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This study investigates the effects of fermentation conditions on the production of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides in yogurt by Lactobacillus helveticus 881315 ( L. helveticus) in the presence or absence of Flavourzyme®, which is derived from a mould, Aspergillus oryzae and used for protein hydrolysis in various industrial applications. Optimal conditions for peptides with the highest ACE-I activity were 4% (v/w) inoculum size for 8 h without Flavourzyme® supplementation, and 1% inoculum size for 12 h when combined with Flavourzyme®. The yogurt fermented by L. helveticus resulted in IC50 values (concentration of inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of ACE activity under the assayed conditions) of 1.47 ± 0.04 and 16.91 ± 0.25 mg mL−1 with and without Flavourzyme® respectively. Seven fractions of ACE-I peptides from the yogurt incorporated with L. helveticus and Flavourzyme® were separated using the preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Fraction (F3) showed the highest ACE-I activity with an IC50 of 35.75 ± 5.48 μg mL−1. This study indicates that yogurt may be a valuable source of ACE-I peptides, which may explain the outcomes observed in the experimental and clinical studies and foresee the application of fermented milk proteins into functional foods or dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The effects of fish oil ( FO) supplementation and the dietary replacement of FO with flaxseed oil ( FlaxO) and canola oil ( CO) on the growth of cultured abalone was investigated. The study involved three growth experiments: ( E1) diets containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% of FO, respectively; ( E2) diets in which FO was serially replaced by 25, 50, 75 and 100% FlaxO, respectively; and ( E3) diets in which FO was serially replaced by 25, 50, 75 and 100% CO, respectively. Results In Experiment 1, abalone fed a diet supplemented with 1.5% FO showed a significantly higher (121.2 ± 1.1 mg day−1) daily growth rate of weight ( DGRw) compared to control (70.1 ± 1.71 mg day−1). In Experiment 2, abalone fed 1.5% FO diet and diets containing 25-75% FlaxO showed no significant differences in DGRw. The diet containing 100% FlaxO showed significantly lower (63.3 ± 6.7 mg day−1) DGRw. In Experiment 3, abalone fed diets containing 25% and 50% CO showed similar DGRw as those fed a 1.5% FO diet. The diet containing 75% and 100% CO showed significantly lower (63.7 ± 5.0 to 95.4 ± 5.1 mg day−1) DGRw. Conclusion Supplementation with 1.5% of dietary FO can improve growth performance in cultured abalone. It is feasible to replace 75% of dietary FO with FlaxO and 50% of dietary FO with CO, without negative effect on growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of twenty-three Australian Bass Strait scallops, Pecten fumatus processed by three different cooking methods: steam, battered and deep-fry, and pan-fry were analysed to determine the total lipid and health-benefiting n-3 PUFA contents. Fry process resulted in a significantly higher lipid content (p<0.05) with 1.98g]100g being found in deep-fried and 1.78g/100g in pan-fried scallops while 1.31g/100g was recorded in the fresh control group (p<0.05). A higher concentration of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3h total n-6 PUFA and linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) were also observed in fried scallops (p<0.05). The two mare n-3 LC-PUFA were eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and their concentration also varied depending on the cooking methods. Pan-fried scallops showed a higher concentration of EPA. DHA and total n-3 PUFA while steamed scallops had a higher concentration of DHA only (p<0.05). The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA was markedly lower in both fried groups than in control and steamed scallops (p<0.0001). Three frozen samples were also examined and no significant variations in the lipid profiles have been observed after 22 days. The variation of lipid profiles reflects mainly the uptake of vegetable oil components and loss of water during cooking process. Scallops represent a good source of n-3 LC-PUFA with the concentration ranging from 312.4 mg/100g in fresh scallops to 522.1mg/100g in pan-fried scallops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Krill oil (KO) and fish oil (FO) are good sources of health-benefiting long chain n- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), EPA and DHA. There are conflicting outcomes on the bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFA from KO compared with FO. This study investigated the postprandial incorporation of LC n- 3 PUFA into plasma lipids following consumption of 5 capsules of KO or FO in comparison with olive oil (OO) control in healthy women.Methods and Study Design: 10 women (aged 18-45 years) consumed a high-fat (15 g) breakfast, supplemented with 5 g of KO, FO, or OO in a random order with a minimum seven-day washout period between the supplementations. The LC n-3 PUFA content in KO was 907 mg compared with 1441 mg in FO. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and for the next 5 hours after test meal consumption on an hourly basis.Results: Significant increases in plasma EPA concentrations were observed starting at 2 h after KO and FO consumption (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in either DHA or DPA between the three groups. The increases in plasma EPA concentrations were similar between the KO and FO groups (p>0.05).Conclusions: The lower dose (31%) of EPA from KO led to a similar plasma EPA concentration as in the FO group, suggesting that EPA from KO may be more efficiently incorporated into plasma. This may be related to the high content of phospholipids and free fatty acids in KO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of fermentation conditions on the production of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides in yogurt by Lactobacillus helveticus 881315 ( L. helveticus) in the presence or absence of Flavourzyme®, which is derived from a mould, Aspergillus oryzae and used for protein hydrolysis in various industrial applications. Optimal conditions for peptides with the highest ACE-I activity were 4% (v/w) inoculum size for 8 h without Flavourzyme® supplementation, and 1% inoculum size for 12 h when combined with Flavourzyme®. The yogurt fermented by L. helveticus resulted in IC50 values (concentration of inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of ACE activity under the assayed conditions) of 1.47 ± 0.04 and 16.91 ± 0.25 mg mL−1 with and without Flavourzyme® respectively. Seven fractions of ACE-I peptides from the yogurt incorporated with L. helveticus and Flavourzyme® were separated using the preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Fraction (F3) showed the highest ACE-I activity with an IC50 of 35.75 ± 5.48 μg mL−1. This study indicates that yogurt may be a valuable source of ACE-I peptides, which may explain the outcomes observed in the experimental and clinical studies and foresee the application of fermented milk proteins into functional foods or dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited studies have shown that Coleus forskohlii extract may aid in weight management. This randomized, double blind placebo-controlled clinical study assessed the effects of supplementation with C. forskohlii extract on key markers of obesity and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese individuals. Thirty participants completed the trial and they were randomly assigned to receive either 250 mg of C. forskohlii extract (n = 15) or a placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. All participants were advised to follow a hypocaloric diet throughout the study. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, and waist to hip ratio, were monitored fortnightly. Dietary intake was assessed at the baseline and weeks 4, 8 and 12. Appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales and blood samples were analyzed for plasma lipids, ghrelin, leptin, glucose and insulin at the baseline and end of the intervention. Significant reductions to waist and hip circumference (p = 0.02; p = 0.01, respectively) were recorded in both experimental and placebo groups after the 12 week intervention. Furthermore, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly increased (p = 0.01) in both groups. The experimental group showed a favorable improvement in insulin concentration and insulin resistance (p = 0.001; 0.01 respectively) compared to the placebo group. These findings suggest that C. forskohlii extract in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet may be useful in the management of metabolic risk factors.

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) results from a deletion of the paternal genes in the region of chromosome 15q11-q13. PWS develops hyperphagia, which when left unmanaged, leads to an excessive ingestion of food. To date there is inadequate pharmacological treatment or supplementation for modification of the PWS hyperphagia and/or the associated behaviors. Therefore, the best practice is familial supervision and restriction of diet and environment., Aim: We aimed to determine if the natural supplement of Caralluma fimbriata extract (CFE) could attenuate hyperphagia or the associated appetite behaviors in children and adolescents with PWS over the 4-week pilot trial period., Materials and Methods: We conducted a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized crossover trial over a 10-week period to investigate the effects of CFE on hunger control, in a cohort of children and adolescents with confirmed PWS (n =15, mean age 9.27 ± 3.16 years, body weight 43.98 ± 23.99 kg). Participants from Australia and New Zealand ingested CFE or a placebo of maltodextrin/cabbage leaf over a 4-week period, with a 2-week washout before the crossover to the other treatment. Weekly comparisons in appetite behavior, severity, and drive were recorded by parents, as scaled time-point measures on a hyperphagia questionnaire validated for PWS., Results: CFE administration was found to induce a significant accumulative easing of hyperphagia (P = 0.05), with decreases evident in one-third of the participants. Furthermore due to CFE supplementation, a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) was recorded in the category of behavior and a decrease in hyperphagia (n = 8, P = 0.009) was observed at the highest dose 1,000 mg/day (recommended adult dose). There were no reported adverse effects at any dose., Conclusion: We demonstrate that an extract of the Indian cactus succulent Caralluma fimbriata eases hyperphagic appetite behavior within a cohort of children and adolescents (n = 15) with PWS without notable adverse effects. The outcomes of this study will have a potential positive impact on PWS management.