Search

This paper presents an extension of a recently introduced multistage stochastic integer model designed for optimizing the deployment of charging stations under uncertainty. A key contribution of this work is incorporating additional constraints accounting for congestion management at charging stations. The solution approach combines a greedy heuristic with a branch-and-price algorithm, enabling the efficient handling of medium instances. In the branch-and-price algorithm, when the solution to the restricted master problem is not integer, a greedy heuristic and a local search procedure are conducted to obtain feasible solutions. Computational experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework., Comment: 13 pages

Pattern formation is ubiquitous in nature and the mechanism widely-accepted to underlay them is based on the Turing instability, predicted by Alan Turing decades ago. This is a non-trivial mechanism that involves nonlinear interaction terms between the different species involved and transport mechanisms. We present here a mathematical analysis aiming to explore the mathematical constraints that a reaction-diffusion dynamical model should comply in order to exhibit a Turing instability. The main conclusion limits the existence of this instability to nonlinearity degrees larger or equal to three.

This paper investigates the search for long-lived dark scalars from exotic Higgs boson decays at the Future Circular Collider in its $e^+e^-$ stage, FCC-ee, considering an integrated luminosity of 10.8 $\text{ab}^{-1}$ collected during the ZH run at a center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=240$ GeV. The work considers $Zh$ events where the $Z$ boson decays leptonically and the Higgs boson $h$ decays into two long-lived dark scalars $s$ which further decay into bottom anti-bottom quark pairs. The analysis is performed using a parametrized simulation of the IDEA detector concept and targets dark scalar decays in the tracking volume, resulting in multiple displaced vertices in the final state. The sensitivity towards long-lived dark scalars at FCC-ee is estimated using an event selection requiring two opposite-charge, same-flavor leptons compatible with the $Z$ boson, and at least two displaced vertices in the final state. The selection is seen to efficiently remove the Standard Model background, while retaining sensitivity for dark scalar masses between $m_s=20$ GeV and $m_s=60$ GeV and mean proper lifetimes $c\tau$ between approximately 10 mm and 10 m The results show that the search strategy has potential to probe Higgs to dark scalar branching ratios as low as $10^{-4}$ for a mean proper lifetime $c\tau\approx 1$ m. The results provide the first sensitivity estimate for exotic Higgs decays at FCC-ee with the IDEA detector concept, using the common FCC framework., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

In risk theory, financial asset returns often follow heavy-tailed distributions. Investors and risk managers used to compare risk measures as the value at risk or tail value at risk in order over the whole confidence levels to avoid the exposure to to large risks. In this paper we analyze the comparison between tail values at risk from a confidence level and beyond which is a reasonable criterion when we are focused on large losses or simply we cannot give a complete ordering over all the confidence levels. A family of stochastic orders indexed by $p_0\in(0,1)$ is proposed. We study their properties and connections with other classical criteria as the increasing convex and tail convex orders and we rank some parametrical families of distributions. Finally, two applications with real datasets are given as well., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures

This paper proposes a proof of concept application of a biphasic constitutive model to identify the mechanical properties of in vivo human skin under extension. Although poromechanics theory has been extensively used to model other soft biological tissues, only a few studies have been published for skin, and most have been limited to ex vivo or in silico conditions. However, in vivo procedures are crucial to determine the subject-specific properties at different body sites. This study focuses on cyclic uni-axial extension of the upper arm skin, using unpublished data collected by Chambert et al. Our analysis shows that a two-layer finite element model allows representing all relevant features of the observed mechanical response to the imposed external loading, which was composed, in this contribution, of four loading-sustaining-unloading cycles. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the calibrated model and the measured Force-time response was 8.84e-3 N. Our biphasic model represents a preliminary step toward investigating the mechanical conditions responsible for the onset of injury. It allows for the analysis of changes in Interstitial Fluid (IF) pressure, flow, and osmotic pressure, in addition to the mechanical fields. Future work will focus on the interaction of multiple biochemical factors and the complex network of regulatory signals.

Ohm's law has been a cornerstone of electronics since its experimental discovery. This law establishes that in a conductive system, the voltage is directly proportional to the current. Even when time-reversal symmetry is disrupted, leading to the emergence of magnetoresistance and Hall effects, the linear relationship between voltage and current remains intact. However, recent experiments have demonstrated a breakdown of Ohm's law in non-centrosymmetric structures. In these systems, non-linear transport effects are permitted with quadratic scaling between voltages and currents. Here, we review the main demonstrations of non-linear transport in non-centrosymmetric systems, analyzing the connection between non-linear behavior and the system's symmetry. Additionally, we delve into the microscopic mechanisms driving these effects, such as Berry curvature dipole and Berry connection polarizability. Finally, we highlight potential applications of non-linear transport in spintronics and energy harvesting., Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables

QuTiP, the Quantum Toolbox in Python, has been at the forefront of open-source quantum software for the last ten years. It is used as a research, teaching, and industrial tool, and has been downloaded millions of times by users around the world. Here we introduce the latest developments in QuTiP v5, which are set to have a large impact on the future of QuTiP and enable it to be a modern, continuously developed and popular tool for another decade and more. We summarize the code design and fundamental data layer changes as well as efficiency improvements, new solvers, applications to quantum circuits with QuTiP-QIP, and new quantum control tools with QuTiP-QOC. Additional flexibility in the data layer underlying all "quantum objects" in QuTiP allows us to harness the power of state-of-the-art data formats and packages like JAX, CuPy, and more. We explain these new features with a series of both well-known and new examples. The code for these examples is available in a static form on GitHub and will be available also in a continuously updated and documented notebook form in the qutip-tutorials package., Comment: 70 pages, 25 figures

One of the main goals of physics education is to develop in students the ability to think critically about data and scientific models. This skill is key in everyday life, as it allows one to interpret data accurately, evaluate whether conclusions are based on evidence, and distinguish between meaningful patterns and random occurrences. Although "correlation does not imply causation" it is common to make mistakes when interpreting relationships between variables, either due to bias or the human tendency to seek causal explanations. The history of science is filled with examples where causality was incorrectly inferred from correlation. In today's society, with the rise of fake news, misinterpretation, and data manipulation, educating students about scientific reasoning is more important than ever. In this paper, we present an activity aimed at high school physics students as part of an introductory module on scientific work. The learning objectives of this activity are to adequately plot a set of data, to extract relevant information from these data, and to clearly distinguish between correlation and causation. A brief overview of some types of correlation that do not imply causation follows, followed by a description of the activity, the results obtained, and finally the conclusions.

The production of multiple Higgs bosons at the CERN LHC provides a direct way to measure the trilinear and quartic Higgs self-interaction strengths as well as potential access to beyond the standard model effects that can enhance production at large transverse momentum $p_{\mathrm{T}}$. The largest event fraction arises from the fully hadronic final state in which every Higgs boson decays to a bottom quark-antiquark pair ($b\bar{b}$). This introduces a combinatorial challenge known as the \emph{jet assignment problem}: assigning jets to sets representing Higgs boson candidates. Symmetry-preserving attention networks (SPA-Nets) have been been developed to address this challenge. However, the complexity of jet assignment increases when simultaneously considering both $H\rightarrow b\bar{b}$ reconstruction possibilities, i.e., two "resolved" small-radius jets each containing a shower initiated by a $b$-quark or one "boosted" large-radius jet containing a merged shower initiated by a $b\bar{b}$ pair. The latter improves the reconstruction efficiency at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$. In this work, we introduce a generalization to the SPA-Net approach to simultaneously consider both boosted and resolved reconstruction possibilities and unambiguously interpret an event as "fully resolved'', "fully boosted", or in between. We report the performance of baseline methods, the original SPA-Net approach, and our generalized version on nonresonant $HH$ and $HHH$ production at the LHC. Considering both boosted and resolved topologies, our SPA-Net approach increases the Higgs boson reconstruction purity by 57--62\% and the efficiency by 23--38\% compared to the baseline method depending on the final state.

We present the detection and characterization of TOI-4994b (TIC 277128619b), a warm Saturn-sized planet discovered by the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). TOI-4994b transits a G-type star (V = 12.6 mag) with a mass, radius, and effective temperature of $M_{\star} =1.005^{+0.064}_{-0.061} M_{\odot}$, $R_{\star} = 1.055^{+0.040}_{-0.037} R_{\odot}$, and $T_{\rm eff} = 5640 \pm 110$ K. We obtained follow-up ground-based photometry from the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) and the Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets (ASTEP) telescopes, and we confirmed the planetary nature of TOI-4994b with multiple radial velocity observations from the PFS, CHIRON, HARPS, FEROS, and CORALIE instruments. From a global fit to the photometry and radial velocities, we determine that TOI-4994b is in a 21.5-day, eccentric orbit ($e = 0.32 \pm 0.04$) and has a mass of $M_{P}= 0.280^{+0.037}_{-0.034} M_{J}$, a radius of $R_{P}= 0.762^{+0.030}_{-0.027}R_{J}$, and a Saturn-like bulk density of $\rho_{p} = 0.78^{+0.16}_{-0.14}$ $\rm g/cm^3$. We find that TOI-4994 is a potentially viable candidate for follow-up stellar obliquity measurements. TOI-4994b joins the small sample of warm Saturn analogs and thus sheds light on our understanding of these rare and unique worlds., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures. Accepted to AJ

Scenarios for secluded WIMP dark matter models have been extensively studied in simplified versions. This paper shows a complete UV realization of a secluded WIMP dark matter model with an extra Abelian gauge symmetry that includes two-component dark matter candidates, where the dark matter conversion process plays a significant role in determining the relic density in the Universe. The model contains two new unstable mediators: a dark Higgs and a dark photon. It generates Dirac neutrino masses and can be tested in future direct detection experiments of dark matter. The model is also compatible with cosmological and theoretical constraints, including the branching ratio of Standard model particles into invisible, Big Bang nucleosynthesis restrictions, and the number of relativistic degrees of freedom in the early Universe, even without kinetic mixing.

Cellular networks rely on handovers (HOs) as a fundamental element to enable seamless connectivity for mobile users. A comprehensive analysis of HOs can be achieved through data from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs); however, the vast majority of studies employ data from measurement campaigns within confined areas and with limited end-user devices, thereby providing only a partial view of HOs. This paper presents the first countrywide analysis of HO performance, from the perspective of a top-tier MNO in a European country. We collect traffic from approximately 40M users for 4 weeks and study the impact of the radio access technologies (RATs), device types, and manufacturers on HOs across the country. We characterize the geo-temporal dynamics of horizontal (intra-RAT) and vertical (inter-RATs) HOs, at the district level and at millisecond granularity, and leverage open datasets from the country's official census office to associate our findings with the population. We further delve into the frequency, duration, and causes of HO failures, and model them using statistical tools. Our study offers unique insights into mobility management, highlighting the heterogeneity of the network and devices, and their effect on HOs.

Challenging neutron-capture cross-section measurements of small cross sections and samples with a very limited number of atoms require high-flux time-of-flight facilities. In turn, such facilities need innovative detection setups that are fast, have low sensitivity to neutrons, can quickly recover from the so-called $\gamma$-flash, and offer the highest possible detection sensitivity. In this paper, we present several steps toward such advanced systems. Specifically, we describe the performance of a high-sensitivity experimental setup at CERN n\_TOF EAR2. It consists of nine sTED detector modules in a compact cylindrical configuration, two conventional used large-volume C$_{6}$D$_{6}$ detectors, and one LaCl$_{3}$(Ce) detector. The performance of these detection systems is compared using $^{93}$Nb($n$,$\gamma$) data. We also developed a detailed \textsc{Geant4} Monte Carlo model of the experimental EAR2 setup, which allows for a better understanding of the detector features, including their efficiency determination. This Monte Carlo model has been used for further optimization, thus leading to a new conceptual design of a $\gamma$ detector array, STAR, based on a deuterated-stilbene crystal array. Finally, the suitability of deuterated-stilbene crystals for the future STAR array is investigaged experimentally utilizing a small stilbene-d12 prototype. The results suggest a similar or superior performance of STAR with respect to other setups based on liquid-scintillators, and allow for additional features such as neutron-gamma discrimination and a higher level of customization capability.

The magnetic properties of CrI$_3$ monolayers, which were recently measured, have been investigated considering electronic repulsion and localization effects in Cr 3d orbitals. In this study, we propose a DFT approach using Hubbard U corrections to improve accuracy. We compare the valence density-of-states using the HSE06 hybrid functional and the DFT+U approach, which includes U parameters for both Cr 3d and I 5p orbitals. The results of our study indicate that the optimal values for U(Cr$_{3d}$) and U(I$_{5p}$) are 3.5 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. This approach is further applied to improve calculations of electronic and magnetic properties in CrI$_3$ monolayers and, more importantly, in bilayers combined with van der Waals functionals. These refinements hold promise for further studies of complex CrI$_3$ nanostructures, and may also be of interest for other trihalide few-layer systems., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems are among the most energy-intensive scientific facilities, with electric power consumption reaching and often exceeding 20 megawatts per installation. Unlike other major scientific infrastructures such as particle accelerators or high-intensity light sources, which are few around the world, the number and size of supercomputers are continuously increasing. Even if every new system generation is more energy efficient than the previous one, the overall growth in size of the HPC infrastructure, driven by a rising demand for computational capacity across all scientific disciplines, and especially by artificial intelligence workloads (AI), rapidly drives up the energy demand. This challenge is particularly significant for HPC centers in Germany, where high electricity costs, stringent national energy policies, and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability are key factors. This paper describes various state-of-the-art strategies and innovations employed to enhance the energy efficiency of HPC systems within the national context. Case studies from leading German HPC facilities illustrate the implementation of novel heterogeneous hardware architectures, advanced monitoring infrastructures, high-temperature cooling solutions, energy-aware scheduling, and dynamic power management, among other optimizations. By reviewing best practices and ongoing research, this paper aims to share valuable insight with the global HPC community, motivating the pursuit of more sustainable and energy-efficient HPC operations., Comment: 30 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables

Isolated planetary-mass objects share their mass range with planets but do not orbit a star. They lack the necessary mass to support fusion in their cores and thermally radiate their heat from formation as they cool, primarily at infrared wavelengths. Many isolated planetary-mass objects show variations in their infrared brightness consistent with non-uniform atmospheric features modulated by their rotation. SIMP J013656.5+093347.3 is a rapidly rotating isolated planetary-mass object, and previous infrared monitoring suggests complex atmospheric features rotating in and out of view. The physical nature of these features is not well understood, with clouds, temperature variations, thermochemical instabilities, and infrared-emitting aurora all proposed as contributing mechanisms. Here we report JWST time-resolved low-resolution spectroscopy from 0.8 - 11 micron of SIMP J013656.5+093347.3 which supports the presence of three specific features in the atmosphere: clouds, hot spots, and changing carbon chemistry. We show that no single mechanism can explain the variations in the time-resolved spectra. When combined with previous studies of this object indicating patchy clouds and aurorae, these measurements reveal the rich complexity of the atmosphere of SIMP J013656.5+093347.3. Gas giant planets in the solar system, specifically Jupiter and Saturn, also have multiple cloud layers and high-altitude hot spots, suggesting these phenomena are also present in worlds both within and beyond our solar-system., Comment: Accepted to ApJ Letters

The coldest Y spectral type brown dwarfs are similar in mass and temperature to cool and warm ($\sim$200 -- 400 K) giant exoplanets. We can therefore use their atmospheres as proxies for planetary atmospheres, testing our understanding of physics and chemistry for these complex, cool worlds. At these cold temperatures, their atmospheres are cold enough for water clouds to form, and chemical timescales increase, increasing the likelihood of disequilibrium chemistry compared to warmer classes of planets. JWST observations are revolutionizing the characterization of these worlds with high signal-to-noise, moderate resolution near- and mid-infrared spectra. The spectra have been used to measure the abundances of prominent species like water, methane, and ammonia; species that trace chemical reactions like carbon monoxide; and even isotopologues of carbon monoxide and ammonia. Here, we present atmospheric retrieval results using both published fixed-slit (GTO program 1230) and new averaged time series observations (GO program 2327) of the coldest known Y dwarf, WISE 0855-0714 (using NIRSpec G395M spectra), which has an effective temperature of $\sim$ 264 K. We present a detection of deuterium in an atmosphere outside of the solar system via a relative measurement of deuterated methane (CH$_{3}$D) and standard methane. From this, we infer the D/H ratio of a substellar object outside the solar system for the first time. We also present a well-constrained part-per-billion abundance of phosphine (PH$_{3}$). We discuss our interpretation of these results and the implications for brown dwarf and giant exoplanet formation and evolution., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, accepted to ApJ Letters

The Sun is depleted in refractory elements compared to nearby solar twins, which may be linked to the formation of giant or terrestrial planets. Here we present high-resolution, high signal-to-noise spectroscopic data for 17 solar-like stars hosting planets, obtained with Magellan II/MIKE, to investigate whether this depletion is related to planet formation. We derive stellar parameters, including stellar atmosphere, age, radius, mass, and chemical abundances for 22 elements from carbon to europium through line-by-line differential analysis. Our uncertainties range from 0.01 dex for Fe and Si to 0.08 dex for Sr, Y, and Eu. By comparing the solar abundances to those of the 17 stars, we investigate the differential abundance ([X/Fe]$_{\rm solar}$ - [X/Fe]$_{\rm star}$) versus condensation temperature ($T_c$) trend. In particular, we apply Galactic chemical evolution corrections to five solar twins within the full sample. Our results conform to previous studies that the Sun is relatively depleted in refractory compared to volatile elements. For both five solar twins and the rest of solar-like stars, we find that all stars hosting known gas giant planets exhibit negative $T_c$ trend slopes, suggesting that the Sun is relatively depleted in refractory elements compared to similar giant-planet-host stars. Additionally, we find no correlation between $T_c$ trend slopes and the total mass of detected terrestrial planets in each system, suggesting that terrestrial planet formation may not be the cause of refractory element depletion in the Sun., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures, 7 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ

We present a new iterative deblending method to separate the host galaxy (HG) and their Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) emission with the use of Integral Field spectroscopic (IFS) data. The method decomposes the resolved HG emission from the unresolved AGN emission by modelling the two-dimensional surface brightness (SB) profile of the point-spread function (PSF) and the two-dimensional SB HG continuum simultaneously per each monochromatic slide. Our method does not require any prior information about the observed SB profile or a detailed fitting of the PSF, making it ideal for the automatic analysis of large galaxy samples. In this work, we test the quality of our method, its advantages, and its disadvantages. We test our method by using a set of IFS mock data cubes to quantify the reliability of our deblending process and further compare our method with the {\sc QDeblend3D} analysis tool. Furthermore, we applied our method to three data cubes selected from the MaNGA survey according to the dominance of either its HG or its AGN. We show that our deblending method is capable of disengaging the bright, nonresolved AGN emission from the HG continuum and its narrow emission lines. However, the decoupling depends on how well the IFS spatially resolves the PSF, and on the relative flux intensity of the HG-AGN. Therefore, the method is ideal for disentangling the bright-flux contribution from AGN-dominated spectra., Comment: 25 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication on the MNRAS

Nuclear energy production is inherently tied to the management and disposal of radioactive waste. Enhancing classification and monitoring tools is therefore crucial, with significant socioeconomic implications. This paper reports on the applicability and performance of a high-efficiency, cost-effective and portable Compton camera for detecting and visualizing low- and medium-level radioactive waste from the decommissioning and regular operation of nuclear power plants. The results demonstrate the good performance of Compton imaging for this type of application, both in terms of image resolution and reduced measuring time. A technical readiness level of TRL7 has been thus achieved with this system prototype, as demonstrated with dedicated field measurements carried out at the radioactive-waste disposal plant of El Cabril (Spain) utilizing a pluarility of radioactive-waste drums from decomissioned nuclear power plants. The performance of the system has been enhanced by means of computer-vision techniques in combination with advanced Compton-image reconstruction algorithms based on Maximum-Likelihood Expectation Maximization. Finally, we also show the feasibility of 3D tomographic reconstruction from a series of relatively short measurements around the objects of interest. The potential of this imaging system to enhance nuclear waste management makes it a promising innovation for the nuclear industry., Comment: 29 pages, 16 figures, journal article

Chiral quantum optics is a growing field of research where light-matter interactions become asymmetrically dependent on momentum and spin, offering novel control over photonic and electronic degrees of freedom. Recently, the platforms for investigating chiral light-matter interactions have expanded from laser-cooled atoms and quantum dots to various solid-state systems, such as microcavity polaritons and two-dimensional layered materials, integrated into photonic structures like waveguides, cavities, and ring resonators. In this perspective, we begin by establishing the foundation for understanding and engineering these chiral light-matter regimes. We review the cutting-edge platforms that have enabled their successful realization in recent years, focusing on solid-state platforms, and discuss the most relevant experimental challenges to fully harness their potential. Finally, we explore the vast opportunities these chiral light-matter interfaces present, particularly their ability to reveal exotic quantum many-body phenomena, such as chiral many-body superradiance and fractional quantum Hall physics., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures

This paper presents a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework for active flow control (AFC) to reduce drag in aerodynamic bodies. Tested on a 3D cylinder at Re = 100, the DRL approach achieved a 9.32% drag reduction and a 78.4% decrease in lift oscillations by learning advanced actuation strategies. The methodology integrates a CFD solver with a DRL model using an in-memory database for efficient communication between, Comment: ECOMMAS 2024 conference proceeding paper

Compton cameras are radiation detectors that provide spatial information on the origin of the {\gamma}-ray sources based on the Compton scattering effect. Many applications require these detectors to be used at high counting rate. As such, the preprocessing of the detections as well as the imaging algorithms are required to be time-efficient in order for the data to be processed in real time. In this work, optimizations to the preprocessing of events in Compton cameras based on monolithic crystals, with special focus on event identification, were implemented using a parallelizable algorithm. Regarding imaging, an established 3D back projection algorithm was parallelized and implemented using SYCL. The parallel implementation of the algorithm was included without and with several optimizations such as the pre-computing values, discarding low impact contributions based on angle, and selecting an efficient shape of the image universe. The implementations were tested with Intel CPUs, GPUs, and NVIDIA GPUs. An outlook into the study of algorithms to reconstruct the position of interaction within Compton cameras based on monolithic crystals into segmented regions and other next steps is included., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, EuroPar Doctoral Symposium 2024

I consider the fluid-mediated approach of a deformable elastic object (``indenter'') to a rigid surface at relatively low velocity. As a fluid is squeezed between the tip and the rigid substrate, lubrication pressures develop, which in turn deform the indenter leading edge. I study the influence of the tip geometry over the lubrication pressure distribution. ''Low velocity'' means that the approach happens slowly enough for the body to adapt quasi-statically to the transient viscous pressures triggered in the mediating fluid when squeezed. The salient geometrical simplification is that the indenter shape is axisymmetric, and its height profile goes like $\sim r^n$, $r$ being the radial coordinate measured from the tip and $n$ the exponent that controls the leading edge shape. I inquire if the distribution of pressures induced by the thin lubrication film forming before touchdown corresponds to the pressure distribution predicted by an equivalent ''dry'' contact mechanics problem. Results show striking resemblance for $n \le 2$ while also partial ability to predict the pressure distribution for $n>2$. Still, the analogy is deemed exceedingly insightful., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures

We develop the barycenter technique of Besson--Courtois--Gallot so that it can be applied on RCD metric measure spaces. Given a continuous map $f$ from a non-collapsed RCD$(-(N-1),N)$ space $X$ without boundary to a locally symmetric $N$-manifold we show a version of BCG's entropy-volume inequality. The lower bound involves homological and homotopical indices which we introduce. We prove that when equality holds and these indices coincide $X$ is a locally symmetric manifold, and $f$ is homotopic to a Riemannian covering whose degree equals the indices. Moreover, we show a measured Gromov--Hausdorff stability of $X$ and $Y$ involving the homotopical invariant. As a byproduct, we extend a Lipschitz volume rigidity result of Li--Wang to RCD$(K,N)$ spaces without boundary. Finally, we include an application of these methods to the study of Einstein metrics on $4$-orbifolds.

The High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) will replace the current CMS Endcap Calorimeter during Long-Shutdown 3. The Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs represent key elements in the readout chain, processing trigger (ECON-T) and data (ECON-D) streams from the HGCROC to the lpGBT. The ECONs will operate in a radiation environment with a High-Energy Hadron (${E\geq20MeV}$) flux up to $2\cdot10^{7} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$. This contribution describes the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)-based functional verification of the ECON ASICs focusing on the re-use of existing components to manage the complexity of the verification environment., Comment: - TWEPP 2024 proceeding - 5 pages + title page, 2 figures

Sharing retrospectively acquired data is essential for both clinical research and training. Synthetic Data Generation (SDG), using Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, can overcome privacy barriers in sharing clinical data, enabling advancements in medical diagnostics. This study focuses on the clinical evaluation of medical SDG, with a proof-of-concept investigation on diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) using Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) images. The paper contributes by a) presenting a protocol for the systematic evaluation of synthetic images by medical experts and b) applying it to assess TIDE-II, a novel variational autoencoder-based model for high-resolution WCE image synthesis, with a comprehensive qualitative evaluation conducted by 10 international WCE specialists, focusing on image quality, diversity, realism, and clinical decision-making. The results show that TIDE-II generates clinically relevant WCE images, helping to address data scarcity and enhance diagnostic tools. The proposed protocol serves as a reference for future research on medical image-generation techniques.

We introduce the Push-Forward Signed Distance Morphometric (PF-SDM), a novel method for shape quantification in biomedical imaging that is continuous, interpretable, and invariant to shape-preserving transformations. PF-SDM effectively captures the geometric properties of shapes, including their topological skeletons and radial symmetries. This results in a robust and interpretable shape descriptor that generalizes to capture temporal shape dynamics. Importantly, PF-SDM avoids certain issues of previous geometric morphometrics, like Elliptical Fourier Analysis and Generalized Procrustes Analysis, such as coefficient correlations and landmark choices. We present the PF-SDM theory, provide a practically computable algorithm, and benchmark it on synthetic data., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) from psychiatric medications are the leading cause of hospitalizations among mental health patients. With healthcare systems and online communities facing limitations in resolving ADR-related issues, Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to fill this gap. Despite the increasing capabilities of LLMs, past research has not explored their capabilities in detecting ADRs related to psychiatric medications or in providing effective harm reduction strategies. To address this, we introduce the Psych-ADR benchmark and the Adverse Drug Reaction Response Assessment (ADRA) framework to systematically evaluate LLM performance in detecting ADR expressions and delivering expert-aligned mitigation strategies. Our analyses show that LLMs struggle with understanding the nuances of ADRs and differentiating between types of ADRs. While LLMs align with experts in terms of expressed emotions and tone of the text, their responses are more complex, harder to read, and only 70.86% aligned with expert strategies. Furthermore, they provide less actionable advice by a margin of 12.32% on average. Our work provides a comprehensive benchmark and evaluation framework for assessing LLMs in strategy-driven tasks within high-risk domains., Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures, 15 tables

Anisotropy of local pressure distribution and dissipation are essential in understanding the evolution of the internal structure of compact objects and their observable characteristics. In this work, we reinterpret local pressure anisotropy in relativistic stellar structures as a contribution to the energy density. This approach allows the modelling of any anisotropic equation of state in self-gravitating systems by treating anisotropy as a contribution. We demonstrate that this approach provides more realistic stellar models that meet essential physical criteria, such as mass-radius relationships and stability conditions. The results are compared to observational data, particularly the inferred compactness values for pulsars PSR J0740+6620 and PSR J0030+0451, showing that anisotropic and isotropic models can represent these objects. We further explore how dissipation, such as temperature gradients, influences radial pressure and show that it can be modelled similarly to anisotropy., Comment: 18 pages, 2 figures

We examine the possibility to detect new SM-neutral vector bosons ($Z'$) that couple exclusively to leptons in the electron-positron mode of the Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee). Focusing on the $Z'$ production with a radiated photon search channel, we show that the FCC-ee can significantly extend the unprobed parameter space by increasing the exclusion in the coupling by one to two orders of magnitude in the kinematically allowed mass range (from 10 GeV to 365 GeV), with the leading sensitivity being driven by the muon channel. In doing so, it outperforms other proposed lepton collider options such as CLIC and ILC in this range of masses. Further, we discuss the possibility of improving the sensitivity of the FCC-ee to this model through the modification of the dilepton invariant mass resolution and the photon energy resolution. The impact of systematic uncertainties on the expected sensitivities is also studied.

In this work, we have developed and characterized a position-sensitive CLYC detector that acts as the neutron imaging layer and $\gamma$-ray Compton scatterer of the novel dual \g-ray and neutron imaging system GN-Vision, which aims at simultaneously obtaining information about the spatial origin of \g-ray and neutron sources. We first investigated the performance of large 50$\times$50~mm$^{2}$ monolithic CLYC crystals coupled to a pixelated SiPM in terms of energy resolution and neutron-gamma discrimination. The response of two different 95\% $^{6}$Li-enriched CLYC detectors coupled to an array of 8$\times$8 SiPMs was studied in comparison to the results of a conventional photo-multiplier tube. Energy resolution ranging from 6-8\% for the $^{137}$Cs peak and a figure of merit of 3-4 for the neutron-gamma discrimination have been obtained. The spatial response of the CLYC-SiPM detector to $\gamma$-rays and neutrons has also been characterized using charge modulation-based multiplexing techniques based on a diode-coupled charge division circuit. Average resolutions close to 5~mm FWHM with good linearity are obtained in the transverse crystal plane. Last, this work presents the first proof-of-concept experiments of the neutron imaging capability using a neutron pinhole collimator attached to the developed position sensitive CLYC detector., Comment: 14 pages, 15 Figures, submitted to NIM-A

The complexity of exploratory data analysis poses significant challenges for collaboration and effective communication of analytic workflows. Automated methods can alleviate these challenges by summarizing workflows into more interpretable segments, but designing effective provenance-summarization algorithms depends on understanding the factors that guide how humans segment their analysis. To address this, we conducted an empirical study that explores how users naturally present, communicate, and summarize visual data analysis activities. Our qualitative analysis uncovers key patterns and high-level categories that inform users' decisions when segmenting analytic workflows, revealing the nuanced interplay between data-driven actions and strategic thinking. These insights provide a robust empirical foundation for algorithm development and highlight critical factors that must be considered to enhance the design of visual analytics tools. By grounding algorithmic decisions in human behavior, our findings offer valuable contributions to developing more intuitive and practical tools for automated summarization and clear presentation of analytic provenance.

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the data preparation pipeline developed for the OpenGPT-X project, a large-scale initiative aimed at creating open and high-performance multilingual large language models (LLMs). The project goal is to deliver models that cover all major European languages, with a particular focus on real-world applications within the European Union. We explain all data processing steps, starting with the data selection and requirement definition to the preparation of the final datasets for model training. We distinguish between curated data and web data, as each of these categories is handled by distinct pipelines, with curated data undergoing minimal filtering and web data requiring extensive filtering and deduplication. This distinction guided the development of specialized algorithmic solutions for both pipelines. In addition to describing the processing methodologies, we provide an in-depth analysis of the datasets, increasing transparency and alignment with European data regulations. Finally, we share key insights and challenges faced during the project, offering recommendations for future endeavors in large-scale multilingual data preparation for LLMs.

On a real analytic Riemannian manifold a Grauert tube is an uniquely adapted complex structure defined on the tangent bundle. It is called entire if it may be defined on the whole tangent bundle. Here, we show that the geodesic flow of an analytic manifold with entire Grauert tube has zero topological entropy. Several consequences then follow. We find that Grauert tubes of convex analytic hypersurfaces of ${\bf R}^3$ are generically finite. We give a complete classification of 3-manifolds with entire Grauert tube, showing that these are precisely the 3-manifolds that admit good complexifications. Assuming a manifold has entire Grauert tube, we offer classification statements for several families of smooth 4-manifolds, determine all such simply connected 5-manifolds, and offer new topological restrictions for certain manifolds with infinite fundamental groups. Using these results we present an example of a simply connected and rationally elliptic 5-manifold which nonetheless does not admit any metric with entire Grauert tube., Comment: 17 pages, v2; improved Theorem 9, added references

In this article we present a novel and general methodology for building second order finite volume implicit-explicit (IMEX) numerical schemes for solving two dimensional financial parabolic PDEs with mixed derivatives. In particular, applications to basket and Heston models are presented. The obtained numerical schemes have excellent properties and are able to overcome the well-documented difficulties related with numerical approximations in the financial literature. The methods achieve true second order convergence with non-regular initial conditions. Besides, the IMEX time integrator allows to overcome the tiny time-step induced by the diffusive term in the explicit schemes, also providing very accurate and non-oscillatory approximations of the Greeks. Finally, in order to assess all the aforementioned good properties of the developed numerical schemes, we compute extremely accurate semi-analytic solutions using multi-dimensional Fourier cosine expansions. A novel technique to truncate the Fourier series for basket options is presented and it is efficiently implemented using multi-GPUs., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2409.01131

A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star, designated as Barnard b, has been recently announced. At almost the same time, the first photometric data of Barnard's star by the Transit Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) was released in Sector 80. We explore the possibility of emergent transits of Barnard b in TESS photometry. The detrended 2 min light curve appears to be flat, with a flux root mean square of 0.411 parts per thousand. Attempts of blind and informed transit-curve model inference suggest no evidence of transiting Barnard b, or any other body. This provides a 3$\sigma$ upper bound of 87.9 degrees for the orbital inclination of Barnard b., Comment: Accepted in A&A. 7 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. v3 changes a incorrectly cited BTJD epoch in Figure 2 and in its references in the main content

Barnard's star is a primary target within the ESPRESSO guaranteed time observations (GTO) as it is the second closest neighbour to our Sun after the $\alpha$ Centauri stellar system. We present here a large set of 156 ESPRESSO observations of Barnard's star carried out over four years with the goal of exploring periods of shorter than 50 days, thus including the habitable zone (HZ). Our analysis of ESPRESSO data using Gaussian process (GP) to model stellar activity suggests a long-term activity cycle at 3200d and confirms stellar activity due to rotation at 140d as the dominant source of radial velocity (RV) variations. These results are in agreement with findings based on publicly available HARPS, HARPS-N, and CARMENES data. ESPRESSO RVs do not support the existence of the previously reported candidate planet at 233d. After subtracting the GP model, ESPRESSO RVs reveal several short-period candidate planet signals at periods of 3.15d, 4.12d, 2.34d, and 6.74d. We confirm the 3.15d signal as a sub-Earth mass planet, with a semi-amplitude of $55 \pm 7$cm/s, leading to a planet minimum mass $m_p \sin i$ of $0.37 \pm 0.05$Mearth, which is about three times the mass of Mars. ESPRESSO RVs suggest the possible existence of a candidate system with four sub-Earth mass planets in circular orbits with semi-amplitudes from 20 to 47cm/s, thus corresponding to minimum masses in the range of 0.17-0.32Mearth. The sub-Earth mass planet at $3.1533 \pm 0.0006$d is in a close-to circular orbit with a semi-major axis of $0.0229 \pm 0.0003$AU, thus located inwards from the HZ of Barnard's star, with an equilibrium temperature of 400K. Additional ESPRESSO observations would be required to confirm that the other three candidate signals originate from a compact short-period planet system orbiting Barnard's star inwards from its HZ., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Thanks to their short orbital periods and hot extended atmospheres, hot Jupiters are ideal candidates for atmosphere studies with high-resolution spectroscopy. New stable spectrographs help improve our understanding of the evolution and composition of those types of planets. By analyzing two nights of observations using the ESPRESSO high-resolution spectrograph, we studied the architecture and atmosphere of hot Jupiter WASP-122b (KELT-14b). By analyzing the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect, we measured the spin-orbit angle of the system to be lambda = 0.09 +0.88/-0.90 deg. This result is in line with literature obliquity measurements of planetary systems around stars with effective temperatures cooler than 6500 K. Using the transmission spectroscopy, we studied the atmosphere of the planet. Applying both the single-line analysis and the cross-correlation method, we looked for Ca I, Cr I, FeH, Fe I, Fe II, H2O, Li I, Mg I, Na I, Ti I, TiO, V I, VO, and Y I. Our results show no evidence of any of these species in WASP-122b's atmosphere. The lack of significant detections can be explained by either the RM effect covering the regions where the atmospheric signal is expected and masking it, along with the low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the observations or the absence of the relevant species in its atmosphere., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 19 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables

We present two multilingual LLMs designed to embrace Europe's linguistic diversity by supporting all 24 official languages of the European Union. Trained on a dataset comprising around 60% non-English data and utilizing a custom multilingual tokenizer, our models address the limitations of existing LLMs that predominantly focus on English or a few high-resource languages. We detail the models' development principles, i.e., data composition, tokenizer optimization, and training methodologies. The models demonstrate competitive performance across multilingual benchmarks, as evidenced by their performance on European versions of ARC, HellaSwag, MMLU, and TruthfulQA.

This paper proposes a variance-based measure of importance for coherent systems with dependent and heterogeneous components. The particular cases of independent components and homogeneous components are also considered. We model the dependence structure among the components by the concept of copula. The proposed measure allows us to provide the best estimation of the system lifetime, in terms of the mean squared error, under the assumption that the lifetime of one of its components is known. We include theoretical results that are useful to calculate a closed-form of our measure and to compare two components of a system. We also provide some procedures to approximate the importance measure by Monte Carlo simulation methods. Finally, we illustrate the main results with several examples.

The article is focused on studying how to predict the failure times of coherent systems from the early failure times of their components. Both the cases of independent and dependent components are considered by assuming that they are identically distributed (homogeneous components). The heterogeneous components' case can be addressed similarly but more complexly. The present study is for non-repairable systems, but the information obtained could be used to decide if a maintenance action should be carried out at time t. Different cases are considered regarding the information available at time t. We use quantile regression techniques to predict the system failure times and to provide prediction intervals. The theoretical results are applied to specific system structures in some illustrative examples.

Bose-Fermi mixtures naturally appear in various physical systems. In semiconductor heterostructures, such mixtures can be realized, with bosons as excitons and fermions as dopant charges. However, the complexity of these hybrid systems challenges the comprehension of the mechanisms that determine physical properties such as mobility. In this study, we investigate interlayer exciton diffusion in an H-stacked WSe$_2$/WS$_2$ heterobilayer. Our measurements are performed in the dilute exciton density limit at low temperatures to examine how the presence of charges affects exciton mobility. Remarkably, for charge doping near the Mott insulator phase, we observe a giant enhancement of exciton diffusion of three orders of magnitude compared to charge neutrality. We attribute this observation to mobile valence holes, which experience a suppressed moir\'e potential due to the electronic charge order in the conduction band, and recombine with any conduction electron in a non-monogamous manner. This new mechanism emerges for sufficiently large fillings in the vicinity of correlated generalized Wigner crystal and Mott insulating states. Our results demonstrate the potential to characterize correlated electron states through exciton diffusion and provide insights into the rich interplay of bosons and fermions in semiconductor heterostructures., Comment: Main text: 19 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Material: 9 pages, 6 figures

This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.

Ultra hot Jupiters (gas giants, Teq>2000 K) are intriguing exoplanets due to their extreme atmospheres. Their torrid daysides can be characterised using ground-based high-resolution emission spectroscopy. We search for signatures of neutral and singly ionised iron (Fe I and Fe II) in the dayside of the ultra hot Jupiter WASP-76 b, as these species were detected via transmission spectroscopy in this exoplanet. Furthermore, we aim to confirm the existence of a thermal inversion layer, which has been reported in previous studies, and attempt to constrain its properties. We observed WASP-76 b on four epochs with ESPRESSO at the VLT, at orbital phases shortly before and after the secondary transit, when the dayside is in view. We present the first analysis of high-resolution optical emission spectra for this exoplanet. We compare the data to synthetic templates from petitRADTRANS, using cross-correlation function techniques. We detect a blueshifted (-4.7+-0.3 km/s) Fe I emission signature on the dayside of WASP-76 b at 6.0-sigma. The signal is detected independently both before and after the eclipse, and blueshifted in both cases. The presence of iron emission features confirms the existence of a thermal inversion layer. Fe II was not detected, possibly because this species is located in the upper layers of the atmosphere, which are more optically thin. Thus the Fe II signature on the dayside of WASP-76 b is too weak to be detected with emission spectroscopy. We propose that the blueshifted Fe I signature is created by material rising from the hot spot to the upper layers of the atmosphere, and discuss possible scenarios related to the position of the hotspot. This work unveils some of the dynamic processes ongoing on the dayside of WASP-76 b through the analysis of the Fe I signature from its atmosphere, and complements previous knowledge obtained from transmission studies., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures + 2 figures in appendix. Abstract slightly abridged. Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Ultrasound is a hand-held, low-cost, non-invasive medical imaging modality which plays a vital role in diagnosing various diseases. Despite this, many rural and remote communities do not have access to ultrasound scans due to the lack of local experts trained to perform them. To address this challenge, we built a mixed reality and haptics-based tele-ultrasound system to enable an expert to precisely guide a novice remotely in carrying out an ultrasound exam. The precision and flexibility of our solution makes it more practical than existing tele-ultrasound solutions. We tested the system in Skidegate on the islands of Haida Gwaii, BC, Canada, with the experts positioned 754 km away at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. We performed 11 scans with 10 novices and 2 experts. The experts were tasked with acquiring 5 target images and measurements in the epigastric region. The novices of various backgrounds and ages were all inexperienced in mixed reality and were not required to have prior ultrasound experience. The captured images were evaluated by two radiologists who were not present for the tests. These results are discussed along with new insights into the human computer interaction in such a system. We show that human teleoperation is feasible and can achieve high performance for completing remote ultrasound procedures, even at a large distance and with completely novice followers., Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, submitted to IEEE VR 2025