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Grade retention has been the focus of the education debate in Spain for decades. On average, more than 30% of students have repeated at least one grade before they finish (or dropout from) their compulsory studies. The present research provides new evidence on this issue by investigating the influence of Spain’s school entry age upon students’ grade retention. Using data from 15-year-old students who participated in the PISA 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015 assessments, we implement a regression discontinuity analysis. Our key finding is that students who were born late in the year (younger students) are more likely to repeat a grade. Yet, once they reach secondary education, the disadvantage they suffer due to their younger school starting age seems to disappear. Hence, the key reason why younger students have lower PISA scores than older students in Spain is due to their increased likelihood of repeating a grade, rather than being due to their relative age per se. To avoid these artificial disadvantages of younger students and unfair retention, we suggest that policymakers inform families about this school entry issue and also make the school entry law more flexible. This would facilitate parents of younger children to choose whether to delay their children’s school enrolment or not.

La violencia contra las mujeres es una situación que en los últimos años se ha venido visualizando, las estadísticas en el Ecuador muestran que 1 de cada 3 mujeres sufren algún tipo de violencia, estos hechos repetitivos indican que existe un problema estructural, por lo tanto, son acciones que se manifiestan en la cotidianidad, que en algunos casos son situaciones que se viven como algo natural. La naturalización de la violencia contra la mujer tiene su génesis en los procesos históricos como resultado de las interacciones sociales y por la ausencia de un marco constitucional incluyente, es decir, que incluya a la mujer en la vida pública, la ilusión según políticas públicas que tratan de enmendar este error por medio de la participación de las instituciones de la sociedad civil particularmente las instituciones de educación superior En este sentido, la investigación tiene el objetivo de identificar las diferentes formas en la que se ha naturalizado la violencia contra la mujer en las instituciones de educación superior, con este fin se elaboró en el diseño metodológico orientado desde el enfoque mixto; cuali-cuantitativo, con un fuerte componente descriptivo la población objeto de estudio fueron los estudiantes universitarios, para evitar algún sesgo se trianguló la información con los datos de una encuesta aplicada por la SENESCY, cuyos resultados se presentan a continuación. Palabras claves: mujer, violencia, género, educación.

The phenomenon of homelessness is affecting an ever larger number of municipalities in the Czech Republic, and it seems to be a structural problem that can hardly be solved by directive approaches and proclamatory and spectacular gestures during political campaigns. The text above informs about a publication that will be published at the beginning of 2021. This monograph combines two formats of approach to the research. Applied research predominates over basic research. Their common subject of interest is the issue of homelessness, which is associated with a specific place, namely the city of Pilsen.

Mexico for decades has grown around 2% annually, increasing informal employment and poverty. Neoliberalism brought benefits to certain sectors of society but widened the wage gap between households. In recent years, the structural reforms proposed by the government to lift Mexico from its economic slumber have caused controversy. Twenty years ago it was believed that NAFTA would activate the economy and improve the standard of living of all Mexicans, but it did not. Applying optimization techniques in the production functions under scenarios, this work shows the structure of the economy and its impacts on households, mainly. A look at what has been happening.

Anoman Cakil dance was created in 1986 at the request of the ASKI Dance Department. External factors are a major factor in the creation of Anoman Cakil dance which is supported by internal factors. This thesis, titled Anoman Cakil dance, composed by Didik Bambang Wahyudi, focuses on the study of dance work and the structural analysis of Anoman Cakil dance. Issues to be explained in this study are (1) How to work on Anoman Cakil dance by Didik Bambang Wahyudi (2) How to present the structure of Anoman Cakil dance. This research uses qualitative research methods, data obtained through literature study, interviews and observations. The results of data processing are then presented descriptively. To answer this problem, this study uses the concept of cultivation as a knife for analysis, namely the concept of cultivation by Rahayu Supanggah. The structural analysis of Sumandiyo Hadi was used as a theory to examine the structural problem of Anoman Cakil's dance presentation. The elements of cultivation work in the form of material work on, work on, working on facilities, working on furniture and determinant work on. Application of cultivation in dance in the form of the background of the creation of dance, Didik Bambang wahyudi as cultivators and Anoman cakil dance as material and means of working on. Anoman Cakil dance including wireng pethilan dance with stories originating f rom the Ramayana Epic, presented by two dancers in pairs, with figures Anoman and Cakil. And, victory on the Cakil figure. Anoman Cakil dance consists of three parts in the form of Forward Beksan Structure, the Beksan section which consists of the then spread hand arm and keris shell. Beksan retreat is the last part of the Anoman Cakil dance presentation structure. Dramatic flow of Anoman Cakil dance is classified as multiple conical dramatic grooves with a small climax before heading to the main climax. Keywords : Wireng, pethilan, Anoman , Work on, Structural.

O racismo é um problema estrutural e seu combate passa, obrigatoriamente, e também, pela intervenção educativa. Daí a importância de refletirmos como o tema é tratado no sistema escolar, uma vez que acreditamos que este seja capaz de contribuir para a transformação do imaginário, dos valores, das culturas e das condutas. Neste sentido, este artigo apresenta uma análise do material didático de Geografia do Programa “Nova EJA” com recorte para as relações raciais, mais especificamente como se dá a representatividade da população negra no referido material, uma vez que o segmento negro da sociedade brasileira é a maioria nos bancos escolares na EJA. A partir das análises sobre as imagens e conteúdosdos cadernos dos estudantes, chegamos aos seguintes resultados: o material ofertado pelo Programa “Nova EJA”, que se propõe inovador com vista a combater a defasagem entre idade/série e evasão escolar, precisa trazer em seu cerne uma nova concepção educacional em que a população negra se veja representada positivamente e, assim, incluída no sistema escolar, visto que a representação da população negra está negligenciada, estigmatiza e estereotipada, reforçando, assim, o racismo institucional no espaço escolar e colaborando para práticas pedagógicas racistas.

Food insecurity, inadequate access to adequate food due to economic constraints, affects one in eight households. Food insecurity is a serious structural problem affecting health, but dedicated pol...

The plunging nasal tip is a challenging condition because, although it is predominantly a dynamic deformity which occurs during smiling, it also indicates a structural problem. When a person smiles, the paired depressor septi nasi muscles pull the tip caudally at the same time as the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles pull the alar base and lateral lip cephalically. This movement causes straightening of the alar rim. Even though surgical rhinoplasty is the gold standard to restore nasal appearance, the procedure may fail to treat the dynamic cause of the drooping tip. This article outlines the anatomical concepts that lead to a drooping tip and presents a technique that can treat both the dynamic and structural causes of the drooping tip using hyaluronic acid filler. Cases are also presented that illustrate these concepts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

espanolEn el caso colombiano, las probabilidades de implementacion de las decisiones estructurales aumentan cuando se ejerce un seguimiento judicial intensivo, el cual estimula mas la participacion, que cuando este seguimiento es moderado o laxo. Aunque el seguimiento intensivo puede verse frustrado por tres dilemas latentes que reducen los efectos de las decisiones judiciales al ambito de lo simbolico: la normalizacion del problema estructural, la centralizacion excesiva de la supervision del cumplimiento en la Corte Constitucional y la expropiacion judicial del conflicto social. Este argumento se desarrolla en tres secciones que presentan tipos de ordenes y seguimiento judicial, asi como sus dilemas mediante una revision sistematica de las decisiones estructurales adoptadas por la Corte Constitucional en un periodo de veinte anos (1997-2017). Al final, se plantea la necesidad de descentralizar la supervision y fortalecer la participacion como escenarios de justicia dialogica. EnglishIn the Colombian case, the probability of implementing structural injunctive remedies increases when an intensive judicial monitoring is exercised, which stimulates more participation, than when this follow-up is moderate or lax. Although intensive monitoring can be frustrated by three latent dilemmas that reduce the effects of judicial decisions to the sphere of the symbolic: the normalization of the structural problem, the excessive centralization of compliance supervision in the Constitutional Court and the judicial expropriation of the social conflict. This argument is developed in three sections that present types of orders and judicial monitoring, as well as their dilemmas through a systematic review of the structural decisions made by the Constitutional Court over a period of twenty years (1997-2017). Finally, it raises the need to decentralize supervision and strengthen participation as dialogical justice scenarios.

This paper examines the evolution of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) from its intellectual origins in the writings of Tugwell and Moulton, to the passage of the Act itself on June 17, 1933. What began as an attempt to address a structural problem, namely the widening gap between productivity and wages in manufacturing and mining, was transformed by President Franklin Roosevelt and Hugh Johnson into an economy-wide, multi-purpose policy instrument in the form of the NIRA and the subsequent President’s Reemployment Agreement (PRA). The multiple objectives and comprehensive breadth of the NIRA ultimately contributed to its demise. A simultaneous review of structural, cyclical and moral objectives, shows that the NIRA failed on all accounts. Specifically, firm and industry heterogeneity conspired to defeat all three objectives. Wages were increased in industries that had not been touched by electrification, contributing to lower aggregate employment and higher prices, thus providing an example of what not to do in the current debate over raising the minimum wage to $15.

This article introduces a novel connectionist approach for dynamic analysis of structural problem. In general, dynamic analysis of structures leads to eigenvalue problems. Sometimes these eigenvalue problems may be nonlinear eigenvalue problem, which may be difficult to address by traditional methods. As such, we have proposed here an artificial neural network (ANN)-based method to handle nonlinear eigenvalue problems. A four-layer ANN architecture has been constructed for handling the eigenvalue problems, and detailed ANN procedure has been included for clear understanding. Two example problems of overdamped spring mass system have been addressed to show the efficacy of the proposed method. Further, convergence plots and tables for different eigenvalues have also been included to validate the proposed ANN procedure.

The global #MeToo movement exposed the widespread structural problem of sexual harassment, which was also the case in Sweden and Norway. Across the various sectors of working life, women were able to identify with the call. This perspective, however, was under- mined in the public sphere when person-centred scandal stories about a few powerholders and media celebrities took over. In addition, a lack of verifiable documentation – and uncritical use of anonymous sources – ignited renewed debates about the ethical standards of professional journalism. This article discusses two alleged #MeToo cases: Aftonbladet’s dramatic and unfounded accusations against the theatre CEO Benny Fredriksson and VG’s misuse and manipulation of a “bar-dance” episode involving the Norwegian Labour politician Trond Giske. Both media stories developed into “critical incidents”, resulting in public criticism, self-examination and discussions around ethical rules and regulation.

(1) Background: spinal tumors not only causes structural problem but also it affects body functionality, too. Surgery has a key role in management of patients with spinal tumor. The aim of this study is that to observe their clinical profile, functional outcomes and prognostic factors. (2) Methods: 20 retrospectively consecutive patients with spinal tumors operated over a period of 2 years were analyzed. (3) Results: nine (45%) were intradural and 11(55%) were extradural. Mean age at surgery was 45.05 years (range 20–80 years). The common clinical features were pain, limb weakness and autonomic involvement. Schwannoma was common in intradural extramedullary group whereas astrocytoma and ependymoma was common in intramedullary group. In this case, 16 (80%) patients had improvement following surgery and 4 (20%) remained the same, none had deterioration. Common complications were persistent pain (1 case) and autonomic involvement (1 case). (4) Conclusion: spinal tumors need early exploration and excision and usually patients recover well without any residual effect.

In the last years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are being increasingly used in different kinds of inspections due to their maneuverability, flexibility, and efficiency. When deployed in the inspection of large structures, such as dam and slopes, the UAV must cover the largest possible area in the most efficient way. This task is denominated Coverage Path Planning (CPP). Determining the ideal path planning in CPP applications is complex due to dynamic obstacles that cannot be modeled beforehand or when a structural problem is identified, making the UAV to re-plain its trajectory. Therefore, this research proposes the use of bio-inspired metaheuristic techniques for real-time coverage path planning. The methodology dynamically adapts the UAV trajectory when structure failures and obstacles are found. The obtained results showed that the system is efficient, and it has adequate performance for large structures inspections.

Behram Pasha Mosque is one of the historical mosques, which is the work of Mimar Sinan [1], located in the southwest of Diyarbakır’s Suriçi Region. Georadar (GPR) method is one of the geophysical applications in which possible gaps, fractures, collapses, etc. damages are determined non-destructively on the walls and floors of historical buildings. Therefore, in one of the historic mosques in Diyarbakir Behram Pasha Mosque, expert geophysical engineers carried out the GPR scanning of the grounds and walls without damaging the mosque’s physical structure. In GPR surveys, the depth of investigation (penetration) was chosen as 20 m on the ground and 4 m on the wall. It is aimed to show the anomaly structures in the study area and its immediate surroundings due to the determination of the underground void structures and the continuity of the surface fractures at the research depth. In GPR studies, it has been determined that there are cracks and fractures on the walls of the mosque, of which the smallest was 12 cm and the largest was 40 cm, water leakage on the ground, deterioration due to corrosion, and partial collapses. The regions with the detected deformations are marked on the radar sections. The study was completed with the thought that the determined structural problems will contribute to the restoration and strengthening works to be done in the future in the mosque as an up-to-date guide.

Introduction: The social support perceived by women after breast cancer diagnosis is related to their quality of life and is a predictor of adaptation to disease. Objectives: To understand the evolution of the social support perceived by the woman and to identify the social support two years after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study was used. The data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews with 16 women diagnosed with breast cancer in 2016. A thematic content analysis was carried out on the interviews around the main categories of social support (emotional support, instrumental support and informational support) assisted by the program Nvivo v.12. Results: From the analysis of the data, 6 themes emerged: 1) Caregiving and cared for throughout breast cancer, 2) Expectations and satisfaction with the social support received, 3) Needs and self-care during treatment, 4) Lack of instrumental support: a structural problem, 5) Information: problem or solution, 6) Lack of informational support as a source of problems in the follow-up period. Conclusions: The social support received by women with breast cancer decreases over time and two years after diagnosis a lack of support is perceived, especially of an instrumental support.

Many argue that the peer review is broken—but it should not be. The focal article by Kohler et al. (2020) comes at a time when many researchers and some editors are claiming the peer review process is broken with observations of the impact of human frailties (Rennie, 2016), that the peer review system is unsustainable (Kovanis, Porcher, Ravaud, & Trinquart, 2016), and that the system exploits academics (Fox & Petchy, 2010). While the focal article moves to address the human frailties issue, the second issue relates to the academic pool willing to complete peer reviews, and this is a problem that needs to be also resolved for the quality of reviews to have any effect. Indeed, if we are able to broaden the reviewing pool, this may make establishing quality standards even more important. The final issue, which relates to the exploitation of academic labor by publishing houses, while associated with the reduced reviewing pool, could be considered an economic or structural problem. In this response, I seek to address the problems that emerge from fewer academics engaging in the peer review process. I also offer solutions for what we can do about it and explain how this can be linked to the professionalism competency within the quality framework for peer review offered by Kohler et al.

During every braking process, the wear in the contacting surfaces of brake disc and brake pads will be occurred. Therefore, it’s very important to investigate the effective parameters on the wear mechanism of the contacting surfaces, this is necessary because of the lifetime of the elements of brake is proportional directly with the rate of wear. In this research paper, the influence of the applied pressure function by which brake pads act on the brake disc is investigated using finite element method. Three different functions of pressure were applied which are: constant, linear and exponential. 3D model has been developed in order to analyze the penetration in the contacting surfaces of the elements of brake system. The results presented the variation of penetration with braking time. Furthermore, the results illustrated the distributions of the contact pressure in the friction pair (inner and outer sides) at any instant during the braking process. Also, it was found that the values of stress at the end of the braking process (regardless of the contact area) were the same for all functions of the applied pressure. The differences in the stresses occurred when applied different function of pressure function during the braking process.

Autoencoders as tools behind anomaly searches at the LHC have the structural problem that they only work in one direction, extracting jets with higher complexity but not the other way around. To address this, we derive classifiers from the latent space of (variational) autoencoders, specifically in Gaussian mixture and Dirichlet latent spaces. In particular, the Dirichlet setup solves the problem and improves both the performance and the interpretability of the networks., 25 pages

Among the essential issues facing designers of strain wave gears, the provision for correct lubrication should be of paramount importance. The present paper presents the results of research on elasto-hydrodynamic oil film in meshing of a harmonic drive with an involute tooth profile. The research was carried out based on theoretical models developed by Dowson and Higginson. For the discussed structural problem, results of the study are presented graphically in the form of static characteristics of the oil film. Correct operation regimes were determined for two different oils. The paper also provides a review of information concerning the design and principle of operation of strain wave transmission.

The main objective of this work is the development of a Computational Fluid Dynamics model coupled with a structural code for the simulation and optimization of fishing gears. As fishing nets are highly deformable structures under the influence of incident water, the use of merely empirical correlations for hydrodynamic forces, such as those used in many structural codes, does not provide precise predictions for their behaviour. The coupling between the structural problem and the hydrodynamic effects makes it necessary to tackle the problem through a new “fluid–structure interaction” approach, which is described here. Preliminary results obtained with the CFD model are also presented. Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC); ED431G 2019/01

Russia has been chronically suffering from a structural problem that its economy heavily relies on energy resources. The long-standing and excessive economic dependence on the energy sector decayed qualitative growth through productivity, necessary for long-term growth as the economic transition to mid- and high-value-added manufacturing gets delayed. In other words, Russia’s economic growth since 2008 can mostly be attributed to quantitative growth driven by physical capital and labor input. This study analyzes the impact of innovation in the IT sector on the Russian economy from a structural transformation perspective. More specifically, the research theoretically examines how technological innovation in the IT sector helps address the structural transformation delays that middle-income countries have suffered, and investigates the possibility of IT cooperation between Korea and Russia in policy and technological aspects.

espanolLa salida de una situacion de violencia de genero raramente es lineal. Es un proceso de Ruta Critica que comprende las decisiones tomadas por las mujeres victimas de violencia de genero y que requiere de una toma de conciencia de la situacion que estan viviendo. Este proceso, generalmente, se caracteriza por estar compuesto de avances y retrocesos condicionados en gran medida por la respuesta que las mujeres encuentran en su entorno: familiar, relacional e institucional. En este ultimo, estan implicados/as profesionales de diferentes ambitos, entre ellos el policial, sanitario, judicial y social (Cobo, 1999; Sagot, y Carcedo, 2000). Este texto surge del trabajo de investigacion llevado a cabo en el marco de la tesis doctoral de la autora (Penyarroja, 2016) y con el pretendemos reflexionar sobre la atencion y acompanamiento a mujeres victimas de violencia de genero desde el ambito institucional y sobre la influencia que estos pueden tener en el proceso de Ruta Critica, facilitandolo o dificultandolo. Para ello, plantearemos un analisis de los contextos de intervencion desde el ambito sanitario, judicial y social con la intencion de, posteriormente, plantear propuestas de actuacion y acompanamiento que partan de una conceptualizacion de la violencia de genero como un problema estructural y que situen a las mujeres como las verdaderas protagonistas de sus procesos. EnglishThe way out of a situation of gender violence is rarely linear. It is a Critical Path process that includes the decisions made by women victims of gender violence and that requires awareness of the situation they are experiencing. This process is generally characterized by being made up of steps forward but also setbacks largely conditioned by the response that women get from their family, relational, and institutional environments. In the latter, professionals from different areas are involved, including the police and health, judicial and social institutions (Cobo, 1999; Sagot, and Carcedo, 2000). This text stems from the research work carried out within the framework of the author's doctoral thesis and with it we intend to reflect on the care and accompaniment of women victims of gender violence from the institutional sphere and on the influence that this may have on the Critical Path process, whether facilitating or hindering it. To do this, we will propose an analysis of the intervention contexts from the health, judicial and social fields with the final intention of proposing action and supporting proposals that start from a conceptualization of gender violence as a structural problem and that place women as the true protagonists of their processes.

Despite global efforts made to address anaemia, the prevalence remains high in most Sub-Saharan African countries. In Ethiopia, anaemia poses a very strong public health concern. The purpose of the present study was to examine the key risk factors related to anaemia among children aged 6–24 months (younger age group) and 25–59 months (older age group). We used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data, collected from 11 023 mothers with under five children. Ordered logistic regression modelling was used for assessing risk factors of childhood anaemia. The results suggest that the prevalence of anaemia was 72 % in the younger and 49 % in the older age groups. The risk factors for anaemia in the younger age group were morbidity (odds ratio (OR) 1⋅77; CI 1⋅21, 2⋅60), having no piped water source (OR 1⋅76; CI 1⋅07, 3⋅01) and no toilet facility (OR 1⋅60; CI 1⋅07, 2⋅38). The key risk factors for anaemia in the older age group were no micronutrient intake (OR 1⋅69; CI 1⋅23, 2⋅31), having a young mother (15–24 years old) (OR 1⋅35; CI 0⋅84, 1⋅91) and a non-working mother (OR 1⋅50; CI 1⋅15, 1⋅96). Anaemia also varied by region, place of residence and economic factors. Multiple factors contributed to the high prevalence of anaemia. Given the structural problem that the country has intervention strategies should consider the unique characteristics of regions and rural residences where the prevalence of anaemia is above the national average.

Background Body-machine interfaces map movements onto commands to external devices. Redundant motion signals derived from inertial sensors are mapped onto lower-dimensional device commands. Then, the device users face two problems, a) the structural problem of understanding the operation of the interface and b) the performance problem of controlling the external device with high efficiency. We hypothesize that these problems, while being distinct are connected in that aligning the space of body movements with the space encoded by the interface, i.e. solving the structural problem, facilitates redundancy resolution towards increasing efficiency, i.e. solving the performance problem. Methods Twenty unimpaired volunteers practiced controlling the movement of a computer cursor by moving their arms. Eight signals from four inertial sensors were mapped onto the two cursor’s coordinates on a screen. The mapping matrix was initialized by asking each user to perform free-form spontaneous upper-limb motions and deriving the two main principal components of the motion signals. Participants engaged in a reaching task for 18 min, followed by a tracking task. One group of 10 participants practiced with the same mapping throughout the experiment, while the other 10 with an adaptive mapping that was iteratively updated by recalculating the principal components based on ongoing movements. Results Participants quickly reduced reaching time while also learning to distribute most movement variance over two dimensions. Participants with the fixed mapping distributed movement variance over a subspace that did not match the potent subspace defined by the interface map. In contrast, participant with the adaptive map reduced the difference between the two subspaces, resulting in a smaller amount of arm motions distributed over the null space of the interface map. This, in turn, enhanced movement efficiency without impairing generalization from reaching to tracking. Conclusions Aligning the potent subspace encoded by the interface map to the user’s movement subspace guides redundancy resolution towards increasing movement efficiency, with implications for controlling assistive devices. In contrast, in the pursuit of rehabilitative goals, results would suggest that the interface must change to drive the statistics of user’s motions away from the established pattern and toward the engagement of movements to be recovered. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01608438, Registered 16 April 2012.

The European Union suffers from a "communications gap" with citizens, which overlaps to the lack of "domestication" and "politicization" of EU affairs. One of the measures to solve this structural problem has been to developtransnational candidates ("Spitzenkandidaten"). To this end, this article analyzes the strategic communication implemented on Twitter by these candidates in the 2019 European Parliament elections. A content analysis is applied to study their strategic approaches. As a result, it is concluded that there is homogeneity in the elements used, without achieving to Europeanize the agenda. Significant differences only come up in the Europeanism / Euroscepticism axis.; La Unión Europea atraviesa un momento de turbulencias, marcado por el Brexit y el auge de movimientos populistas. Este artículo analiza la comunicación estratégica desarrollada en Twitter por los candidatos transnacionales ("Spitzenkandidaten") en las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 2019. Para ello, se aplica un análisis de contenido que estudia la agenda de los candidatos a presidir la Comisión Europea en esta red social, especialmente en lo referente a enfoques estratégicos que busquen la consecución de votos. Como resultados, se concluye que existe una cierta concentración estratégica en los elementos utilizados, con diferencias significativas únicamente en el eje europeísmo/euroescepticismo.; Europar Batasunak komunikazio arrakala dauka herritarrekiko, eta erkidegoko gaien etxekotze faltarekin eta politizazioarekin lotzen du. Egiturazko arazo hori konpontzeko neurrietako bat nazioz gaindiko hautagaiak garatzea izan da (Spitzenkandidaten). Horregatik, artikulu honek hautagai horiek 2019ko Europako Parlamenturako hauteskundeetan Twitterren abian jarritako komunikazio estrategikoa aztertzen du. Edukien azterlana egin da, ikuspegi estrategikoak aztertuz. Emaitza gisa, ondorioztatu da erabilitako elementuen artean homogeneotasuna dagoela, agenda europartzea lortu gabe. Alde nabarmenak europazaletasuna/euroeszeptizismoa ardatzaren arabera bakarrik daudela ikusi da.

The field of structure-borne sound is more complex than fluid acoustics due to the manifold possible degrees of freedom for force and torque and corresponding elastic reactions. In contrast to fluids, solids can react with elastic forces to pure deformation. The number of possible waveforms is therefore higher. And these waveforms can interact and exchange energy, depending on the geometric and elastic coupling in the specific shape of the solid body. Structure-borne sound plays a very important role in building acoustics, in noise control and in vehicle acoustics, for instance. The characterization of structure-borne sources is a very complex field, too. The dynamic behaviour of the source coupled to the structure must be known. Even in the geometrically simple case of a point-like force source, the elementary parameters of the source can be complex since they are related to real and ideal force sources and inner impedances, similar to electric models of voltage sources acting on electric networks. The power output then not only depends on the source itself but also on the kind of attached structure and the impedance coupling between source and structure.

When “Roam Like At Home” (RLAH) rules were introduced in 2017, many observers thought that this was the end of the roaming problem in Europe. While retail roaming surcharges were abolished across the EEA, the underlying problem of high prices at the wholesale level continued and the existing archaic system of determining those wholesale prices continued. This paper argues that wholesale prices are unrelated to costs because of a structural problem in the way traffic is traded -in particular the custom of bartering traffic or ‘balancing’ has distorted the market and means that for most wholesale roaming traffic, the wholesale price is unimportant. A central recommendation of this paper is that policy makers’ focus must be on breaking the link between in-country roaming services and returning traffic volumes – this will introduce a competitive dynamic in the market and allow normal pricing mechanisms. This can be achieved by moving the market to an electronic trading market to determine prices and volumes. Recent data clearly shows that certain operators are greatly disadvantaged by high pricing in the wholesale roaming markets and that demand suppression practices such as the avoidance of 4G agreements are not currently tracked. The implications for the development of 5G are that roaming risks undermining service development and adoption. The wholesale stresses are also leaking through to the retail level and consumers are not getting what was promised by RLAH in terms of the ability to roam throughout Europe on the same terms as they do in their home markets. This paper argues that the establishment of a wireless trading platform which permits one-way bids only (and thereby eliminates the fundamental problem of traffic balancing) as well as anonymising participation and being transparent on pricing would enable prices to move towards marginal cost. Mandating participation on such a trading platform might be necessary and two possibilities appear possible (via the Roaming Regulation or via an antitrust action). Moving pricing towards marginal cost would enable RLAH to be sustainable for all operators even where data volumes are very high, such as in a 5G environment. In turn, this will facilitate an accelerated 5G service development and accelerated adoption in Europe.

Concern about the long-term sustainability of European public pension systems has been a permanent feature for decades due to the unstoppable ageing of the population, but demographic change is not the only factor of concern. A deep economic and financial crisis has been added to this structural problem, whose impact on economic growth and job creation has further aggravated the situation. The combination of these two challenges has created a “perfect storm”, which is forcing most European countries to introduce far-reaching reforms in their pension systems with the aim of ensuring their sustainability. This chapter analyses the main measures that the different EU-28 countries have addressed since the beginning of the crisis to ensure the sustainability of their pensions. The wide range of measures taken include delaying the retirement age and introducing sustainability factors and automatic adjustment mechanisms.

For the purposes of the research, we developed a concept of structural reasons that we theoretically assume appear as typical structural reasons for violence in schools. With empirical research, we determined how primary school teachers recognise violent behaviour and how they execute moral education in the areas of the specific structural reasons for violence. We found that the majority of teachers have appropriate pedagogical knowledge to recognise the specific structural reasons for violence and are able to identify the appropriate moral education or support strategy to address the identified violent or disruptive behaviour. However, even in cases of repeating acts of violence, teachers only begin to engage with the factors or reasons behind violent incidents in individual cases, and not systematically. We therefore suggest that schools introduce the systematic differentiation of structural reasons for violence and incorporate this approach in the school moral education plan and the work of teachers. Within such frameworks, violence and disruptive behaviour would be eliminated through moral education and/or support strategies appropriate to the specific structural reasons.