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The organic green tea sourced from Weng'an County in Guizhou Province, which meets EU standards, was utilized as the raw material for producing fermented tea through the solid-state fermentation of Eurotium cristatum. The optimization process for the fermented tea was also conducted. Concurrently, volatile compounds in both the raw material and the final product were detected using headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), followed by an analysis of the characteristic volatile compounds. The sensory quality and functional indicators, including water extracts, tea polyphenols and free amino acids of the fermented tea, were combined to form comprehensive evaluation indices. The optimal preparation conditions for fermented tea were determined through single factor tests and response surface analysis, with the identified processing conditions being temperature at 28 ℃, water content at 40%, inoculation amount at 1‰, and fermentation time at 8 days. The final fermented tea exhibited a mellow taste, bright orange and yellow color, pure aroma, and achieved a comprehensive score of 83.75±2.52. Furthermore, 18 characteristic volatile compounds with OAV>1 were identified in both green tea and the final fermented tea, revealing a strong "golden flower" aroma in the fermented tea, attributed to eight volatile compounds like linalool and methyl salicylate. Physicochemical analysis of the final fermented tea indicated moisture content of 3.9%±0.47%, ash content of 5.92%±0.21%, and water extract content of 43.92%±0.07%, all surpassing the Chinese national standard for Fu Brick Tea (GB/T 32719.5-2018 Dark tea-Part5: Fu tea). This research serves as a theoretical reference for the preparation of fermented tea using the "loose tea blooming" method.

Abstract Background Left-behind children(LBC) in rural China are at increased risk for mental health problems, including depression. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression and identify key associate factors among Chinese rural LBC. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from 36,612 LBC aged 6 to 18 years old across 596 data collection sites in Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China. Participants completed questionnaires assessing individual factors, family parenting situation, living events, and health-related data. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). T-tests, chi-square, and logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with depression. Results The overall prevalence of depression among LBC was 6.75%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that family parenting situations, such as being from blended families (OR = 1.45) or being cared for by other family members (OR = 1.64), and dissatisfaction with the parenting situation (OR = 1.57) were significantly associated with higher odds of depression. Living events, including being misunderstood (OR = 1.82) and having disputes (OR = 1.48), and health-related factors, such as chronic diseases and regular medication use (OR = 2.38), also increased the risk of depression. Conclusions This study highlights the high prevalence of depression among Chinese rural LBC and identifies key associate factors, including family parenting situation, negative living events and health-related factors. Targeted interventions and policies addressing these factors are needed to promote the mental health of this vulnerable population.

Abstract Background Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors among adolescents with mood disorders represent a significant global public health concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and identify key predictors of NSSI behaviors in Chinese adolescents diagnosed with depressive or bipolar disorders, addressing a critical gap in the literature. Method Data from 2343 participants in the Chinese Adolescent Depression Cohort (CADC) were analyzed. The study employed a comprehensive approach, utilizing medical records, clinical assessments, and validated psychometric instruments. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, logistic regression, and ROC curve analyses, culminating in the development of a predictive nomogram. Results The prevalence of NSSI behaviors was strikingly high at 73.32%. Significant predictors included female gender (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI [1.70, 2.68]), presence of hallucinations (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.18, 1.97]), borderline personality features (AOR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.08]), and childhood trauma (AOR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.01, 1.03]). The study’s key contribution is a predictive nomogram with an AUC of 0.74, demonstrating good efficacy in predicting NSSI behaviors. Conclusion This research reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of NSSI behaviors in Chinese adolescents with mood disorders and identifies critical predictors spanning demographic, clinical, and psychometric domains. The developed nomogram offers a novel approach for risk assessment, highlighting the importance of comprehensive evaluations in adolescent mental healthcare. These findings have significant implications for developing targeted interventions and improving risk assessment strategies in clinical practice.

The aim of this research was to optimize the polysaccharides extraction process from the peels of Akebia trifoliate, and evaluate its in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate was optimized using single-factor combined with orthogonal experiment. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate was investigated by using DPPH radical scavenging rate and total reducing ability as the indicators. The hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate was explored using α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition rate as the indicators. The results demonstrated that the optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate was ultrasound power 280 W, ultrasound time 60 min, extraction temperature 50 ℃, solid-liquid ratio 1:40 g/mL, respectively. Under the optimal process condition, the extraction rate of polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate was 5.91%±0.20%. Within the measured concentration range, polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate had the preferable DPPH radical scavenging and reducing ability. In addition, the IC50 values of polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate and VC for scavenging DPPH free radicals were 0.329 and 0.077 mg/mL, separately. The IC50 values of polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate for inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity were 0.386 and 0.307 mg/mL, respectively. This research proved that the polysaccharides from the peels of Akebia trifoliate extracted by this optimal process had better in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity.

BackgroundLeft-behind children in China face challenges in sleep patterns, technology use, and mental health. This study uses an individual-centered approach to derive behavioral profiles associated with depressive symptoms.MethodsData from 131,586 left-behind children aged 8 to 18 years from the Chinese Psychological Health Guard for Children and Adolescents Project were analyzed. Participants were recruited from 569 centers across schools, community institutes, orphanages, and children’s hospitals throughout China. Latent class analysis was conducted using weekday and weekend sleep duration and smartphone use as indicators. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).ResultsFour distinct classes emerged: Sufficient Sleep Low Users (23.6%), Moderate Sleep Medium Users (25.2%), Limited Sleep High Users (22.1%), and Healthy Sleep Low Users (29.2%). Significant differences in CES-D scores were found between classes (F(3, 131579) = 4929, p

The economic growth and fast urbanization in China have led to a rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Prior research has predominantly concentrated on examining the correlation between social economy, urban structure, and CO2 emissions. However, there has been little comprehensive research that considers the incidental truncation of missing CO2 emission data in underdeveloped cities. Here, we take the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration as an example and use the sample selection model to study the spatiotemporal impacts of urban structure and socioeconomic factors on CO2 emissions, based on the unbalanced panel data for the years 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018. The results show the following: (a) The spatial differentiation of urban structures between cities was obvious, and 4 landscape indices showed significant spatial autocorrelation. (b) CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 emissions per unit of gross domestic product were limited dependent variables and affected by regional development degree, which had incidental truncation. (c) The urbanization rate, complex boundaries, concentration, and expansion of construction land will promote the growth of CO2 emissions, while as the proportion of secondary production and urban fragmentation increases by 1%, CO2 emissions will decline by approximately 0.09% and 1.72%, respectively. (d) Single-centered, highly fragmented models can lead to a surge in CO2 emissions per capita, while continuous urban structures with complex boundaries can reduce CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 emissions per unit of gross domestic product. The research findings emphasize the need to consider urban fragmentation, aggregation, and providing sufficient infrastructures for emission reduction, which establish a foundation for the environmentally friendly design of metropolitan areas.

Zirconium phosphate is the first artificially produced layered phosphate that can sorb a variety of nuclides from solutions. Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) was a type of α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP). The porous sodium zirconium phosphate pellets (p-NZP-P) with a diameter of more than ∼3 mm were prepared and used for uranium sorption. The p-NZP-P could be immersed in solutions for more than 5 days without dissolving and structurally collapsing. The sorption properties of U(Ⅵ) on p-NZP-P in solutions were investigated by both static and dynamic sorption tests. Synthetic p-NZP-P was analyzed in detail using various characterizations to investigate their character and structural changes. In the static sorption experiment, the equilibrium sorption capacity reached the 77.5 ± 1.5 mg·g−1 when the initial concentration of U(Ⅵ) was 100 mg/L, pHinitial = 4.5, T = 25 ℃. Uranium sorption increased by ∼69 % and ∼215 %, respectively, when the initial uranium concentration was increased from 100 to 300 mg·L−1 and the temperature was increased from 15 to 55 °C. Furthermore, uranium sorption increased by ∼541 % when the initial pH increased from 2.5 to 4.5, while it decreased by ∼39 % when the initial pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0. The sorption data corresponded to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, as well as the theoretically predicted value of sorption capacity (∼199.9 mg·g−1). The results of the dynamic sorption experiment showed that decreasing the quality, increasing the flow rate and the initial U(Ⅵ) concentration would shorten the breakthrough time. The dynamic sorption data agreed well with the Thomas model. The characterization confirmed the porous properties, while the U(Ⅵ) sorption mechanisms relate to –OH coordination and ion exchange. A radioactive rare earth wastewater treatment test suggested that p-NZP-P could be the potential uranium sorbent due to its good stability and efficiency. This paper opened opportunities for the development of practical materials for treating radioactive wastewater in the application of actual scenarios.

Abstract Background Obesity affects approximately 800 million people worldwide and may contribute to various diseases, especially cardiovascular and cerebrovascular conditions. Fat distribution and content represent two related yet distinct axes determining the impact of adipose tissue on health. Unlike traditional fat measurement indices, which often overlook fat distribution, the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) is a novel metric used to assess visceral fat accumulation and associated health risks. Our objective is to evaluate its association with the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Methods A nationwide longitudinal study spanning 9 years was conducted to investigate both the effects of baseline CVAI levels (classified as low and high) and dynamic changes in CVAI over time, including maintenance of low CVAI, transition from low to high, transition from high to low, and maintenance of high CVAI. Continuous scales (restricted cubic spline curves) and categorical scales (Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox regression analyses) were utilized to evaluate the relationship between CVAI and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate potential variations. Results Totally 1761 individuals (22.82%) experienced primary outcomes among 7717 participants. In the fully adjusted model, for each standard deviation increase in CVAI, there was a significant increase in the risk of primary outcomes [1.20 (95%CI: 1.14–1.27)], particularly pronounced in the high CVAI group [1.38 (95%CI: 1.25–1.54)] compared to low CVAI group. Regarding transition patterns, individuals who consistently maintained high CVAI demonstrated the highest risk ratio compared to those who consistently maintained low CVAI [1.51 (95%CI: 1.31–1.74)], followed by individuals transitioning from low to high CVAI [1.22 (95% CI: 1.01–1.47)]. Analysis of restricted cubic spline curves indicated a positive dose-response relationship between CVAI and risk of primary outcomes (p for non-linear = 0.596). Subgroup analyses results suggest that middle-aged individuals with high CVAI face a notably greater risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in contrast to elderly individuals [1.75 (95% CI: 1.53–1.99)]. Conclusion This study validates a significant association between baseline levels of CVAI and its dynamic changes with the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Vigilant monitoring and effective management of CVAI significantly contribute to early prevention and risk stratification of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a major cause of neurological disorders in the U.S. military that can adversely impact some civilian populations as well and can lead to lifelong deficits and diminished quality of life. Among these types of injuries, the long-term sequelae are poorly understood because of variability in intensity and number of the blast exposure, as well as the range of subsequent symptoms that can overlap with those resulting from other traumatic events (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Despite the valuable insights that rodent models have provided, there is a growing interest in using injury models using species with neuroanatomical features that more closely resemble the human brain. With this purpose, we established a gyrencephalic model of blast injury in ferrets, which underwent blast exposure applying conditions that closely mimic those associated with primary blast injuries to warfighters. In this study, we evaluated brain biochemical, microstructural, and behavioral profiles after blast exposure using in vivo longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging, histology, and behavioral assessments. In ferrets subjected to blast, the following alterations were found: 1) heightened impulsivity in decision making associated with pre-frontal cortex/amygdalar axis dysfunction; 2) transiently increased glutamate levels that are consistent with earlier findings during subacute stages post-TBI and may be involved in concomitant behavioral deficits; 3) abnormally high brain N-acetylaspartate levels that potentially reveal disrupted lipid synthesis and/or energy metabolism; and 4) dysfunction of pre-frontal cortex/auditory cortex signaling cascades that may reflect similar perturbations underlying secondary psychiatric disorders observed in warfighters after blast exposure.

BackgroundSelf-efficacy, a critical psychological construct representing an individual’s belief in their ability to control their motivation, behavior, and social environment. In adolescents, self-efficacy plays a crucial role in mental health, particularly concerning depressive symptoms. Despite substantial research, the complex interplay between self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in adolescents remains incompletely understood.AimsThe aim of this study is to investigate the complex interrelationships between self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in adolescents using psychological network analysis.MethodsThe cross-sectional study involved 3,654 adolescents. Self-efficacy was assessed using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and depressive symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Network analysis, incorporating the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) technique and centrality analysis, constructed and compared self-efficacy networks between depressive symptoms and healthy control groups.ResultsOf the 3,654 participants, 560 (15.32%) met criteria for moderate to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 scores ≥10). Among those with depressive symptoms, 373 (66.61%) had moderate, 126 (22.50%) had moderate–severe, and 61 (10.89%) had severe symptoms. Bivariate correlation analyses revealed a significant negative correlation between depressive symptoms and self-efficacy (r = −0.41, p

In this paper, the preparation of Selenized Gastrodia elata polysaccharides (SeGEP) was conducted through HNO3-Na2SeO3 method using GEP and sodium nitrite as the raw materials, and the modification conditions were optimized by single factor experiment combined with response surface method using selenium content as the index. Ultraviolet spectrum (UV), infrared spectrum (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), particle size test, zeta potential test, Congo red test, iodine-potassium iodide test, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were carried out to explore the structure of GEP and SeGEP. Antioxidant tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of selenylation modification on GEP in vitro. The results showed that the optimum selenylation parameters were as follows: Reaction temperature 74 ℃, nitric acid concentration 0.041%, reaction time 8.4 h, and under the optimum conditions, the selenium content could be reached to 3891.05±10.86 μg/g. Structural characterization analysis showed that SeGEP had been successfully accomplished, and SeGEP had reduced the particle size, increased the absolute value of Zeta potential and improved the stability in solution by comparing with GEP. It was also found that both GEP and SeGEP might possess triple helix with long side branched chain structures, whereas selenylation modification could change the micromorphology of GEP. The in vitro antioxidant results showed that the DPPH radical scavenging rate of SeGEP at 10 mg/mL was 98%±1.52% and the maximum iron reducing power was 0.99±0.24, and the ABTS+ radical scavenging rate of SeGEP at 1 mg/mL was 97.49%±1.16%, respectively. SeGEP exhibited higher antioxidant activities than that of GEP, indicating that selenylation modification could improve the antioxidant ability of GEP. This study provided a theoretical basis for the development of selenium supplement and functional food related to selenized Gastrodia elata polysaccharides.

Rosa roxburghii (R. roxburghii), native to the southwest provinces of China, is a fruit crop of important economic value in Guizhou Province. However, the changes in fruit quality and flavor during R. roxburghii fruit ripening have remained unknown. Here, this study investigated the changes of seven active components and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the ripening of the R. roxburghii fruit at five different ripening stages including 45, 65, 75, 90, and 105 days after anthesis. The results indicated that during the ripening process, the levels of total acid, vitamin C, and soluble sugar significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the levels of total flavonoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and soluble tannin significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, the content of total phenol exhibited a trend of first decreasing significantly and then increasing significantly (p < 0.05). A total of 145 VOCs were detected by HS-SPME-GC-MS at five mature stages, primarily consisting of aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and alkenes. As R. roxburghii matured, both the diversity and total quantity of VOCs in the fruit increased, with a notable rise in the contents of acids, ketones, and alkenes. By calculating the ROAV values of these VOCs, 53 key substances were identified, which included aromas such as fruit, citrus, green, caramel, grass, flower, sweet, soap, wood, and fat notes. The aromas of citrus, caramel, sweet, and wood were predominantly concentrated in the later stages of R. roxburghii fruit ripening. Cluster heatmap analysis revealed distinct distribution patterns of VOCs across five different maturity stages, serving as characteristic chemical fingerprints for each stage. Notably, stages IV and V were primarily characterized by a dominance of alkenes. OPLS-DA analysis categorized the ripening process of R. roxburghii fruit into three segments: the first segment encompassed the initial three stages (I, II, and III), the second segment corresponded to the fourth stage (IV), and the third segment pertained to the fifth stage (V). Following the variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 criterion, a total of 30 key differential VOCs were identified across the five stages, predominantly comprising ester compounds, which significantly influenced the aroma profiles of R. roxburghii fruit. By integrating the VIP > 1 and ROAV > 1 criteria, 21 differential VOCs were further identified as key contributors to the aroma changes in R. roxburghii fruit during the ripening process. This study provided data on the changes in quality and aroma of R. roxburghii fruit during ripening and laid the foundation for the investigation of the mechanism of compound accumulation during ripening.