV derived from 48 h of ambulatory ECG recording under natural conditions over a weekend, are altered in female adolescents with NSSI disorder compared to controls (HC; N = 30 per study group). Several important confounds, including physical activity, were controlled for. Female adolescents with NSSI show higher rhythm-adjusted 24 h mean levels and greater respective amplitude of HR, as well as lower rhythm-adjusted 24 h mean levels and smaller respective amplitude of HRV. Peak levels in both HR and HRV in the NSSI group were reached approximately 1 h later compared to HC. Severity of exposure to early life maltreatment might be linked with altered amplitudes of 24 h HR and HRV. Diurnal rhythms of cardiac autonomic activity might hold promise as objective indicators of disordered stress and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology, and as such should be investigated in future studies with rigorous assessment and control of potential confounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stress factors affecting different biochemical and physiological processes in plants, inhibiting plant growth, and greatly reducing productivity. During the last decade, silicon (Si) supplementation was intensively studied and now is proposed as one of the most convincing methods to improve plant tolerance to salt stress. In this review, we discuss recent papers investigating the role of Si in modulating molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes that are negatively affected by high salinity. Although multiple reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Si application in mitigating salt stress, the exact molecular mechanism underlying these effects is not yet well understood. In this review, we focus on the localisation of Si transporters and the mechanism of Si uptake, accumulation, and deposition to understand the role of Si in various relevant physiological processes. Further, we discuss the role of Si supplementation in antioxidant response, maintenance of photosynthesis efficiency, and production of osmoprotectants. Additionally, we highlight crosstalk of Si with other ions, lignin, and phytohormones. Finally, we suggest some directions for future work, which could improve our understanding of the role of Si in plants under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li‐rich Mn‐based layered oxides (LRLO) are considered promising cathode candidates for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, severe capacity/voltage fading and poor rate performance hinder their practical application. Herein, a microstructure engineering strategy is put forward to design the unique bayberry‐like Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 (LRLO‐S) cathode material, composed of a spherical core and the shell self‐assembled by radially oriented nanorods with intrinsic rapid electron and ion transport capability, benefiting to increase the electrochemical reaction kinetics during cycling. Meanwhile, the radial texturing of the nanorods in shell layer forms a natural protective interface constituted by thermodynamically stable (003) planes, resisting electrolyte corrosion effectively. Furthermore, the configuration of orderly self‐assembled nanorods can effectively regulate the stress and strain to stabilize the lattice framework, finally improves the cycling stability of LRLO. As a result, the elaborately designed LRLO‐S cathode delivers remarkable high‐rate long‐term cycling stability with high capacity retentions of 91.2% after 500 cycles at 1 C and of 81.3% after 1000 cycles at 5 C. More importantly, the voltage stability is enhanced greatly with a superior retention of 89.6% after cycling 500 times at 1 C. Here a valuable strategy is provided to develop intrinsic mechanically robust high‐performance Li‐rich‐layered cathode materials for advanced LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of stress play a crucial role in the development of psychotic symptoms, such as paranoia, and may stem in part from recovery deficits after stress exposure. However, it remains unclear whether deficient recovery causes a build-up of heightened stress levels that increases stress sensitivity and symptoms when exposed to another stressor. To test this, we investigated the effect of subjective stress recovery on the response to a subsequent stressor and paranoia. We applied two consecutive runs of the same combined physical and cognitive stressor separated by a recovery phase of 60 min in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 49). We repeatedly assessed self-reported stress, negative affect, heart rate, heart rate variability, salivary cortisol, and paranoia. Recovery of self-reported stress was defined as the geometric mean of the percentage changes of self-reported stress during recovery after the first stressor, and was regressed on the response to the second stressor controlling for self-reported stress during the first stressor. Lower subjective stress recovery predicted higher levels of self-reported stress, negative affect, and paranoia in response to the second stressor. The subjective stress recovery was not predictive of the physiological stress response (heart rate, heart rate variability, or salivary cortisol). Taken together, the findings indicate that recovery deficits could contribute to high levels of self-reported stress, negative affect, and paranoia in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and that the improvement of stress recovery could be a promising approach for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mentalising and stress regulation pose challenges for adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID), emphasising the importance of an intervention program. The study examined the effectiveness and social validity of the serious game 'You & I' in enhancing mentalising and stress regulation among adults with MBID. Method: A randomised controlled superiority trial with experimental and waitlist‐control groups was conducted with 159 adults with MBID (Mage = 36) at baseline, post‐test, and follow‐up. Analyses investigated the effects on aspects of mentalising, stress regulation, and social validity. Results: The experimental group showed decreased stress from negative interpersonal relations, while the control group experienced increased stress (d = 0.26). There were no significant effects on mentalising, but positive user expectations and experiences were reported. Conclusions: This initial study on 'You & I' provides limited evidence of its effectiveness for people with MBID, warranting further examination of the potential of serious games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Primary polydipsia is characterized by excessive fluid intake which may suppress vasopressin levels. It is speculated that suppressed vasopressin levels lead to a dysregulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis as vasopressin co‐modulates the HPA axis. However, data are contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate markers of the HPA axis in patients with primary polydipsia compared to healthy controls. Design: Exploratory analysis combining data from two different prospective observational studies. Patients: We included 34 patients with primary polydipsia (68% females, median aged 29.5 years (interquartile range, IQR: 26.0, 38.8) and 20 healthy controls (55% females, median age 24.0 years [IQR: 22.0, 27.2]). Measurements: The main outcome was difference in HPA axis activity assessed using circadian serum and salivary cortisol, 24‐h urinary free cortisol and cortisol levels before and after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation; vasopressin suppression was assessed measuring fasting copeptin levels between patients with primary polydipsia and healthy controls using Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. Results: No difference was seen in circadian serum cortisol levels (p =.9), urinary free cortisol levels (p =.17) and serum cortisol in response to ACTH stimulation (p =.77) between groups. Circadian salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower in patients with primary polydipsia compared to healthy controls with an estimated difference of −3.7 nmol/L (95% CI: −5.5, −1.8 nmol/L, p <.001). Fasting copeptin levels were significantly lower in patients with primary polydipsia compared to healthy volunteers (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our results suggest no difference in HPA axis activity between patients with primary polydipsia and healthy controls. The observed difference in salivary cortisol levels may be linked to a dilution effect in saliva rather than an altered stress axis considering the other findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite evidence of spirituality's protective benefits against psychological and physiological sequelae of stress, research has yet to provide empirical support for biological mechanisms of spiritually integrated interventions, thus limiting implementation in evidence-based Integrative Medicine approaches to illness. This study aims to provide evidence of physiological improvements in stress reactivity and recovery across the delivery of a spiritual?mind?body (SMB) intervention. Methods: This study examines heart rate variability (HRV) and self-report data collected before and after the delivery of a targeted preventive 8-week SMB wellness intervention (Awakened Awareness for Adolescents [AA-A]) to a nonclinically referred sample of emerging-adult undergraduates of a highly rigorous urban university. Participants (N?=?68; mean age?=?19) completed HRV collection across 5-min rest, stress, and recovery phases before and after delivering AA-A. Participants also completed a battery of validated self-report wellness and mental health measures, including the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), PTSD Civilian Checklist (PCL-C), Spiritual Transformation Scale (STS), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Results: Significant improvements in high-frequency HRV, low-frequency HRV, and the high-low-frequency ratio were observed across recovery periods. Post-intervention recovery HRV was associated with changes in PTSD symptoms, spiritual decline, and emotion regulation. Significant regression models supported associations between improvements in postgroup HRV and improvements in emotion regulation and spiritual decline. Conclusions: These findings suggest that AA-A may support a spiritual and psychological recovery process that promotes psychophysiological resilience from stress in emerging adult college students. Assessing spiritual functioning and applying spiritually integrated interventions may support healing across spiritual, psychological, and physical domains. This line of inquiry warrants further investigation to fully understand the role of spiritual and psychological recovery in physiological resilience and recovery from stress.

Repeated panic attacks are the core symptom of panic disorder and severely stressful for patients. Additional to the psychological response, the physiological symptoms are an important aspect of the experienced panic. However, data on the extent of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activation during panic attacks is inconsistent. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed at investigating the stress-axis activity in more detail by including Copeptin (CoP) as a stable surrogate parameter for the vasopressinergic hypothalamic activity during experimentally induced panic attacks in healthy adults (N = 21). During a placebo-controlled panic challenge with 35% CO 2 compared to normal air inhalation, we measured CoP and the peripheral effector hormones Adrenocorticotropic Releasing Hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in plasma along with the psychological response to panic anxiety. We analyzed hormonal secretion patterns, their correlations and individual panic ratings over time and explored differences between female and male participants. We found a significant CO 2 -induced increase of CoP plasma levels and psychological panic symptoms after CO 2 -administration, while no positive correlations of CoP levels with the peripheral HPA-axis hormones and with panic symptoms were present. No differences between female and male participants concerning their psychological response nor their baseline CoP levels, the release of CoP or its increase during the experiment were found. CoP could be a sensitive indicator for an organism's physiologic acute hypothalamic response during stress and panic attacks. • We explored HPA-axis activity during a placebo-controlled panic challenge with CO 2 in healthy adults. • Including Copeptin (CoP) as a marker for the hypothalamic activity goes beyond traditional markers. • A CO 2 -induced increase of CoP plasma levels and psychological symptoms was found. • No differences between female and male participants. • CoP could be an indicator for the acute hypothalamic response during panic attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Construction of ordered structures that respond rapidly to environmental stimuli has fascinating possibilities for utilization in energy storage, wearable electronics, and biotechnology. Silicon/carbon (Si/C) anodes with extremely high energy densities have sparked widespread interest for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), while their implementation is constrained via mechanical structure deterioration, continued growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and cycling instability. In this study, a piezoelectric Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) layer is facilely deposited onto Si/C@CNTs anodes to drive piezoelectric fields upon large volume expansion of Si/C@CNTs electrode materials, resulting in the modulation of interfacial Li+ kinetics during cycling and providing an electrochemical reaction with a mechanically robust and chemically stable substrate. In‐depth investigations into theoretical computation, multi‐scale in/ex situ characterizations, and finite element analysis reveal that the improved structural stability, suppressed volume variations, and controlled ion transportation are responsible for the improvement mechanism of BNT decorating. These discoveries provide insight into the surface coupling technique between mechanical and electric fields to control the interfacial Li+ kinetics behavior and improve structural stability for alloy‐based anodes, which will also spark a great deal attention from researchers and technologists in multifunctional surface engineering for electrochemical systems.

Parental emotion socialization (ES) has been correlated with children's adaptive emotion regulation. However, few studies have examined simultaneously the influence of mothers' and fathers' supportive ES practices on children's physiological stress regulation, as indexed by cortisol—and the potential moderating role of child gender. In the present study, participants were 42 mothers, fathers, and their preschool-aged children (Mage = 42.36 months; 24 girls). Emotion socialization was assessed via observational coding and child stress regulation was measured through salivary cortisol samples taken throughout a series of stressor tasks. We found that greater maternal supportive ES significantly predicted children's lower total cortisol output, while greater paternal supportive ES significantly predicted children's higher total cortisol output. Child gender did not moderate the relations. Our findings underscore the important preventative opportunity for parents to teach children how to adaptively cope with emotions, which could influence their physiological ability to regulate the stress response. Highlights: Our study is one of the first to examine the unique influences of maternal and paternal ES on preschool aged children's cortisol output in response to laboratory stressors. Greater maternal supportive ES was significantly correlated with children's lower total cortisol output, while greater paternal supportive ES was significantly correlated with children's higher total cortisol output. Our study was strengthened by its use of an observational measure of supportive ES for both parents, as well as a reliable biological measure of children's stress regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present conceptual article discusses non-cognitive aspects of entrepreneurial learning. Entrepreneurs are known to undergo extreme experience phases during establishing their firms where peak experience, peak performance and flow counteract. As a result, increasing anxiety and stress may hamper their performance. Non-cognitive skills that consider simultaneously mental processes, emotions and spirit in connection with the human neurophysiological system in a holistic, human learning process, could appear more efficient in describing how entrepreneurial learning occurs in stressful situations. In the present discussion somatic learning education is suggested as a possibility to enhance entrepreneurial learning, creativity and performance in stressful situations. As non-cognitive entrepreneurial skills have been overlooked in the extant literature, the present discussion initiates a discussion for further research in the field. The concepts of holistic entrepreneurial learning, embodiment and somatic learning are described while their relevance to stressful business start-upping and entrepreneurial well-being is sought. The article concludes with relevant research questions for further examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study to examine the effect of questioning children about emotions and cognitions versus facts on children's stress reactivity and regulation, as well as children's abilities to discuss their subjective experiences, in the context of adult-child discussions about a stressful event. A total of 80 8- to 12-year-old children participated in a stressful laboratory task (i.e., Trier Social Stress Test). Following the task, half of the children were engaged in an emotion-focused conversation with an adult interviewer about the event, and half were engaged in a fact-focused conversation. Electrodermal and cardiac preejection activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were derived at baseline, during the laboratory stressor, and during the conversation to index stress reactivity and regulation. Children's narratives were coded for indicators of emotion processing (i.e., positive and negative emotion words, cognitive words [e.g., think, know]). Children's English language abilities, self-reported stress, and several parent-report measures (demographics, child life stress, and children's emotion regulation strategies) were also obtained. Results indicate that the emotion-focused interview facilitated children's discussions of their subjective experiences without increasing their stress reactivity and that children showed enhanced physiological stress regulation during the emotion-focused interview. This research will be of interest to those in the fields of child narratives, stress, and social context as well as to parents and practitioners interested in improving children's understanding, reporting, and recovery after stressful experiences.

Background: Education outside the classroom (EOtC) is considered beneficial to children's physical and mental health. Especially, stress resilience has been linked to nature experience. Aims: This study experimentally explored the effects of pupils' autonomy support (AUT) and physical activity (PA) on their biological stress responses and brain development in EOtC. Sample: The study comprised 48 fifth and sixth graders. Methods: The intervention consisted of one day/week taught in a forest over one school year. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted at the beginning and the end of the school year, functional MRI under a stress condition at the end. Regions of interest were amygdala, hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). All other measures were obtained at the beginning, at mid‐term and at the end of the school year. PA was measured using accelerometry. Cortisol levels were obtained three times during the examined school days. AUT was measured with a paper‐based survey. Data were analysed using Bayesian multivariate models. Results: EOtC students exhibit more efficient regulation of biological stress‐reactivity and show a reduction of cortisol over the day associated with light PA in the forest. Cortisol is further associated with amygdala activation in the stress condition. Cerebral structural change is best explained by age; however, AUT has a positive direct effect on the maturation of the ACC, which is stronger in EOtC. Conclusions: Our results support the idea that autonomy supportive teaching fosters cerebral maturation and that EOtC can have a positive effect on biological stress regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stress factors affecting different biochemical and physiological processes in plants, inhibiting plant growth, and greatly reducing productivity. During the last decade, silicon (Si) supplementation was intensively studied and now is proposed as one of the most convincing methods to improve plant tolerance to salt stress. In this review, we discuss recent papers investigating the role of Si in modulating molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes that are negatively affected by high salinity. Although multiple reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Si application in mitigating salt stress, the exact molecular mechanism underlying these effects is not yet well understood. In this review, we focus on the localisation of Si transporters and the mechanism of Si uptake, accumulation, and deposition to understand the role of Si in various relevant physiological processes. Further, we discuss the role of Si supplementation in antioxidant response, maintenance of photosynthesis efficiency, and production of osmoprotectants. Additionally, we highlight crosstalk of Si with other ions, lignin, and phytohormones. Finally, we suggest some directions for future work, which could improve our understanding of the role of Si in plants under salt stress.

Phytohormones play an essential role in plant growth and development in response to environmental stresses. However, plant hormones require a complex signaling network combined with other signaling pathways to perform their proper functions. Thus, multiple phytohormonal signaling pathways are a prerequisite for understanding plant defense mechanism against stressful conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are master regulators of eukaryotic gene expression and are also influenced by a wide range of plant development events by suppressing their target genes. In recent decades, the mechanisms of phytohormone biosynthesis, signaling, pathways of miRNA biosynthesis and regulation were profoundly characterized. Recent findings have shown that miRNAs and plant hormones are integrated with the regulation of environmental stress. miRNAs target several components of phytohormone pathways, and plant hormones also regulate the expression of miRNAs or their target genes inversely. In this article, recent developments related to molecular linkages between miRNAs and phytohormones were reviewed, focusing on drought stress.

A considerable amount of human behavior occurs within the context of sports. In recent years there have been notable advances in psychological science research applied to understanding athletic endeavor. This work has utilized a number of novel theoretical, methodological, and data analytic approaches. We review the current evidence related to developmental considerations, intrapersonal athlete factors, group processes, and the role of the coach in explaining how athletes function within the sport domain. This body of work sheds light on the diverse ways in which psychological processes contribute to athletic strivings. It also has the potential to spark interest in domains of psychology concerned with achievement as well as to encourage cross-domain fertilization of ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this meta-analysis, the authors investigated whether being in nature and emotional social support are reliable strategies to downregulate stress. We retrieved all the relevant articles that investigated a connection between one of these two strategies and stress. For being in nature we found 54 effects reported in 16 papers (total N = 1,697, MdnN = 52.5), while for emotional social support we found 18 effects reported in 13 papers (total N = 3,787, MdnN = 186). Although we initially found an effect for being in nature and emotional social support on stress (Hedges' g = -.42; Hedges' g = -.14, respectively), the effect only held for being in nature after applying our main publication bias correction technique (Hedges' g = -.60). The emotional social support literature also had a high risk of bias. Although the being-in-nature literature was moderately powered (.72) to detect effects of Cohen's d = .50 or larger, the risk of bias was considerable, and the reporting contained numerous statistical reporting errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic tin (Sn) foil is a promising candidate anode for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its metallurgical processability and high capacity. However, it suffers low initial Coulombic efficiency and inferior cycling stability due to its uneven alloying/dealloying reactions, large volume change and stress, and fast electrode structural degradation. Herein, we report an undulating LiSn electrode fabricated by a scalable two‐step procedure involving mechanical lithography and chemical prelithiation of Sn foil. With the combination of experimental measurements and chemo‐mechanical simulations, it was revealed the obtained undulating LiSn/Sn electrode could ensure better mechanical stability due to the pre‐swelling state from Sn to LixSn and undulating structure of lithography in comparison with plane Sn, homogenize the electrochemical alloying/dealloying reactions due to the activated surface materials, and compensate Li loss during cycling due to the introduction of excess Li from LixSn, thus enabling enhanced electrochemical performance. Symmetric cells consisting of undulating LiSn/Sn electrode with an active thickness of ∼5 um displayed stable cycling over 1000 h at 1 mA cm‐2 and 1 mAh cm‐2 with a low average overpotential of <15 mV. When paired with commercial LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode with high mass loading of 15.8 mg cm‐2, the full cell demonstrated a high capacity of 2.4 mAh cm‐2 and outstanding cycling stability with 84.9% capacity retention at 0.5 C after 100 cycles. This work presents an advanced LiSn electrode with stress‐regulation design toward high‐performance LIBs, and sheds light on the rational electrode design and processing of other high‐capacity lithium alloy anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal childhood maltreatment (CM) has been repeatedly associated with negative offspring's emotional outcomes. The dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis has emerged as the main underlying physiological mechanism. To explore the association between maternal CM and newborns' physiological and neurobehavioral stress responses, considering the role of perinatal maternal depression and bonding. 150 healthy women were followed throughout pregnancy. 79 mother-infant dyads were included in the final analyses. Maternal CM was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and depressive symptoms by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at each trimester. At 7 weeks postpartum, the EPDS and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were administered. Newborns' behavioral responses were assessed using "States Organization" (SO) and "States Regulation" (SR) subdomains of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Newborns' salivary samples were collected before and after the NBAS to study cortisol reactivity. A cross-lagged panel model was employed. Infants born to mothers with higher CM presented more optimal scores on SO (β (0.635) = 0.216, p 〈 001) and SR (ß (0.273) = 0.195, p =.006), and a higher cortisol reactivity after NBAS handling (β(0.019) = 0.217, p =.009). Moreover, newborns of mothers with higher CM and postpartum depressive symptoms exhibited a poorer performance on SR (ß (0.156 = −0.288, p =.002). Analyses revealed non-significant relationships between mother-infant bonding, newborns' cortisol reactivity and SO. Newborns from mothers with greater CM present higher cortisol reactivity and more optimal behavioral responses, which may reflect a prenatal HPA axis sensitization. However, those exposed to maternal postnatal depressive symptoms present poorer stress recovery. • Pregnant women with child maltreatment (CM) show higher perinatal depressive symptoms. • Newborns from mothers with CM present more optimal stress responses and recovery. • Offspring from mothers with CM present a higher cortisol reactivity after handling. • Maternal CM and postnatal depressive symptoms predict worse offspring stress recovery. • These biobehavioral responses may be related with a prenatal HPA-axis sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventions to support mentalizing abilities are relevant for all people to enhance social skills and well-being. For people with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities, learning mentalizing skills may be challenging, however, because of the abstract and complex nature of the construct. The application of serious games has the potential to teach and train in these skills and engage this target group in treatment. This study investigates the key elements of a design model for a serious game aimed at learning abstract skills, taking into account the needs and wishes of adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. We first searched the literature for guidelines covering effective interventions and for game design elements with the potential to train in abstract skills and motivate this specific group. We then included co-researchers with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities in guiding the development of the serious game 'You & I'. Here we describe application of the recommendations from the literature to the development of the game and the co-creation process. This process resulted in key elements described in a design model that provides more structured knowledge for future studies of teaching abstract skills using a serious game in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin‐to‐skin contact (SSC) between mothers and their infants has beneficial effects in both preterm and full‐term infants. Underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This randomized controlled trial assessed whether daily SSC in full‐term mother–infant dyads: (1) decreases infants' cortisol and behavioral reactivity to a mild naturalistic stressor, and (2) facilitates interaction quality between infants and mothers (i.e., improved maternal caregiving behavior and mother–infant adrenocortical synchrony). Pregnant Dutch women (N = 116) were recruited and randomly allocated to an SSC or care‐as‐usual condition. The SSC condition performed 1 h of SSC daily, from birth until postnatal week 5. In week 5, mothers bathed the infant (known mild stressor). Infant and maternal cortisol was sampled at baseline, 25 and 40 min after bathing, and infant and maternal behavior was rated. Results did not indicate effects of SSC on infant behavioral and cortisol reactivity to the bathing session. Similarly, no effect of SSC was found on maternal caregiving behavior and mother–infant adrenocortical synchrony. In conclusion, the findings provide no evidence that daily mother–infant SSC is associated with full‐term infants' behavioral and adrenocortical stress reactivity or mother–infant interaction quality. Future studies should replicate these findings and unveil other potential mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of SSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interpersonal processes influence our physiological states and associated affect. Physiological arousal dysregulation, a core feature of anxiety disorders, has been identified in children of parents with elevated anxiety. However, little is understood about how parent–infant interpersonal regulatory processes differ when the dyad includes a more anxious parent. Methods: We investigated moment-to-moment fluctuations in arousal within parent-infant dyads using miniaturised microphones and autonomic monitors. We continually recorded arousal and vocalisations in infants and parents in naturalistic home settings across day-long data segments. Results: Our results indicated that physiological synchrony across the day was stronger in dyads including more rather than less anxious mothers. Across the whole recording epoch, less anxious mothers showed responsivity that was limited to 'peak' moments in their child's arousal. In contrast, more anxious mothers showed greater reactivity to small-scale fluctuations. Less anxious mothers also showed behaviours akin to 'stress buffering' – downregulating their arousal when the overall arousal level of the dyad was high. These behaviours were absent in more anxious mothers. Conclusion: Our findings have implications for understanding the differential processes of physiological co-regulation in partnerships where a partner is anxious, and for the use of this understanding in informing intervention strategies for dyads needing support for elevated levels of anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) is the final enzyme involved in melatonin biosynthesis. Identifying the expression of ASMT will reveal the regulatory role in the development and stress conditions in soybean. To identify and characterize ASMT in soybean (GmASMT), we employed genome-wide analysis, gene structure, cis-acting elements, gene expression, co-expression network analysis, and enzyme assay. We found seven pairs of segmental and tandem duplication pairs among the 44 identified GmASMTs by genome-wide analysis. Notably, co-expression network analysis reported that distinct GmASMTs are involved in various stress response. For example, GmASMT3, GmASMT44, GmASMT17, and GmASMT7 are involved in embryo development, heat, drought, aphid, and soybean cyst nematode infections, respectively. These distinct networks of GmASMTs were associated with transcription factors (NAC, MYB, WRKY, and ERF), stress signalling, isoflavone and secondary metabolites, calcium, and calmodulin proteins involved in stress regulation. Further, GmASMTs demonstrated auxin-like activities by regulating the genes involved in auxin transporter (WAT1 and NRT1/PTR) and auxin-responsive protein during developmental and biotic stress. The current study identified the key regulatory role of GmASMTs during development and stress. Hence GmASMT could be the primary target in genetic engineering for crop improvement under changing environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic stress, even at a young age, has become a major health concern with the harmful effects on cognition, mood, and well-being largely underestimated. Mindfulness interventions are well-recognized as effective strategies in stress management. However, we know less about the impact of mindfulness on physiological indicators such as hormones/neurotransmitters. This review study aims to provide representative studies regarding the impact of mindfulness practices on hormones and neurotransmitters, which are responsible for stress regulation, positivity, and wellness. Taking into consideration the difficulties that many people have to follow a conventional mindfulness program, we also investigated the effectiveness of virtual reality as an assistive tool for mindfulness training. The results confirmed our initial hypothesis, according to which mindfulness training reduces stress hormones while increasing hormones/neurotransmitters which induce relaxation along with positivity and selfsatisfaction. Virtual reality provides several advantages facilitating training conditions, optimizing the experience, and increasing the effectiveness of interventions. In addition, it strengthens self-control skills. These results indicate also that those physiological parameters, which are considered to be out of human control, can be modified with self-control practices. We conclude that mindfulness practices constitute a form of metacognitive training by which individuals can take control and balance the physiological processes that determine cognition, mood, and well-being. Virtual reality maximizes therapeutic outcomes, especially for people with disabilities or difficulties with conventional interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students working toward a Master's of Social Work in Israeli colleges must complete a demanding research seminar course, a source of stress for many. Focusing is a contemplative practice that these and other students may use to self-regulate their emotions and better cope with the seminar course and beyond. This qualitative research assessed the impact of introducing a modified focusing approach to 17 MSW students enrolled in a research seminar course at a college in Northern Israel. Participants wrote individual reflections on their experience. Analysis revealed four main themes: turning inward, clear thinking, the body knows (a sense of knowledge), and practical application (a sense of efficacy). The results of this contemplative pedagogy suggest students who learn meditative methods of self-regulation, such as focusing, can shift rapidly from stressful states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) are psychological group interventions conducted over several weeks. Their effects on reducing stress and improving physical and psychological health have been proven in various clinical populations. Growing evidence suggests that MBIs might be beneficial for dermatology patients. This article reports on a novel Mindfulness-based Training for chronic Skin Conditions (MBTSC) with psychoeducational elements that was developed with the goal of improving self-regulation including stress management and emotion regulation in patients and to help in coping with disease symptoms such as itch and scratching. The intervention was tested in a pilot efficacy trial in order to examine feasibility and to collect preliminary data on the effectiveness of the intervention on disease severity including itch perception and on psychological distress in an atopic dermatitis (AD) sample. (2) Methods: Following an uncontrolled pre-test-post-test design based on standardized self-report measures, nine adult AD patients were recruited from a dermatology clinic. Data were collected at baseline, post-treatment and 3 month follow-up. Patients completed questionnaires assessing disease severity, itch perception, stress, anxiety and depression, mindfulness and intervention acceptability. The 7 week intervention included seven weekly sessions and a daily home-practice requirement, supported by guided audio-meditations and reading material. (3) Results: Quantitative data showed improvements in disease severity, itch perception and stress levels with small to medium effect sizes. Psychological distress increased at post-treatment—significantly in the case of depression. Qualitative data highlighted the mixed effects of MBTSC on symptoms. Treatment acceptability was high and 100% of the participants completed the intervention; (4) Conclusions: These data indicate that MBTSC is feasible and that it might be a useful tool as adjunct therapy for AD. Further studies with larger samples and control groups are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reviewed various methods of detecting cortisol including electrochemical, etc. • Electrochemical immunosensing offered high sensitivity and low detection limits. • The review investigates the intricate connection between cortisol and cancer. • In-silico modeling, and machine learning were covered for cortisol detection. • Stress monitoring and healthcare advancement through cortisol detection. Cortisol, a crucial steroid hormone synthesized by the adrenal glands, has diverse impacts on multiple physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune function, and stress management. Disruption in cortisol levels can result in conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease. This review provides an in-depth exploration of cortisol, covering its structure, various forms in the body, detection methodologies, and emerging trends in cancer treatment and detection. Various techniques for cortisol detection, including electrochemical, chromatographic, and immunoassay methods were discussed and highlighted for their merits and applications. Electrochemical immunosensing emerges as a promising approach, which offered high sensitivity and low detection limits. Moreover, the review delves into the intricate relationship between cortisol and cancer, emphasizing cortisol's role in cancer progression and treatment outcomes. Lastly, the utilization of biomarkers, in-silico modeling, and machine learning for electrochemical cortisol detection were explored, which showcased innovative strategies for stress monitoring and healthcare advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle schoolers with or at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) typically have a trajectory of difficult outcomes (e.g., school dropout, incarceration). Growing evidence suggests that the continuum of behavioral competence to challenges is closely linked to students’ neurocognitive executive function (EF) capacities, perceived stress (e.g., peers, school), and ability to navigate stressful situations; yet research with students with or at risk for EBD in middle school and from racially/ethnically under-represented backgrounds is limited. With 118 middle schoolers from a predominantly Hispanic/Latinx school district, we found (a) EF group differences among students with or at risk for EBD compared with peers without significant behaviors and (b) perceived stress and stress-regulation skills were uniquely associated with students’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors. We discuss research and practice implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central extended amygdala, including the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central amygdala, plays a key role in stress response. To understand how the central extended amygdala regulates stress it is essential to dissect this structure at molecular, cellular and circuit levels. In mammals, the central amygdala contains two distinct cell populations that become active (on cells) or inactive (off cells) during the conditioned fear response. These two cell types inhibit each other and project mainly unidirectionally to output cells, thus providing a sophisticated regulation of stress. These two cell types express either protein kinase C-delta/enkephalin or somatostatin, and were suggested to originate in different embryonic domains of the subpallium that respectively express the transcription factors Pax6 or Nkx2.1 during development. The regulation of the stress response by the central extended amygdala is poorly studied in non-mammals. Using an evolutionary developmental neurobiology approach, we previously identified several subdivisions in the central extended amygdala of chicken. These contain Pax6, Islet1 and Nkx2.1 cells that originate in dorsal striatal, ventral striatal or pallidopreoptic embryonic divisions, and also contain neurons expressing enkephalin and somatostatin. To know the origin of these cells, in this study we carried out multiple fluorescent labeling to analyze coexpression of different transcription factors with enkephalin or somatostatin. We found that many enkephalin cells coexpress Pax6 and likely derive from the dorsal striatal division, resembling the off cells of the mouse central amygdala. In contrast, most somatostatin cells coexpress Nkx2.1 and derive from the pallidal division, resembling the on cells. We also found coexpression of enkephalin and somatostatin with other transcription factors. Our results show the existence of multiple cell types in the central extended amygdala of chicken, perhaps including on/off cell systems, and set the basis for studying the role of these cells in stress regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Up to 20% of mothers experience antenatal depression and approximately 30% of these women are treated with serotonergic psychotropic pharmacological therapy during pregnancy. Serotonergic antidepressants readily cross the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier, altering central synaptic serotonin signaling and potentially altering serotonin levels in the developing fetal brain. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of prenatal exposure to serotonergic antidepressants, accounting for maternal mood disturbances, on markers of stress regulation during childhood. Methods: We will follow PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and will search MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov for full-length studies that assessed physiological (eg, cortisol level, heart rate variability, salivary amylase, pupillary size, C-reactive protein) indices of stress regulation in children of pregnant people who were treated with a serotonergic antidepressant at any point during pregnancy. We will assess the quality of observational studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the quality of experimental studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. When possible, we will conduct a random-effects meta-analysis. If meta-analysis is not possible, we will conduct a narrative review. If a sufficient number of studies are found, we will perform subgroup analysis and assess outcomes measured by drug class, dose, trimester of exposure, and child’s age and gender. Results: We registered our review protocol with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; CRD42021275750), completed the literature search, and initiated title and abstract review in August 2021. We expect to finalize this review by April 2022. Conclusions: Findings should identify the impact of prenatal antidepressant effects on stress regulation and distinguish it from the impact of prenatal exposure to maternal mood disturbances. This review should inform decisions about serotonergic antidepressant use during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central extended amygdala, including the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central amygdala, plays a key role in stress response. To understand how the central extended amygdala regulates stress it is essential to dissect this structure at molecular, cellular and circuit levels. In mammals, the central amygdala contains two distinct cell populations that become active (on cells) or inactive (off cells) during the conditioned fear response. These two cell types inhibit each other and project mainly unidirectionally to output cells, thus providing a sophisticated regulation of stress. These two cell types express either protein kinase C-delta/enkephalin or somatostatin, and were suggested to originate in different embryonic domains of the subpallium that respectively express the transcription factors Pax6 or Nkx2.1 during development. The regulation of the stress response by the central extended amygdala is poorly studied in non-mammals. Using an evolutionary developmental neurobiology approach, we previously identified several subdivisions in the central extended amygdala of chicken. These contain Pax6, Islet1 and Nkx2.1 cells that originate in dorsal striatal, ventral striatal or pallidopreoptic embryonic divisions, and also contain neurons expressing enkephalin and somatostatin. To know the origin of these cells, in this study we carried out multiple fluorescent labeling to analyze coexpression of different transcription factors with enkephalin or somatostatin. We found that many enkephalin cells coexpress Pax6 and likely derive from the dorsal striatal division, resembling the off cells of the mouse central amygdala. In contrast, most somatostatin cells coexpress Nkx2.1 and derive from the pallidal division, resembling the on cells. We also found coexpression of enkephalin and somatostatin with other transcription factors. Our results show the existence of multiple cell types in the central extended amygdala of chicken, perhaps including on/off cell systems, and set the basis for studying the role of these cells in stress regulation.

• Stress response changes seem to be associated with the emergence and persistence of dissociative and conversion disorders. • High autonomic arousal affects individuals with dissociative and conversion disorders. • Patients with dissociation symptom and history of acute trauma show reduced cortisol secretion and autonomous deactivation. Dissociative disorders (DD) and conversion disorders (CD) are frequent in general and psychiatric populations. Some evidence suggest that the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are dysregulated in both disorders. We carried out a systematic review of the literature to summarize the existing knowledge on the stress response, via HPA and/or ANS, in patients with DD, CD, or dissociative symptoms. We systematically searched Medline and Web of Science using the Medical Subject Headings related to stress axis, CD, DD, and dissociative symptoms following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results suggest that in participants without psychiatric history, high cortisol secretion is related to high dissociation scores. Conversely the stress system might be blunted in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder who develop dissociative symptoms. Stress response changes seem to be associated with the emergence and persistence of dissociative and conversion disorders. Hence, monitoring the stress response and examining closely the history of stress exposure in DD and CD should be encouraged in future larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature concerning the relationship between social media use and wellbeing is inconsistent in its findings, and most research has focused on time spent on social media rather than on what emerging adults do there, with whom and why. Here, we investigated whether momentary social stress affects emerging adults' social media use, and whether this social media use relates to subsequent changes in wellbeing. We implemented a multi-method paradigm utilising objective and self-report data to investigate how social stress relates to how (much) and why emerging adults use social media. We report on findings based on 114 17–25-year-old emerging adults recruited on university campus. Our findings suggest that social stress does not affect adolescents' subsequent social media use and that there is no relationship between social media use after stress and changes in momentary wellbeing. Our work illustrates the need for detailed approaches in social media and psychological wellbeing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children growing up in families experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) are at greater risk for deficits in attachment and stress regulation as compared to peers in families with more socioeconomic resources. The present study hypothesized that care providers in out‐of‐home care might help these children to compensate. We therefore investigated 60 children (n = 30 from SED, n = 30 matched counterparts from middle class) and assessed children's Attachment Q‐Sort (AQS) toward the mother and the primary care provider in childcare centers. Moreover, children's diurnal cortisol rhythm was measured based on 12 saliva samples taken across three days a week. The disadvantaged children showed lower AQS scores with their mothers than their care providers. Compared to their counterparts, disadvantaged children also displayed heightened cortisol release and flatter cortisol profiles reflecting overall high hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical activities and lower capacities to regulate stress. Most notably however, multilevel path modeling linked higher care provider AQS scores to decreasing cortisol release throughout the week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the transition from home to childcare, 70 15‐month‐old infants were videotaped, and their negative emotions were rated. Infants' attachments to mothers were assessed prior to child care entry and to care providers five months later using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). Infant heart rate was monitored at home, during adaptation to childcare (mothers present), and during subsequent separations. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was computed from the beat‐to‐beat measures of heart rate to reflect vagal tone, which is reduced during chronic states of stress, and was collected upon Arrival, during in‐group Play, and when in the Group more generally. All infants responded to childcare entry with low RSA levels indicating stress. However, during adaptation with the mother present, RSA was higher for securely attached infants. On the first separation day, 35.3% of the infants fussed and cried extensively. These intense protests predicted later secure attachments to care providers, which adaptively helped to reduce stress, especially in infants who protested extensively, as if summoning their mothers back. Because extensive protest suggests limited regulatory capacities, infants risk overburdening the stress system when left unsupported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential psychological mechanism of green exercise on perceived stress. More precisely, it was analyzed whether the relationship between the natural environment of physical activity and perceived stress was mediated by recovery experiences, namely by psychological detachment and relaxation. An ecological momentary assessment approach was used, meaning that specific recovery experiences were assessed directly in real-life situations and multiple times.Materials and methods: Thirty five women and 27 men took part in the ecological momentary assessment study over seven days (Mage = 32.30 years, SD = 10.23, 53% had a degree from a university or a university of applied science). If participants were involved in PA lasting at least 10 min on a given day, they had to answer questionnaires on the smartphone both prior to the activity and immediately afterwards. Perceived naturalness, psychological detachment and relaxation were assessed after physical activity events, whereas perceived stress was measured before and after each physical activity event. A two-level mediation analysis was conducted. The direct and indirect effect of perceived naturalness on perceived stress after engagement in physical activity was analyzed on the within- and between-person levels.Results and conclusion: Results showed that the relaxation as a recovery experience served as mediator between perceived naturalness and perceived stress after engagement in physical activity, but only on a within-person level. This means that the more natural a given individual appraised the physical activity environment, the more relaxed he or she felt during physical activity (β = 0.322, p < 0.0005). Furthermore the more relaxed the individual was, the less stress he or she perceived after exercising (β = −0.221, p < 0.0005). The psychological detachment as a recovery experience in contrast, did not serve as mediator, neither at the within- and the between-person level. Considering the indirect effect of perceived naturalness on perceived stress and the importance of relaxation experiences, current findings suggest that research should put greater emphasis on examining the specific psychological mechanisms of green exercise to make even better use of its beneficial effects in the future.

Abstract Background Persons with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities generally show dysfunctions in mentalization and stress regulation, resulting in problematic social relationships and personal distress. Intervention programs may improve mentalizing abilities. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the serious game ‘You & I’ in changing mentalizing abilities and stress regulation in adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Methods A two-arm, parallel, superiority randomized controlled trial will be used with 172 adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group to play the serious game ‘You & I’ or a waitlist control group. Participants will be assessed at baseline, post intervention (5 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (6–8 weeks after post intervention). They also will fill in questionnaires for personal factors, personal development, personal well-being, social validity, autism spectrum quotient (demographic variables), mentalizing abilities (primary outcome measure), and stress regulation (secondary outcome measure). Discussion The serious game ‘You & I’ aims to improve mentalizing abilities in adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities, which is expected to lead to improved regulation of stress in social relationships. The study’s unique feature is the use of a serious game to improve mentalizing abilities. If the intervention is effective, the serious game can be implemented on a broad scale in Dutch care organizations for people with intellectual disabilities as an effective preventive tool to improve mentalizing abilities. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register, NTR7418. Registered on 2 August 2018.

Regulatory abilities such as self-regulation and stress regulation are key predictors of essential developmental outcomes, including intellectual and socioemotional milestones as well as academic achievement. Preadolescence has been proposed as a period that is crucial for training these abilities. The present pilot study investigated the effects of mindfulness training on preadolescents‘ regulatory abilities and school-related outcomes. A group of 34 fifth graders received either mindfulness training (experimental group), Marburg Concentration Training (alternative treatment group), or no treatment (passive control group) and were monitored over a four-month intervention period. Regulatory abilities were assessed first, with two self-report questionnaires that operationalized impulsivity and coping with stress, respectively. Second, physical stress regulation was examined on the basis of diurnal cortisol as well as salivary α-amylase (sAA) profiles. Finally, school-related outcomes were measured with a paperpencil based performance test of verbal memory. Results show that impulsivity increased in all groups over time, whereas there were no significant training effects on self-reported coping with stress. Both training groups showed more adaptive physiological stress regulation in terms of steeper diurnal cortisol slopes and marginally less pronounced sAA awakening responses, however, with respect to physiological measures, no data of the passive control group are available. With respect to school-related outcomes, the results indicate a slight superiority regarding verbal memory for the mindfulness training group compared to the Marburg Concentration Training group.