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Abstract Background Dengue fever, a viral illness spread mostly by Aedes mosquitoes, continues to pose a substantial public health issue in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. In Dhaka, climatic and socio-demographic factors like population density affect the spread of dengue. The dengue indexes are greatest in the residential mixed zone. Numerous environmental parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and the air pollution index, have been linked to mosquito larvae, and dengue prevalence is correlated with urbanization, decreased vegetation, and population expansion. Methods By using an extensive dataset that encompasses a range of years, we use spatial and temporal analytic methodologies to investigate the correlation between land use attributes, climatic variables, and the occurrence of dengue fever. To better understand the dynamics of dengue, the built environment and climatic factors are treated as independent variables in this study. ArcPy is a Python package that facilitates here for geographic data analysis and ArcMap 10.7 also used for visualizing spatial data. Results The results of our study demonstrate that land use significantly influences the spatial patterns of Dengue incidence in Dhaka city. The dengue hotspot Thana are identified and these are Badda, Jatrabari, kadamtali, Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Sobujbagh, Shyampur, Tejgoan, Dhanmondi and Uttara. All of these areas’ population density and residential use as land use is higher than the other Thana of Dhaka city. There exists a significant correlation between climatic characteristics, such as temperature (0.25), rainfall (.803), specific humidity (0.74), relative humidity (0.76), wind speed (0.4) and Dengue incidence patterns. This research emphasizes the structural use and climatic relationship in Dengue epidemics, with climatic conditions playing a significant role as drivers of these variations. Conclusions This research demonstrates the complex relationship between land use, meteorological factors, and the spread of Dengue fever in Dhaka city. The results of this study have significant significance for several domains, including urban planning, public health measures, and vector control tactics. A comprehensive understanding of the temporal and geographical patterns of dengue transmission might aid in the development of accurate and effective prevention measures intended to lessen the effects of dengue in cities, such as Dhaka.

Background: Dengue fever, a viral illness spread mostly by Aedes mosquitoes, continues to pose a substantial public health issue in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. In Dhaka, climatic and socio-demographic factors like population density affect the spread of dengue. The dengue indexes are greatest in the residential mixed zone. Numerous environmental parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and the air pollution index, have been linked to mosquito larvae, and dengue prevalence is correlated with urbanization, decreased vegetation, and population expansion. Methods: By using an extensive dataset that encompasses a range of years, we use spatial and temporal analytic methodologies to investigate the correlation between land use attributes, climatic variables, and the occurrence of dengue fever. To better understand the dynamics of dengue, the built environment and climatic factors are treated as independent variables in this study. ArcPy is a Python package that facilitates here for geographic data analysis and ArcMap 10.7 also used for visualizing spatial data. Results: The results of our study demonstrate that land use significantly influences the spatial patterns of Dengue incidence in Dhaka city. The dengue hotspot Thana are identified and these are Badda, Jatrabari, kadamtali, Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Sobujbagh, Shyampur, Tejgoan, Dhanmondi and Uttara. All of these areas' population density and residential use as land use is higher than the other Thana of Dhaka city. There exists a significant correlation between climatic characteristics, such as temperature (0.25), rainfall (.803), specific humidity (0.74), relative humidity (0.76), wind speed (0.4) and Dengue incidence patterns. This research emphasizes the structural use and climatic relationship in Dengue epidemics, with climatic conditions playing a significant role as drivers of these variations. Conclusions: This research demonstrates the complex relationship between land use, meteorological factors, and the spread of Dengue fever in Dhaka city. The results of this study have significant significance for several domains, including urban planning, public health measures, and vector control tactics. A comprehensive understanding of the temporal and geographical patterns of dengue transmission might aid in the development of accurate and effective prevention measures intended to lessen the effects of dengue in cities, such as Dhaka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in a structure's use can have a significant impact on distribution of live loads, both in the plan and elevation of a building. Unevenly distributed live loads can introduce variations in mass, causing irregularities in the structure and making it more susceptible to damage during earthquakes. Previous studies have extensively investigated the seismic vulnerability of structurally irregular buildings. However, due to computational challenges, simplified two-dimensional models are commonly employed, which fail to accurately capture the nonlinear interaction between torsional and lateral responses, thereby limiting their ability to reflect the actual structural behavior. This research focuses on examining the seismic fragility of reinforced concrete frames that exhibit mass irregularities in the elevation or plan caused by the change in structural usage. For accurate vulnerability evaluation, this research employs comprehensive three-dimensional models of reinforced concrete irregular structures. A total of 21 frame models encompassing various degrees of vertical and in-plan irregularities resulting from different scenarios of live-load distribution were studied. Nonlinear dynamic response history analysis was conducted with 10 earthquake input ground motions. To assess the vulnerability of the studied structures against the given earthquakes comprehensively, the concept of a fragility surface was introduced. The fragility surface is derived from fragility curves corresponding to various damage limit states, providing a complete overview of the seismic vulnerability of the structure in terms of peak ground accelerations and allowable drift ratios. In this study, eight allowable drift ratios were defined to establish failure limit-state conditions. The seismic vulnerability of all assumed building usage scenarios ware quantified, and this study highlights that uneven structure use in the regular structure can significantly affect its seismic performance. The findings of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the novel aspects related to the seismic behavior of irregular structures, enhancing our knowledge in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]