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Objectives: The aim of this study is to research the aggression level in parents of patients with substance use disorder and to examine the relationship between aggression and the level of depression and anxiety. Methods: 40 parents of patients with substance use disorder are included in substance use parents group. 40 participants who were equalized with the substance use parents group in terms of age and gender and do not have an Axis I diagnosis are considered as the control group. Parents who accepted to participate to the study and signed informed consent form included in the study. With the aim of collecting the data, a Sociodemographic Data Form, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were given to the participants. In order to determine DSM-IVTR Axis I diagnoses, The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR was used. Results: As we compared two groups in terms of scale scores, it was found that the scores of Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory was higher in substance use parents group than the control group. It was revealed that 18 participants in substance use parents group (45%) had Axis I diagnosis comorbidity. Regarding the relationship between scales, there was a positive relationship between aggression and the level of depression and anxiety. Cocnclusion: In this study, it could be suggested that the aggression level was higher in the families of patients with substance use disorder and that there was a relationship between aggression and the level of depression and anxiety. In substance use parents group, high prevalence of Axis I diagnosis comorbidity was observed. We think that it is essential to handle the aggression problems of parents in the process of treatment of patients with substance use disorder.

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the addiction profiles of substance users with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and of those without attention-deficit hyper-activity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity. Method: 100 patients with substance use disorder (SUD) who continued to undergo inpatient treatment during September 2014-August 2015 in Private Balikli Rum Hospital were included in the study. Based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, 50 patients who have SUD with ADHD comorbidity were considered as study group, the other 50 patients with only SUD were evaluated as control group. Sociodemographic Data Form, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Addiction Profile Index (BAPI), and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS ADHD) were given to the patients who participated to the study. Results: It was found that the age of onset for substance use was younger in a statistically significant manner in the patients who had SUD with comorbid ADHD (ADHD-SUD group) than the control group (SUD group) (t = 3.57, p = 0.001). Regarding to scores in the scales of these two groups, scores of aggression questionnaire (BPAQ) and craving subscale (BAPI) in ADHD-SUD group were significantly higher comparing to SUD group. Conclusion: In this study, it was revealed that the age of onset for substance use was younger in substance users with comorbid ADHD and that the level of aggression and craving was higher again in this group. Craving and level of aggression might have negative impacts on the treatment process. Therefore, we believe that it is essential to consider ADHD comorbidity in patients with substance use disorders.

Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common parasitic infectious disease caused by different species of the leishmania genus. The skin lesions are usually found on exposed areas, especially the face, arms and legs. Although the disease does not cause significant morbidity, the lesions can be troublesome and unsightly. The disease have negative impacts in areas such as patients’ psychological well-being, social life and daily activities in adults. Aim To determine the frequency of psychiatric morbidity in children and adolescents who have cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and to determine the effect of CL on their levels of depression and anxiety and on their quality of life (QoL). Material and methods Fifty-four patients with CL (29 males and 25 females), who were 7 to 18 years of age, were assessed with the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventories for Children (STAIC). The patients and their mothers were assessed with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Parent and Child Versions (PedQL-P and C, respectively). This questionnaires were filled in by the control group consisting of 40 healthy children and adolescents (20 males and 20 females) and their parents from the local community matched for age, gender, and education level of the parents. Results Both the patient group and the control group had high scores on the depression measurement scale (t = 5.36, p < 0.05). These measurements also show significant differences between children and adolescents, who were defined as 12 years of age and under as well as older than 12 years, respectively (12 years of age and under (t = 3.14, p = 0.04); over 12 years (t = 5.37, p < 0.001)). However, there was no significant difference between the anxiety scores of the general patient group and the control group when classified according to age. The anxiety sensitivity index scores did not differ in either group from those of the control group. The patients’ and the mothers’ QoL scores for all of the scales, including all subscale scores, were significantly different from those of the control group (both 12 years of age and under as well as older than 12 years). Conclusions The results have shown that the frequency of depressive symptoms is much higher in patients who have CL than in healthy controls. In addition, the QoL of children and adolescents with CL and of their mothers was found to be much lower than that of the control group. Therefore, the follow-up for patients with CL who are referred to dermatology clinics should include a psychiatric evaluation. If necessary, they should be referred for psychiatric support.

High levels of childhood traumatic experiences have been observed among substance abusers. There has been insufficient study of the effects of childhood trauma in adulthood.The aim of this study is to research the relationship between childhood trauma, self-esteem, and levels of depression and anxiety in substance-dependent (SD) people.This study took place between March 2012 and April 2013, at Balıklı Rum Hospital (Istanbul) substance dependency clinic. It included 50 patients diagnosed as substance dependent according to the criteria of DSM-IV as compared with 45 healthy controls. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Diagnosis (SCID-I) was used to identify Axis I disorders. All other data was collected using a semi-structured socio-demographic questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).The total scores of the SD group on the CTQ and on its Emotional Abuse/Emotional Neglect (EA/EN), Physical Abuse (PA) and Sexual Abuse (SA) subscales were statistically significant. In relation to the healthy controls, the SD group scored higher on the RSES, BDI and BAI. A correlation was observed between the total scores of SD individuals on the CTQ and their scores on the RSES, BDI and BAI.This study showed high levels of childhood traumatic experiences for SD people and indicates that there may be a relationship between these experiences and their levels of self-esteem, depression and anxiety.

This study seeks to extend the literature by examining distress tolerance (DT) levels for a substance dependent group of individuals. Next, it considers the potential relationship of DT levels with substance dependence features and finally, it compares those factors with a healthy control group. This study included 93 individuals (49 substance dependent and 44 healthy controls). Participants were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Diagnosis (SCID-I) and given the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and State & Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Consistent with our expectations, the substance dependent group showed higher scores on the BDI and STAI, and lower scores on the DTS. There was no difference between the single drug dependent group and multiple substance-dependent groups, and their DT levels were not correlated with the duration of substance use, nor with the age of first substance use. Instead, DT was strongly correlated with trait anxiety, state anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The DT levels of this group of substance dependent individuals were very low in comparison to controls and to other groups reported in the literature. Our results suggest that distress tolerance may represent a therapeutic target factor in substance dependency treatment. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to determine levels of Distress Tolerance (DT) and to compare levels of DT, depression, and anxiety in the parents of substance dependent patients. This sample included 40 parents of inpatients undergoing treatment for substance dependence (SDPP) in the Balikli Rum Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. A healthy control group was recruited of 40 individuals with no Axis I diagnoses that were counterbalanced with the SDPP group in terms of age and sex. All study participants completed a sociodemographic data form and the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the State & Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Distress Tolerance Scale. DSM-IV-TR Axis I diagnoses were evaluated by psychiatrists through face to face interviews in which a Structured Clinical Interview (SCID I) was administered. We found a statistically significant lower level of distress tolerance (DT) in our SDPP group. A negative relationship was found between levels of DT, depression and anxiety. The results of our study suggested that negative emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and distress tolerance were frequently seen in parents of substance dependent patients. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

Hasan Kandemir,1 Ömer Aydemir,2 Suat Ekinci,3 Salih Selek,4 Sultan B Kandemir,5 Hüseyin Bayazit61Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, 2Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, 3Balikli Rum Hospital, Istanbul, 4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA; 5Department of Psychiatry, Balikligol State Hospital, Sanliurfa, 6Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, TurkeyAim: This study aimed to validate the CRAFFT diagnostic test, against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition, Axis 1-based diagnostic inventory in a Turkish population of adolescents.Method: The 124 adolescents who were 15–18years old were enrolled to this study. CRAFFT was self-administered. Interviews took approximately 30minutes, including the DSM-IV diagnostic interview for alcohol/drug dependence.Results: The mean age of subjects was 16.653 years (minimum: 15 years, maximum: 18years). A score of 2 or higher in part B was found to be optimal for detecting youths with substance dependence problems (sensitivity: 0.82; specificity: 0.88) and it was sufficiently discriminative.Conclusion: The CRAFFT is a valid and reliable instrument for identifying Turkish-speaking youths at risk for substance use disorders.Keywords: CRAFFT, substance abuse, validity, Turkish, adolescent

It has been demonstrated that childhood traumas are a risk factor for psychiatric disorders [1-3]. Studies have shown that childhood emotional and physical abuse, sexual abuse, substance abuse, and low self esteem contribute to sexual and interpersonal relationship problems [4-6]. Substance dependent people frequently show a history of significant childhood trauma [7-9]. There are also many epidemiological studies that show high rates of psychiatric disorders co-occuring with substance dependency disorders [10,11]. During the treatment of dependent individuals, our observations that families of dependent patients are more likely to have co-occuring psychiatric diagnosis and complaints about childhood traumas in family interviews is motivated us to make this study. Despite all the studies that show high rates of childhood traumas and co-occuring disorders, parents of substance dependent have not been well studied. We believe that this is a gap in the literature that should be remedied.

Hasan Kandemir,1 Mehmet Emin Erdal,2 Salih Selek,3 Özlem Ä°zci Ay,2 Ä°brahim Fatih Karababa,4 Mustafa Ertan Ay,2 Sultan Basmaci Kandemir,5 Şenay Görücü Yılmaz,2 Suat Ekinci,6 Bahar Taşdelen,7 Hüseyin Bayazit41Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey; 2Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey; 3Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA; 4Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey; 5Department of Psychiatry, Balikligöl State Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey; 6Department of Psychiatry, Balikli Rum Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; 7Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, TurkeyAim: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Although disorder etiology and pathogenesis remains unknown, several theories about OCD development have been proposed, and many researchers believe that it is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. In the current study, our aim was to investigate miRNA levels in OCD.Methods: In the current study, we evaluated miR18a-5p, miR22-3p, miR24-3p, miR106b-5p, miR107, miR125b-5p, and miR155a-5p levels in child and adolescent OCD patients. The research sample consisted of a group of 23 OCD patients and 40 healthy volunteer controls.Results: There was no significant difference in age and sex between the two groups (P>0.05).The levels of miR22-3p, miR24-3p, miR106b-5p, miR125b-5p, and miR155a-5p were significantly increased in the OCD subjects (P≤0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in miR18a-5p or miR107 levels between groups (P≥0.05).Conclusion: There could be a close relationship between levels of circulating miRNAs and OCD. If we could understand how the signaling pathways arranged by miRNAs impact on central nervous system development, function, and pathology, this understanding could improve our knowledge about OCD etiology and treatment.Keywords: OCD, micro RNA, miRNA, psychiatry, child psychiatry

Objective: This study evaluated the quality of life of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their families to identify the effects of the psychosocial distress associated with the disorder. Methods: Seventy-six children and adolescents aged 7 to 16 with ADHD who had been referred to the Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and 59 age- and gender-matched control children who had never been referred to a child psychiatric clinic were included in the study. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Short Form-36 (SF-36), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Turgay’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S), and the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) were administered. Results: The children with ADHD showed lower school achievements and had more school absences than the control group. In SF-36, parents of the children with ADHD showed statistically significant differences in their pain, general health, vital energy, and mental health subscale scores compared to the control group. The PedsQL-child scale psychosocial health subscale and total scale scores of the ADHD patients were significantly lower than the control group. The PedsQL-parent psychosocial health and total scale scores of the ADHD group were significantly lower than the control group. In the McMaster (FAD) results, there were significant differences in the problem-solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, and affective involvement subscale scores. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that children with ADHD and their families have poorer quality of life in some domains. In child and adolescent psychiatric clinics, the psychosocial and clinical aspects of ADHD must be taken into account.

A circuit simulation program using generalized asymptotic waveform evaluation techniques is introduced. The program analyses circuits with lumped and distributed components. It computes the moments at a few frequency points, and extracts the coefficients of an approximating rational by matching the moments simultaneously. The accuracy of the results and the execution times are compared with conventional simulators using several examples, indicating that our simulator provides a speed improvement without a significant loss of accuracy.

Objective To date, the affective temperamental characteristics of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not been studied. The aim of this study is to explore those temperamental characteristics for adults diagnosed with ADHD as measured by the TEMPS-A and then to compare those results with results for individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) and with healthy controls. Methods Forty adults with ADHD, 40 patients with BD, and 40 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The groups were matched by age and gender. All patients were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Subjects' temperamental characteristics were examined using the Turkish version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A). Results Ten subjects (25%) in the ADHD group and 15 subjects (30%) in the bipolar group had at least one dominant temperament. There was no identifiable dominant temperament in the control group. Compared to the control group, the ADHD group scored higher than other groups on all domains of the TEMPS-A: depressive cyclothymic, irritable and anxious. However, the hyperthymic domain was not higher for this group. Adults with ADHD scored higher on the irritable temperament scale as compared to the BD group. The ADHD and BD groups had similar mean scores for each of the other four temperaments. Conclusion The adults diagnosed with ADHD in this study had different temperamental characteristics from the control group, and these temperamental characteristics were similar to those of the bipolar patients. Recognizing the role of temperamental characteristics in adults with ADHD may increase our understanding of ADHD.