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Gökpınar spring is one of the most important drinking water resources of Denizli city (Turkey), covering more than one third of the water need of the municipality. In this paper, we present a combination of geophysical methods in order to define the groundwater flow paths in Gökpınar spring region. The spring of Gökpınar is a result of the Fault-fracture network formed during the tectonic events which took place in the study area. This fault and fracture system present in the Gökpınar spring zone are characterized by the Cankurtaran fault in the east and Babadağ fault in the south. To highlight the main directions of the groundwater flows feeding Gökpınar spring, an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was carried out in the study area. The results obtained from this survey have been confirmed by a frequency domain electromagnetic (FEM) survey carried out along four profiles in addition to four ground penetrating radar profiles (GPR) profiles. The comparison of the two auxiliary methods with the ERT profiles allowed a better understanding of the groundwater movements. The ERT data was collected along six profiles corresponding to Wenner–Schlumberger array and located predominantly in the southern and eastern parts of the spring surrounding area. In order to confirm the hypothesis from the interpretation of the ERT profiles, two simplified different scenarios were numerically and experimentally considered. The results of the combined methods have ultimately led to define the main direction of groundwater flows feeding the Gökpınar spring, which is related to four factors: The Fault-Fracture network, karstic features, the topography, and deep groundwater. © 2020, University of Tehran.

Understanding the hydrodynamic systems in the dam lake surroundings is of great importance to protect the lakes feeding zones and maintain their water level. In this study, a combination of hydrogeological and geophysical surveying processes was carried out in order to distinguish the Gokpinar dam lake's recharge ways. The Gokpinar dam lake area is characterized by a very complicated hydrogeological system causing difficulty at distinguishing the groundwater flow pathways feeding the lake. Therefore, a detailed vertical electrical sounding survey was performed in accordance with the Shlumberger array in the surroundings of the Gokpinar dam lake. Results obtained from the resistivity measurements were processed using a partial curve matching technique then inverted in order to build 2D and 3D resistivity models which in their turn were corelated with the geology of the study area. In addition to the geoelectrical measurements 44 boreholes were drilled in order to confirm the vertical electrical sounding results. Data collected from these boreholes were also used for the plotting process of the water table contour map in the study area which highly correlated with the resistivity contour maps. Resistivity data evaluation led to the differentiation between water bearing and dry zones. Results showed that the Gokpinar dam lake is fed by several groundwater flows, deriving from South-West, North-West, and South-Eastern parts of the study area. These flows are generally more important near the surface than they are deeper toward the impermeable bedrock .

In this study, a detailed hydrochemical evaluation has been made to determine the chemical processes of spring waters and their suitability for irrigation. The study area consists of a drainage basin of the Gokpinar dam and has fertile soils for irrigable agriculture. During the period of August 2017 and October 2018, regular samples were collected monthly from 10 spring and 140 samples in total were subjected to hydrochemical analysis. For this purpose, 11 hydrochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TH, Na%, SAR, MR, RSC, RSBC, USSL, and Wilcox were used. GIS-based spatial mapping of the hydrogeochemical parameters has been prepared using ArcGIS. The major hydrogeochemical facies of waters are Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3- water type. Alkaline earth metals (Ca2+, Mg2+) and weak acid (CO32-, HCO3-) dominates over the alkalies (Na+, K+) and strong acid (Cl-, SO42-) in all spring waters, respectively. Since the limit values of TDS in the samples are between 367 and 681 mgL(-1), the class of all samples is freshwater. The average Na% is between 1.29 and 9.28, and EC values are between 402 and 691 mu Scm(-1). For irrigation purposes, all spring waters fall within the category of excellent to good in the Wilcox (1955) diagram, based on the Na% and EC. Average SAR values in the range of 0.07-0.16 meqL(-1) indicate that spring water samples are excellent for irrigation purposes.

Since the flow paths of linear water components are generally narrow and containing vegetation, there are some difficulties in the use of satellite images monitoring changes in the linear water components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the detectability of narrow rivers such as Karamendere River of Çanakkale using 10 meters spatial resolution multispectral Sentinel2-A satellite images and to evaluate the effect of hydrometeorological conditions of the basin on the seasonal change in the detected river line. In this study, which was carried out using satellite images of different hydrogeological periods, the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) generated from the satellite images was used to determine the water components. According to the satellite image analysis, the existence of the stream was detected as 59% in January, 26% in April and 18% in September on the 102 km long stream line of the Karamenderes River. According to the Thornthwaite water budget, the river bed area which can be determined by satellite images was higher than the water deficient periods in the hydrogeological periods where there was a water surplus caused increase in the water areas in the creek wider than 10 meters. The hydrometeorological cycle, agricultural irrigation, daily water consumption and other human-induced factors were effective on the decreased water flow. In the hydrometeorological cycle, while precipitation and melting snow increase discharge, increased temperature, decreased precipitation and high evapotranspration caused a decrease in flow rate. It was revealed that the selection of the date of satellite images to be used according to the hydro-meteorological characteristics (flow, precipitation, temperature, etc.) of the basin increased the success of determining water components with narrow river bed., Çizgisel su bileşenlerinin akım yollarınıngenelde dar olmaları ve bitki barındırmaları, bu tip su bileşenlerinde meydanagelen değişimlerin takibinde uydu görüntülerinin kullanmasında bazı zorluklar oluşturmaktadır.Bu çalışmanın amacı Çanakkale-Karamenderes Nehri gibi dar akarsuların 10 metremekânsal çözünürlüklü multispektral Sentinel2-A uydu görüntüleri kullanılarakbelirlenebilirliği ve belirlenebilen nehir çizgisindeki mevsimsel değişimdehavzanın hidrometeorolojik koşullarının etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. Farklıhidrojeolojik dönemlere ait uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilençalışmada, su bileşenlerinin belirlenmesinde uydu görüntülerinden oluşturulan modifiyeedilmiş normalize fark su indisinden (MNDWI) yararlanılmıştır. Uydu görüntüsü analizlerine göre Karamenderes Nehri’nin102 km uzunluğundaki akım yolu üzerinde; Ocak ayı döneminde su belirlenen nehirçizgisi %59, Nisan ayında su belirlenen nehir çizgisi %26, Eylül ayı dönemindeise %18 seviyesinde belirlenmiştir. Thornthwaite su bütçesine göre havzadasu fazlalığının olduğu hidrojeolojikdönemlerde dere yatağında su bulunan alanların 10m’den daha geniş olmasınedeniyle, su noksanı olan dönemlere göre uydu görüntüleri ile belirlenebilennehir yatağı alanı daha fazladır. Bunda havzadaki hidrometeorolojik döngü, tarımsalsulama ve günlük kullanım amaçlı insani etkiler etkendir. Hidrometeorolojikdöngüde, yağışlar ve eriyen kar suları debiyi arttırırken, artan sıcaklık,azalan yağış ve yüksek evapotranspirasyon debinin azalmasına neden olur. Kullanılacakuydu görüntülerinin tarihinin havzanın hidrometeorolojik özelliklerine (akım,yağış, sıcaklık, su bütçesi v.b.) göre seçilmesi, dar nehir yatağına sahip subileşenlerinin belirlenmesindeki başarımı arttırdığı ortaya konulmuştur.

Insuyu magarasi, Turkiye'nin en onemli karst bolgesi olan Toros Daglari'nin bati kesiminde ve Burdur ilinde yer alir. Yuzey drenaj alani yaklasik 70 km 2 olup, yillik yagis miktari 731 mm'dir. Magara, birbirine bagli farkli boyutlarda bircok yeralti golu icerir. Drenaj alani, topografik olarak bolgedeki en yuksek konumda oldugu icin, bu goller, drenaj havzasindaki su dengesi denkleminin ana bilesenlerinden sadece yagmur suyunun infiltrasyonu ile beslenir. Magaranin dogal giris agzinda, deniz seviyesinden 1191.53 metre yukseklikte Insuyu magara kaynagi bulunur. Bu kaynak, dogal bir dolusavak gibi bu kot uzerinden yeralti gollerinin drenajini saglar. Magaranin bati tarafinda 22 km 2 'lik bir alana sahip Cine ovasi akiferi, Burdur sehri icin bolgedeki en buyuk tatli su rezervidir. Buradan pompalanan su, kentsel kullanim ve tarimsal sulama icin onemli miktarda su saglar. Bu akifer ile magaranin yeralti golleri arasinda siki bir hidrodinamik etkilesim vardir. Bolgede 1984 yilinda baslayan yari kurak donem, zamanla suya olan talebin artmasina yol acmistir. Asiri pompalama devam ettigi icin, oncelikle yeralti suyu seviyeleri hizla dusmus ve daha sonra, Insuyu magara kaynagi tamamen kurumustur. Sonuc olarak, ayni sebepten magaradaki yeralti goller kisa surede neredeyse tamamen kurumustur. 1986 yilindan itibaren, akiferler ve yeralti sulari bir daha ortalama sartlara geri donememistir.

In recent years, life quality of the urban areas is a growing interest of civil engineering. Environmental quality is essential to display the position of sustainable development and asserts the corresponding countermeasures to the protection of environment. Urban environmental quality involves multidisciplinary parameters and difficulties to be analyzed. The problem is not only complex but also involves many uncertainties, and decision-making on these issues is a challenging problem which contains many parameters and alternatives inherently. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a very prepotent technique to solve that sort of problems, and it guides the users confidence by synthesizing that information. Environmental concerns frequently contain spatial information. Spatial multicriteria decision analysis (SMCDA) that includes Geographic Information System (GIS) is efficient to tackle that type of problems. This study has employed some geographic and urbanization parameters to assess the environmental urbanization quality used by those methods. The study area has been described in five categories: very favorable, favorable, moderate, unfavorable, and very unfavorable. The results are momentous to see the current situation, and they could help to mitigate the related concerns. The study proves that the SMCDA descriptions match the environmental quality perception in the city. © 2018 Erdal Akyol et al.

This chapter focusses on geophysical survey techniques, employed in engineering geological investigations and it includes case studies. Goal of a geophysical study in an engineering geological research is to display discontinuities in the rock masses, physico-mechanical properties of soils and rocks, groundwater exploration, faults, landslides, etc. It is also helpful to learn type and thickness of soil, layer inclination. These techniques include engineering geological surface mapping, geotechnical drilling and in situ testing. Then the obtained geophysical field data are analyzed and interpreted in conjunction with the results of geological information.The most common geophysical methods namely seismic, magnetometric, vertical electrical sounding (VES), Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetics methods, ground penetration radar (GPR) provide sufficient information about the subsurface although they have their limitations, setting up the minimum tests requirements in relation to the type of the geological formations. © 2018 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.

The major and trace element component of 48 recent sediment samples in three distinct intervals (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm) from Lake Acıgöl is described to present the current contamination levels and grift structure of detrital and evaporate mineral patterns of these sediments in this extreme saline environment. The spatial and vertical concentrations of major oxides were not uniform in the each subsurface interval. However, similar spatial distribution patterns were observed for some major element couples, due mainly to the detrital and evaporate origin of these elements. A sequential extraction procedure including five distinct steps was also performed to determine the different bonds of trace elements in the < 60-µ particulate size of recent sediments. Eleven trace elements (Ni, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Co, Cr, Al and Mn) in nine surface and subsurface sediment samples were analyzed with chemical partitioning procedures to determine the trace element percentage loads in these different sequential extraction phases. The obtained accuracy values via comparison of the bulk trace metal loads with the total loads of five extraction steps were satisfying for the Ni, Fe, Cd, Zn, and Co. While, bulk analysis results of the Cu, Ni, and V elements have good correlation with total organic matter, organic fraction of sequential extraction characterized by Cu, As, Cd, and Pb. Shallow Lake Acıgöl sediment is characteristic with two different redox layer a) oxic upper level sediments, where trace metals are mobilized, b) reduced subsurface level, where the trace metals are precipitated. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.

Uncontrolled growing of construction industry in Turkey has caused a large number of buildings were constructed without the benefit of sufficient engineering supervision. These phenomena have contributed to the increase in the number of seismically weak buildings. After the Great Marmara Earthquake seismic performances of the existing structures have been inspected and some of them fortified. In this context, an existing building foundation, built on a problematic soil and located in Denizli where is in high seismic risk area, has been strengthened by cement injection. Grouting holes up to 7 m in depth from the basement level were used in 45 points. The injection has created a less permeable barrier, acts like an underground dam. This barrier has caused rising of the underground water table around the recharge area of the foundation. The raised underground water has increased hydraulic gradient and hydraulic pressure. Then, the basement floor has arched up to 12 cm and underground water has risen up to 30 cm high after one year of the injection practice. In this study, hydrogeological characteristics of the soil structural analysis have been evaluated and some solutions suggested remedying the problem. It should be kept in mind as injection practice is employed in aquifers.

This study presents microzonation of the Denizli city center, is about 225 km2. It is mainly rely on t seismic velocities of the tested soil. For seismic microzonation area of has been selected as the study area. Seismic refraction methods have been used to generate two-dimensional profiles at 310 locations. These p and s wave velocities are used to estimate boundaries of the velocities at every 2 and 5 m intervals up to a depth of 60 m. The results are satisfactory for urban planning and it can successfully be used in urban areas. The municipal authority may be considered to use the results for land use studies.

Geological and geotechnical studies, decisive on land use and development plans, are the basic stage of a modern urbanization. Microzonation studies for development plans are crucial for safe environment and sustainable development. This study is focused on settlement suitability of Irgıllı (Denizli) Municipal area. The area is on an alluvium plain where is located on south of Lake Işıklı and surrounded by active fault lines. Some geotechnical tests and hydrogeological studies have been performed and the area was classified in terms of settlement characteristics. According to results of this study, it is determined that the southern part of the area is more suitable to settlement than the northern part., Yerleşim yeri seçimi ve imar planlarında belirleyici olan jeolojik ve jeoteknik çalışmalar, modern kentleşmenin ilk ve en temel aşamalarından birisidir. İmar amaçlı mikrobölgeleme çalışmaları güvenli bir çevre ve sürdürülebilir bir kalkınma için önemlidir. Bu kapsamda Irgıllı Beldesi’nin (Denizli) yerleşime uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. İnceleme alanı, Işıklı Gölü’nün güney kıyısındaki ovada alüvyonal birimler üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Ova, sismik bakımdan aktif kenar fayları ile çevrelenmiştir. İnceleme alanında çeşitli jeoteknik deneyler ile hidrojeolojik çalışmalar yapılmış, elde edilen veriler ışığında inceleme alanı yerleşime uygunluk özellikleri bakımından sınıflandırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, inceleme alanı içinde kuzeyden güneye doğru daha uygun yerleşim alanı özellikleri belirlenmiştir.

The area of Dinek (Isparta, Turkey) hosts stratiform barite deposits that have been mined for sixty years. These deposits are extensive and contain over 90% BaSO 4 in some places. Dinek deposits are thus economically significant, and represent a major portion of Turkey's barite production. This paper describes the depositional, geochemical and origin characteristics of the Dinek and surrounding regions barite deposits. This information can help establish links with other barite deposits in Turkey, and help inform mining policy in Turkey. The 300km 2 study area was mapped in detail and some 300 samples were analyzed for petrography, bulk chemistry and sulfur and strontium isotopes. The most voluminous barite deposits occur in Lower Cambrian - Ordovician carbonate and pelitic rocks. Barites generally conform to host rock stratigraphy and display their own conformable stratiform morphology. Following deposition, host rock sections were deformed and rotated by regional metamorphism and tectonics. Barite deposits bear the signature of advanced diagenesis and show secondary veins, brecciation and fractured structure. Measured δ 34S values for barite samples ranged from 3‰ to 31‰. Relatively high radiogenic Sr 87/Sr 86 values were observed for the northwestern (>0.71445) and southeastern sections (>0.71451) sections of the deposit, as well as for the host rocks (>0.71504). The relatively heavy sulfur isotopic ratios and radiogenic Sr signatures are inconsistent with a crustal magmatic or mantle derived source for the sulfate. These values instead indicate that barite sulfate derived from a primary marine source, while Ba cations may have been supplied by Ba-bearing host rocks. Numerous sedimentary structures, as well as the petrologic and geochemical character of the deposit indicate a dominantly sedimentary, diagenetic origin. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

In this study, a hydrogeological investigation of Civril Plain (Denizli) and surrounding area has been performed. In the light of available data, geological, tectonic and hydrological properties are presented. Water table map of the area has been drawn by using in-situ monitoring data which were obtained during September 1999 and flow directions have been clarified. In order to classify the collected water samples, their chemical compositions have been completed. The obtained results were given on related tables and charts., Bu çalışmada, Çivril (Denizli) ve yakın çevresinin hidrojeolojik açıdan incelemesi yapılmıştır. Öncelikle, İlçe merkezi ve yakın çevresinde yapılan arazi çalışmaları ile elde edilen jeolojik, tektonik ve hidrolojik bilgiler verilmiştir. Eylül 1999 dönemine ait yerinde ölçüm ve gözlemlerle yeraltı su tablası haritası hazırlanarak, yeraltı suyu akım yönleri belirlenmiştir. Aynı dönemde, örneklenen kuyulara ait yeraltı suları üzerinde su kimyası çalışmaları yapılarak, bu suların kimyasal sınıflamaları ile içme, sulama ve endüstride kullanım özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bilgiler birlikte irdelenerek varılan sonuçlar tablo ve diyagramlarla sunulmuştur.

PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİFEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜTEZ ÖZET BİLDİRİ FORMUJEOLOJİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALIDENİZLİ ŞEHİR MERKEZİ YERALTI SUYU SEVİYESİ VE MAJOR ELEMENTANALİZİ VERİLERİNİN ALANSAL İSTATİSTİK YÖNTEMLERİNİ KULLANARAKELEKTRONİK TABLOLAMA PROGRAMI İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİMuhittin KARAMANÖZETBu çalışmada, Denizli ili şehir merkezinin, daha önceden açılmış olan sondaj kuyubilgileri kullanılarak yerleşim alanı içinde kalan her bir noktanın yeraltı suyu niteliklerialansal istatistik yöntemleriyle tahmin edilmiştir. Her bir parametreye ait tahminsonuçlarının koordinatsal olarak sayısal ortamda saklandığı, bu sayısal sonuçların sorgulamateknikleriyle sorgulanabildiği, her yeni sondaj bilgisine göre kestirim değerlerini yenidenderleyerek en düşük hataya sahip verinin sunulduğu, elektronik tablolama tabanlıhidrojeolojik veri tabanı uygulaması hazırlanmıştır.Denizli ili şehir merkezi hidrojeolojisi incelenerek, bu bölgede değişik kurum ve şahıslartarafından açılmış olan sondajlara ait kuyu bilgileri, içinde bulundukları akifer sisteminegöre gruplanmıştır. Denizli şehir merkezi, hidrojeolojik özelliklerine bağlı olarak üç ayrıakifer içinde, her bir akifer kendi içinde açılmış olan kuyulara göre olmak üzere, üç farklıalana ayrılarak incelenmiştir.Kestirim sırasında alansal istatistik yöntemlerine bağlı olarak, örnekleme analizi, uygunvariogram modeli ve parametrelerinin belirlenmesi, Kriging ve UTA ile örnekleme verilerikullanılarak bilinmeyen noktaların kestirimi yapılmıştır. Daha önceden elde edilmiş değerlerile her bir yönteme göre elde edilmiş kestirim değerleri karşılaştırılmış, arazideki değereyakın sonuç veren yöntemler ve variogram modelleri belirlenmiştir. Her bir kestirimyönteminin vermiş olduğu hata değerleri ortaya konmuş, Kriging yönteminin arazide ölçülendeğerlere daha yakın sonuçlar verdiği gözlenmiştir.Çalışma sırasında alansal istatistik yöntemlerinin kullanımında, bölge hidrojeolojisiningöz önüne alınması veya göz ardı edilmesi durumundaki sonuçlar değerlendirilmiş,hidrojeolojik verilere göre yapılan çalışmalarda verilerin aynı ya da farklı akifersistemlerinden alınıp alınmadığının belirlenmesinin önemi ortaya konmuştur. Bilgiteknolojileri alanındaki gelişmeler göz önüne alındığında, elektronik tablolama uygulamalarıtüm veri tabanı sistemleri ile entegre olarak çalışabilen kullanımı yaygın uygulamalardır.Alansal istatistik yöntemlerini kullanarak Denizli şehir merkezinin yeraltı suyuparametrelerini derleyen Jeoistatistiksel CBS uygulaması VBA kodları kullanılarakMicrosoft Excel elektronik tablolama programı ortamında geliştirilmiştir. Alansal istatistikveya Denizli şehir merkezi yeraltı suları ile çalışacak olan araştırmacıların verilerini düzenlibir şekilde sayısal olarak saklayabilecekleri, alansal veri modellemesi yapabilecekleri biruygulama geliştirilmiştir.Bu uygulama sayesinde sondaj firmaları resmi kurumlar Denizli şehir merkezi içindeherhangi bir sondaj yapmadan önce o noktada elde edilecek suyun seviyesi ve iyon analizdeğerleri hataları ile birlikte önceden bilinebilecektir.Araştırmacı yine farklı bir çalışma alanında farklı bir parametreyi kullanarak,hidrojeolojinin dışındaki konularda da verilerini değerlendirebilecek o alanla ilgilikestirimlerde bulunabilecektir. Aynı zamanda kent su sisteminde elverişli, verimli kuyularınhangi bölgeden elde edilebileceği kısmen bu uygulama sayesinde belirlenebilecektir. PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİFEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜTEZ ABSTRACT BİLDİRİ FORMUGRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERINGEVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL AND MAJOR ELEMENT ANALYSIS DATA OFDENIZLI CITY CENTER USING SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS METHODS BASED ONSPREADSHEET PROGRAMMuhittin KARAMANABSTRACTIn this thesis, groundwater parameters at any point in Denizli settlement area wereestimated using areal statistical methods according to previous water well informations.A hydrogeological database application on electronic spreadsheets which is useful forminimum error estimation was formed. The database consisted of spatial estimation data anddifferent verification methods. Previously drilled borehole informations for different purposes in thearea were compiled. These informations were grouped according to aquifer systems.Aquifer system in the Denizli city was classified to three areas according to hydrogeologicalproperties of boreholes. Sampling analyze, selection of the suitable variogram model based on spatialdata analyzing methods, Kriging and IDW data modelling methods were used in evaluation theproperties at any points.Evaluated results and real data were compared, error values for each approach werecompared. It is concluded that Kriging is more reliable and efficent method. It is important that usingregional hydrogeological properties in the spatial data analyzing methods in hydrogeological studies.It is also important that using hydrogeological data for each different aquifer system.Spreadsheets are using with all database systems in recent information technology application arecommonly being used. Groundwater parameters of Denizli city was compiled in geostatisticalgeographical information systems, using VBA codes in MS Excel spreadsheets. With this studyresearchers can store and modeling their data regularly.By this application the drilling firms and governmental offices will be able to know the waterlevel and the ion values with estimation errors, before drilling at any drilling site in the city center ofDenizli. The researcher will be able to make guesses in a different working area, by using a differentparameter out of the subjects of hydrogeology. At the same time, it will be possible to locateappropriate and productive water supply boreholes for the city. 320