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Objective: A field study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) battery to assist officers in making arrest decisions at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) below 0.10%., Background: The SFST Battery was validated at 0.10% BAC in 1981, but since then many states have reduced statutory limits for driving while intoxicated to 0.08% BAC., Methods: During routine patrols, participating officers followed study procedures in administering SFSTs, scoring results, making arrest/no arrest decisions, and completing a data collection form for each of the 297 motorists evaluated during the study period. The officers' final step in each case was the administration of an evidentiary breath alcohol test., Results: Overall, officers' decisions were correct in more than 91% of the cases at the 0.08% BAC level. Cohen's kappa tests found all officers' scores to be within the categories of "substantial" and "near perfect" agreement, indicating low variance among the officers and a high degree of interrater reliability., Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of the validity of the SFST Battery as an accurate and reliable decision aid for discriminating between BACs above and below 0.08%., Application: The SFST Battery presently is used by law enforcement officers throughout the United States to help make roadside arrest decisions for impaired driving.

Small groups living and working in isolation and confinement experience unique stressors that have predictable effects on individual adjustment and performance. Because the stress is cumulative, long-duration missions impose considerable burdens on an individual's capacity to adjust to the conditions and to perform well, both technically and socially. This paper describes research conducted to extrapolate design and procedural guidelines for lunar and planetary expeditions from a review of information concerning previous expeditions and voyages of discovery.

Previous studies of isolated and confined environments (ICEs) have been unable to assign relative priority to the many behavioral issues affecting participants. The current study analyzed psychologically relevant entries in the journals of nine leaders and physicians of French circumpolar expeditions. More than 100 specific themes emerged, distributed across 22 categories. Group Interaction was found to be the most salient of the categories, followed by Outside Communications, Workload, Recreation and Leisure, Medical Support, Adjustment, Leadership, Event, and Food. Substantial evidence of a third quarter phenomenon was found in all expeditions. Unexpectedly, shorter missions (69-180 d) generated more negative reactions than longer missions (230-363 d) and diaries from the sub-Antarctic stations were more negative than those from the Antarctic. The study provides quantitative bases for judgments concerning the relative importance of psychological issues.