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Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the difference between genuine and pseudo-halitosis in terms of clinical characteristics.Methods: We recruited 51 halitosis patients who visited the halitosis clinic at Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital from March 2020 to March 2022. We classified the halitosis patients into two groups, genuine and pseudo halitosis, based on oral chroma and evaluated the status of hyposalivation using the drainage method, stress levels using heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, and Ryodoraku.Results: Comparing the genuine halitosis group and the pseudo halitosis group, there was no significant difference in the status of hyposalivation and HRV parameters. However, Ryodoraku was significantly different between genuine and pseudo halitosis. Compared to the genuine halitosis group, the pseudo halitosis group showed a significantly higher value of total average (TA) of Ryodoraku.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that there is a significant difference in Ryodoraku between genuine halitosis and pseudo halitosis, so when approaching pseudo halitosis patients, we should consider their excitability of the sympathetic nervous system and metabolic function status.

Objective: This case study reports the effects of treating a gastric cancer patient who had undergone gastrectomy with Korean medicine.Methods: After gastrectomy, a 77-year-old female patient received acupuncture, electroacupuncture, herbal medicine (Banhabaekchulchunma-tang, Banhahubak-tang), and moxibustion for one month.Results: After treatment, changes were observed in the patient’s numeric rating scale (from 7 to 2); visual analog scale (from 8.7 to 2.6); Short Form-36 Health Survey scores (physical from 20 to 48 and mental from 14 to 53); Functional Dyspepsia-Related Quality of Life results (from 84 to 41); and Korean Nepean Dyspepsia Index (from 63 to 32).Conclusion: Korean medical treatment for dyspepsia following gastrectomy is worthy of further research.

An epidermoid cyst is a slow-growing benign neoplasm that commonly occurs in the hand. Herein, we report a rare case of an epidermoid cyst with focal neuropathy in the left ring finger of a 38-year-old woman. Preoperatively, the patient complained of erythema, swelling, and paresthesia on her fingertips. On ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, ulnar digital nerve thickening and inflammation around the nerve were observed, and a neurogenic tumor-like schwannoma was expected. An excisional biopsy with neurectomy of the involved sensory branch of the ulnar digital nerve was performed under brachial plexus block. During the operation, there is such an uncommon morphology, yellowish debris under the epineurium of the ulnar digital nerve sensory branch was involved with the epidermoid cyst and seemed to be propagating along the sensory branch from the skin surface. After the operation, the paresthesia and swelling resolved. Over the 6-month follow-up in the outpatient clinic, no complications and recurrences occurred. Thus, we reported a rare intraneural epidermoid cyst (occurred along the digital nerve) in the finger, and we believe that considering the anatomical characteristics and the surrounding structures is important during mass excision.

Evaporation-induced particle aggregation in drying droplets is of significant importance in the prevention of pathogen transfer due to the possibility of indirect fomite transmission of the infectious virus particles. In this study, particle aggregation was directionally controlled using contact line dynamics (pinned or slipping) and geometrical gradients on microstructured surfaces by the systematic investigation of the evaporation process on sessile droplets and sprayed microdroplets laden with virus-simulant nanoparticles. Using this mechanism, we designed robust particle capture surfaces by significantly inhibiting the contact transfer of particles from fomite surfaces. For the proof-of-concept, interconnected hexagonal and inverted pyramidal microwall were fabricated using ultraviolet-based nanoimprint lithography, which is considered to be a promising scalable manufacturing process. We demonstrated the potentials of an engineered microcavity surface to limit the contact transfer of particle aggregates deposited with the evaporation of microdroplets by 93% for hexagonal microwall and by 96% for inverted pyramidal microwall. The particle capture potential of the interconnected microstructures was also investigated using biological particles, including adenoviruses and lung-derived extracellular vesicles. The findings indicate that the proposed microstructured surfaces can reduce the indirect fomite transmission of highly infectious agents, including norovirus, rotavirus, or SARS-CoV-2, via respiratory droplets.

Purpose: This study evaluated the functional and aesthetic outcomes of a wide-second dorsal metacarpal artery perforator flap for reconstruction of the first web space of the hand. This flap sets the proximal edge of the extensor retinaculum as the distal limit.Methods: We measured the preoperative and postoperative angles of the first web space and assessed the quality of the donor site scar in eight patients.Results: The average flap size was 5.5 × 2.8 cm (range, 5.0 × 1.5 cm to 5.0 × 6.0 cm), and all flaps survived completely. The mean postoperative angle was 53°. The mean Vancouver Scar Scale score of the donor site was 4 points, and the patients had near-normal thickness and vascularity values. There was no distortion of the scar, and patients were satisfied with the scar appearance of the donor site.Conclusion: The wide-second dorsal metacarpal artery perforator flap is a useful technique to reconstruct large defects of the first web space. It is easy to raise, thin, and pliable, and has excellent color and tissue matching.

BACKGROUND Although fingertip and nail bed injuries have a high incidence, appropriate management of nail bed injuries remains controversial. This study is the completion of data derived from nail bed injuries with follow-up of a minimum of 6 months to suggest an appropriate treatment. METHODS In the retrospective study, we analyzed data from 549 nail bed injuries for 6 years and age, type of injury, fractures, treatment methods, and outcomes were reviewed. Results were determined and these were divided to identical to the opposite group, abnormalities based on Zook criteria. Statistical analysis was done according to injury category (type, site, nail substitute, and fracture) and overall final grade. RESULTS Over 50% (293 cases) had excellent results. Rates of very good, good, fair, and poor results were 22.6%, 11.3%, 6.2%, and 6.6%, respectively. Poorer results were obtained for fold injuries, crush, and avulsive injuries. The presence of a fracture was associated with poor results. CONCLUSIONS The cause of poor results is thought to be multifactorial. Although, overall outcomes were good, nail splitting, nail roughness, and nail adherence can cause dirtiness, catching, bending, and various cosmetic problems. Thus, careful suture and replacement of nail to nail fold are important to reach good results.

Shrinkage is inevitable in the curing of resins during the nanoimprint process. The degree of shrinkage that occurs as the resin transforms from a viscous liquid to solid differs depending on the type of resin. However, if the cured material is repeatedly cured using the same material, constant shrinkage can be confirmed. In this study, the pattern of change was observed by repeatedly performing the nanoimprint process using a resin with a constant shrinkage rate. The observed pattern for the change of shape was made using a triangular pyramid-shaped aluminum master mold and a flexible replica mold made from the master. Shrinkage that results from the nanoimprint process occurs linearly in the longitudinal direction of the pattern and can be predicted by simple calculations. The change of the pattern due to shrinkage occurred as expected. If the shrinkage rate remains constant, various patterns can be manufactured with high accuracy by correcting these changes before producing a specific shape. This study confirms that the pattern of the desired angle can be obtained by performing the repeated imprint without having to manufacture a master mold.

Biological surfaces in plants are critical for controlling essential functions such as wettability, adhesion, and light management, which are linked to their adaptation, survival, and reproduction. Biomimetically patterned surfaces replicating the microstructures of plant surfaces have become an emerging tool for understanding plant–environment interactions. In this study, we developed a two-step micro-replication platform to mimic the microstructure of seed surfaces and demonstrated that this initial platform can be used to study seed surface–environment interactions. The two-step process involved the extraction of a simplified seed surface model from real seeds and micro-replication of the simplified seed surface model using nanoimprint lithography. Using Allium seeds collected from Mongolia and Central Asia as the model system, we studied the wettability of biological and synthetic seed surfaces. We could independently control the material properties of a synthetic seed surface while maintaining the microstructures and, thereby, provide clear evidence that Allium seed surfaces were highly wettable owing to the high surface energy in the epidermal material rather than a microstructural effect. We expect that this platform can facilitate study of the independent effect of microstructure on the interaction of seed surfaces with their surroundings and contribute to research on the evolution of plant–environment interactions.

e16279 Background: FOLFIRINOX showed high efficacy but also high toxicity in metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). To reduce toxicity and maintain efficacy, many kinds of studies on modified FOLFIRINOX have been conducted. However, these studies do not have unified pattern of dose-modification. In addition to the diversity of 'planned dose' in study design for modified FOLFIRINOX, the 'actually administered dose' for patients are much more diverse in the real world studies. We aimed to visualize 10 year trend of ‘planned’ and ‘actual’ dose of FOLFIRINOX in prospective and retrospective trials and investigate clinical outcomes according to dose modification. Methods: A systematic literature search of databases (Medline, Embase, and Scopus) between 1 January 2011 and 30 September 2021 was conducted. Eligible studies included patients treated with FOLFIRINOX as first-line treatment in MPC and reported any type of information in ‘planned’ and ‘actual’ dose of FOLFIRINOX. For evidence mapping sorted by four groups (table 1), a web-based and interactive bubble-plot program (www.RDI-map.com) was developed. For clinical outcome assessment, data on objective response rate (ORR) and hematologic toxicity rate were pooled with random-effect model and compared according to planned dose of FOLFIRINOX. Results: A total of 37 studies were identified for evidence mapping. In the mapping, ‘planned’ dose of FOLFIRINOX ranged with 75–100% for oxaliplatin, 75-100% for irinotecan, 0–100% for 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-push, and 75–133% for 5FU-continuous intravenous injection (CIV), respectively. The ‘actual’ dose of each agents went down to 54–96%, 61–88%, 0–92%, and 63–98%, respectively. In the pooled analysis with 27 studies including clinical outcome, the overall ORR was 30.9% (95% CI, 27.4-34.4%). Comparing planned ‘standard’ FOLFIRINOX with planned ‘modified’ regimen, the ORR was 28.2% [95% CI, 22.5-33.9%] and 33.8% [95% CI, 30.3-37.3%], respectively (P = 0.100). Febrile neutropenia was 11.6% [95% CI, 0-16.0%] and 5.5% [95% CI, 0-8.9%], respectively in the same order ( P = 0.030). Conclusions: The RDI-map.com effectively provided multifactorial evidence-mapping for the practical pattern of dose reduction in FOLFIRINOX, and it revealed a significant gap between ‘planned’ and ‘actual’ dose of FOLFIRINOX. Planned ‘modified’ FOLFIRINOX showed similar efficacy and reduced febrile neutropenia, compared to planned ‘standard’ regimen. This data can serve as a guidance in both prescribing FOLFIRINOX for clinicians and designing further studies for researchers in MPC. [Table: see text]

Highlights • There are possibility of iatragenic fracture anywhere K-wire have passed and failed. • Surgeons should be aware of the potential damage to bone during K-wire fixation. • Preoperative planning, continuous C-arm scanning and appropriate K-wire thickness can minimize complications. • Patients should be told that following K-wire removal, the residual holes could subject to stress risers., Introduction Iatrogenic fractures after failed K-wire fixation in the management of a carpometacarpal (CMC) joint fracture-dislocation have not yet been reported (Hsu et al., 2011). We present a case of K-wire-related complication in the management of a CMC joint fracture-dislocation and highlight the importance of planning K-wire placement and minimizing the number of K-wire passes. Presentation of case After beating his hand against a wall, a 22-year-old patient visited our clinic complaining of a swollen and painful wrist. Following our protocol, reduction and K-wire fixation was planned. During these procedures, the resident of our team made several attempts to insert transfixation pins and radiologic finding demonstrated incorrect placement of the K-wire track. The patient visited the outpatient clinic at 5 weeks postoperatively then we removed the K-wires and began mobilization. Two weeks later, the patient came back with acute onset of pain and swelling at the 5th metacarpal area. Discussion Stahl and Schwartz reported that 27.8 % of complications related K-wire were due to technical failure and 90 % of technical failure were caused by hospital residents. Well-established guidelines and supervision by a highly experienced surgeon is likely to reduce the rate of technical failure. Multiple passes of the K-wire have resulted in blunting of the K-wire and subsequent heat generation then lead to subsequent loosening and loss of fixation. Conclusion Preoperative planning, marking the K-wire route, and appropriate K-wire thickness minimize such complications. Patients should be informed that following K-wire removal, the residual holes could be subject to stress risers.

The purpose of this article is to compare the reality of sex crime in the 18th century Joseon society and the way in which it was adapted into classic...

Functional films with hydrophobic, oleophobic, anti-fouling, anti-icing, anti-bacterial and low reflectance properties can be produced by patterning nano- or micro-structures on films via nano imprint lithography. Here, an omni-phobic surface showing both hydrophobicity and oleophobicity was obtained without chemical surface treatment by increasing the surface roughness and deforming the pattern morphology using only nano imprint lithography and the oxygen-inhibited curing properties of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) resin. A tulip-shaped pattern imprinting process was designed in which microscale patterns were fabricated using a porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold with high oxygen transmission. During ultraviolet (UV) curing, a curing inhibiting layer was formed by reaction with oxygen. Next, a PDMS pad was used for the pressurized curing of the curing inhibition layer to modify the micro scale structures. Finally, final curing of the deformed pattern was performed using ultra high-power UV light. The deformation of the pattern into tulip-like shapes with increased surface roughness was confirmed by microscopy, and contact angle measurement was performed to confirm omni-phobicity. The final cured imprinted samples showed water and oil contact angles reaching 169.2° and 115°, respectively, thus, the omni-phobic surface could be demonstrated by a tulip-shaped pattern imprinting process.

Microstructures present on surfaces can change the surface properties of a material. In this study, various patterns – and arrangements of those patterns in different shapes – were designed in order to analyze the associated differences in surface properties related to superhydrophobicity. We categorized these surface microstructures into three different groups of patterns: (1) pillar, (2) wall, and (3) wall–pillar; and four shapes of pattern arrangement: (1) triangular, (2) square, (3) hexagonal, and (4) octagonal. Pillar-pattern microstructures exhibit a small water-contact area and the wall-pattern structures contain interconnected pillars, and as a result, an air layer is trapped when the structure comes into contact with water. Wall–pillar pattern microstructures exhibit characteristics of both walls and pillars. For the different patterns, Si master molds were used to fabricate structures from a UV-curable polyurethane acrylate resin. Measured contact angles for 5 μl water droplets on the patterned surfaces were compared according to shape, pattern, and pitch, and the pattern exhibiting the highest contact angle was further investigated.

Enophthalmos caused by orbital volume expansion is the traditional indication for blowout fracture operation, but it may not appear immediately after orbital trauma due to periorbital swelling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations of the orbital volume ratio (OVR) and, orbital fracture area (OFA) with the late enophthalmos measurement in unilateral pure blowout fracture. Seventy-two patients who had experienced a blowout fracture were divided into 2 groups, the conservative treatment group (n = 40) and the operative treatment group (n = 32). The authors measured the preoperative OVR and OFA using three-dimensional facial bone computed tomography and investigated their relationship with late enophthalmos that obtained 6 months after orbital trauma. In both conservative and operative groups, there were significant positive correlations between the OVR and OFA (P < 0.05). In the conservative group, both the OVR and OFA showed significant positive correlations with late enophthalmos, but the OVR (r = 0.777) was more closely correlated with enophthalmos than the OFA (r = 0.739). Quantitative measurements of OVR and OFA are useful parameters that can predict the extent of late enophthalmos and are useful in planning the treatment of blowout fracture.

The consequences of facial trauma remain of great significance both functionally and esthetically. Traffic accident-related facial trauma is a frequent and significant cause of maxillofacial injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural history of traffic accident-related facial injuries in 846 patients over a 10-year period at a regional emergency center. The authors report a retrospective study of 846 patients with facial trauma from traffic accidents. The medical records of these patients were reviewed and analyzed to determine clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of traffic accident-related facial trauma. In total, 687 of the 846 patients (81.2%) had fractures of the face, and nasal bone fractures were the most common followed by zygomatic complex fractures, blow-out fractures, and maxilla fractures. About 51.2% patients had open wounds on the face, such as lacerations, abrasions, skin or soft tissue defects, and friction burns. Only 7.4% of patients were treated conservatively and the others underwent repair or closed and open reduction. The complication rate was 46.3%, and scars were the most common followed by nose-related complication, hypoesthesia, and eyelid deformities. In addition, 47.6% of complication patients underwent secondary operations. Almost 15% of drivers were drunk, and about 8.7% were confessed drowsy during drive. Almost 30% of pedestrians were hit when they jaywalked across the street. Epidemiological data regarding traffic accident-related facial trauma are important and useful not only for decisions about patient care and developing optimal treatment regimens but to develop new methods to prevent injuries.

Adsorption-mediated CO 2 separation can reduce the cost of carbon capture and storage. Amine modified sorbents are promising candidates for carbon capture. To investigate the details of CO 2 adsorption, three types of mesoporous materials, MCM-41, MCM-48 and SBA-15 were synthesized, pelletized and further pellets were impregnated with 50 wt.% of polyethyleneimine (PEI) in methanol to evaluate the performances of the materials in terms of CO 2 adsorption. The powdered mesoporous materials were also impregnated with 50 wt.% of PEI. The materials were characterized by XRD, TGA, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, N 2 -physisorption and BET techniques. The mechanical strength of pellets was examined by vertical crushing method. The surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of pellets were lower than powdered materials. This decrease may be due to partial blocking of pore entry and surface coverage of additives during shaping of pellets. A detailed TGA study is carried out of pellets by varying the composition to optimized the wt.% composition of the different ingredients to attain the maximum mechanical strength and high adsorption of CO 2 . All the PEI-loaded pelletized materials exhibited substantially higher reversible CO 2 adsorption–desorption behaviors with > 99% recovery. The results indicate pellets containing methyl cellulose and activated carbon show better mechanical strength and CO 2 adsorption. The above study also proved that MCM-48 is a better material as compared to MCM-41 and SBA-15 for pelletization and loading of PEI. The material with 50 wt.% loading of PEI on MCM-48, showed maximum adsorption of 1.094 W/W 0 at 80 °C with an impressive mechanical strength of 6.1 MPa.

Recently wind energy has been alternatively used as a renewable energy resource instead of the mostly used fossil fuels due to their increasing scarcity and environmental issues. This work is to propose a structural design and analysis procedure for development of a 500 W class small wind turbine system which will be applicable to domestic use at a relatively low speed region like Korea. Structural analysis including load case study and stress, deformation, buckling, vibration and fatigue estimation was performed. In addition, the blade should be safe from the impact damage due to FOD (foreign object damage) including bird strikes. MSC Dytran was used to analyze the bird strike phenomenon on the blade, and the applied method, Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian, was evaluated by comparison with the previous study results. Finally, the structural test was carried out and its test results were compared with the estimated results for evaluation of the designed structure.

This paper presents a hybrid optimization algorithm which combines an external call type optimization method and a general stochastic iterative algorithm for the nonlinear integer programming with genetic algorithm (GA). GA can rapidly search the approximate global optimum under a complicated design environment such as a ship structure. Meanwhile it can handle optimization problems involving discrete design variables. In addition, there are many parameters that have to be set for GA which greatly affect the accuracy and calculation time of the optimum solution. However, the setting process is difficult for users, and there are no rules to decide these parameters. Therefore, to overcome these difficulties, the optimization of these parameters has been also conducted by using GA itself. It is proven using the trial function that the parameters are optimal. Finally, the verification of validity and usefulness of nonlinear integer programming is performed by applying this method to the compass deck of a ship where the vibration problem is frequently occurs.

Recently, the wind energy has been widely used as a renewable energy resource due to lack and environmental issues of the mostly used fossil fuel. This work is to develop a 500W class small wind turbine blade which will be applicable to relatively low speed region like Korea and for the domestic use. For this blade a high efficiency wind turbine blade was designed with the proposing aerodynamic design procedure, and a light and low cost composite structure blade was designed considering fatigue life. Structural analyses including load case study, stress, deformation, buckling and vibration analysis were performed using the Finite Element Method. The fatigue life was estimated using the load spectrum analysis and the Miner rule. In order to evaluate the designed blade, the structural and aerodynamic performance tests were carried out, and the test results were compared with the analysis results.

This paper proposes an integrated evolutionary optimization algorithm (IEOA) which is combined with genetic algorithm (GA), random tabu search method (TS) and response surface methodology (RSM). This algorithm, in order to improve the convergent speed that is thought to be the demerit of GA, uses RSM and the simplex method. Though mutation of GA offers random variety, systematic variety can be secured through the use of tabu-list. Efficiency of this method has been proven by applying traditional test functions and comparing the results to GA. And it is an evidence that the newly suggested algorithm can effectively find the global optimum solution by applying it to minimize the weight of fresh water tank that is placed in the rear of ship designed to avoid resonance. According to the results, GA’s convergent speed in initial phase has been improved by using RSM. An optimized solution was calculated without the evaluation of additional actual objective function. Finally, it can be concluded that IEOA is a very useful global optimization algorithm from the viewpoint of convergent speed and global search ability.

The vibration analysis is necessary at the design stage to improve crew`s life on board and to prevent the vibration troubles of the hull structures and main machineries prior to the construction. Especially, if high vibration problems occur on the global structures like the hull girder and the deckhouse after construction, it takes lots of time, labor and cost to cure them and thus accurate analysis of global vibration should be performed from the design stage. In this study, some factors for the global vibration analysis have been investigated and the way to be applied to the analysis has been suggested.