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With the overview of different kinds of phenol synthesis routes, dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to phenol under sub-critical water condition using Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Re immobilized heterogeneous catalysts have been reported. Surface properties and characterizations of the catalysts were done. Binding of metal on a support and their relationship with zeta potential (ζ) and their effect on catalytic activity are discussed. Importance of sub-critical water reaction conditions in terms of thermodynamic favourability and phase equilibrium are evaluated through ASPEN simulator. Based on the results obtained, possible reaction pathways for the formation of product and the by-products are illustrated. The feasibility of a metal acting as a dehydrogenation catalyst according to M0/MII (E0) couple is also explained.

The critical velocity is the minimum velocity blowing towards the fire seat in tunnels to reduce the length of back-layering to zero, and it has been extensively adopted in the design of longitudinal smoke control in tunnels. A new concept, i.e., sub-critical velocity, is proposed in lieu of critical velocity for longitudinally ventilated tunnels. The sub-critical velocity allows the presence of back-layering upstream of the fire, provided that the back-layering is kept above the heads of motorists, thus posing no detrimental impact on them during evacuation. Experiments with propane fires with heat release rates of 3.7–25.5 kW were conducted in a 1/20 reduced-scale model tunnel. Both the lengths and the heights of back-layering at varying HRRs and longitudinal velocities were studied. Subsequently, the relationship of critical velocity and sub-critical velocity were developed. The results showed that sub-critical velocity is around 45–60% of the critical velocity. The adoption of sub-critical velocity in the design of longitudinally ventilated tunnels not only significantly reduces the cost of fans to drive the airflow, but also minimizes the impact of ventilation on heat release rates.

Thermodynamic efficiency is a crucial factor of a power cycle. Most of the studies indicated that efficiency increases with increasing heat source temperature, regardless of heat source type. Although this assumption generally is right, when the heat source temperature is close to the critical temperature, increasing the heat source temperature can decrease efficiency. Therefore, in some cases, the increase in the source temperature, like using improved or more collectors for a solar heat source can have a double negative effect by decreasing efficiency while increasing the installation costs. In this paper, a comparison of the CO2 subcritical cycle and the Trilateral Flash Cycle will be presented to show the potential negative effect of heat source temperature increase.

This paper deals with the nonlinear Dirichlet problem of capillary phenomena involving an equation driven by the p-Laplacian-like di¤erential operator in RN. We prove the existence of at least one nontrivial nonnegative weak solution, when the reaction term satisfies a sub-critical growth condition and the potential term has certain regularities. We apply the energy functional method and weaker compactness conditions.

Maintaining surveillance of emerging infectious diseases presents challenges for monitoring their transmission and burden. Incomplete observation of infections and imperfect diagnosis reduce the observed sizes of transmission chains relative to their true sizes. Previous studies have examined the effect of incomplete observation on estimates of pathogen transmission and burden. However, each study assumed that, if observed, each infection was correctly diagnosed. Here, I leveraged principles from branching process theory to examine how misdiagnosis could contribute to bias in estimates of transmission and burden for emerging infectious diseases. Using the zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi malaria as a case study, I found that, even when assuming complete observation of infections, the number of misdiagnosed cases within a transmission chain for every correctly diagnosed case could range from 0 (0 – 4) when R0 was 0.1 to 86 (0 – 837) when R0 was 0.9. Data on transmission chain sizes obtained using an imperfect diagnostic could consistently lead to underestimates of R0, the basic reproduction number, and simulations revealed that such data on up to 1,000 observed transmission chains was not powered to detect changes in transmission. My results demonstrate that misdiagnosis may hinder effective monitoring of emerging infectious diseases and that sensitivity of diagnostics should be considered in evaluations of surveillance systems.

Physical modelling and numerical analyses are performed to assess the representativeness of some widely used profile functions developed to describe the subsidence configurations under sub-critical conditions. Synthetic gel is used to simulate the overburden. The surface profile measurements are used to calculate the maximum subsidence, slope and curvature angle. The model results agree well with those obtained from numerical analyses with discrepancies of less than 3%. Both suggest that the subsidence components increase with opening width-to-depth ratio. Under the same trough width, the trigonometric function slightly underpredicts the subsidence components, particularly for those induced by deep and small openings. The subsidence components predicted by the hyperbolic function are about 10% greater than those of the physical models. The exponential function underestimates the model measurements by about 5% for all cases. A set of empirical equations is derived to fit with the test results, which can be used to predict the subsidence components induced by the mine opening. Based on the scale law, the gel properties and the opening depths and widths can be correlated with those of the prototypes representing overburden above salt and potash mines in the Maha Sarakham formation.

Large quantities of food are wasted globally. Sugars such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are valuable carbohydrate compounds that can be hydrolyzed from food waste, particularly from carbo...

In this paper, we consider the moderate deviation of the nearly unstable sub-critical Galton-Waston process with immigration for the centered total population arising. We discuss the main influence...

The Chinese Accelerator Driven Sub-critical system (C-ADS) Injector-I is designed and constructed by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing, China. The test cryomodule (TCM), housing two 325 MHz spoke cavities and two solenoids and operating at 2 K, has been designed, assembled and commissioned since the beginning of 2012. The C-ADS Injector-I linac with the TCM successfully accelerated the proton beam to 3.68 MeV with the peak current of 10.1 mA in pulse mode. It is the world’s first prototype of spoke cavity cryomodule with beam, and is an important step in the qualification of the cryomodule before series productions. This paper describes the detail of the design, operation and thermal performances of the prototype cryomodule. The analysis takes into account the heat loads of the main components (support posts, multilayer insulation and cavities) at various cryogenic temperature levels. The estimated heat loads of the cryomodule have been compared with the available experimental measurements, and the cryogenic deformations by simulation is verified by the experimental measurements by the wire position monitors (WPMs). The operation experiences including the cool down, alignment and heat load measurement are reported.

More than 50 years ago, Paris and Erdogan [107] suggested to use the stress-intensity factor range, ΔK, to obtain the rate of crack advancement per cycle, da/dN, proposing a very general and simple correlation.

International audience; The set of equations governing reacting two-phase flows in liquid-propellant rocket engines is simplified and linearized around a steady base flow. In the particular case of a liquid/gas coaxial injector, models for the atomization, evaporation and combustion source terms are derived from a simplified physical description of both the oxidizer liquid core and spray. The resulting equations are projected onto a modal basis, leading to a quasi-linear dynamic description of the evolution of the system. In this paper, detailed model reduction focuses on the evaporation of polydisperse sprays and on the propagation of acoustic waves within the gas.

We prove an estimate on the modulus of continuity at a boundary point of a cylindrical domain for local weak solutions to singular parabolic equations of $p$-laplacian type, with $p$ in the sub-critical range $(1,\frac{2N}{N+1}]$. The estimate is given in terms of a Wiener-type integral, defined by a proper elliptic $p$-capacity., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1703.04907

Background This study aimed to explore the feasibility of applying the respiratory “critical care-sub-critical care-rehabilitation integrated management model” in severe stroke-associated pneumonia and evaluate its effect. Methods From January to September 2018, 24 patients with severe stroke-associated pneumonia, who were admitted to the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit of the Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, were randomly divided into two groups: integrated management group and control group. According to the admission criteria of the respiratory “critical care-sub-critical care-rehabilitation integrated model” prescribed by the above-mentioned hospital, patients were grouped. The professional respiratory therapy team participated in the whole treatment. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and oxygenation index of these two groups were dynamically observed, and the average hospital stay, 28-day mortality and patient satisfaction were investigated. Results Patients in the integrated management group and control group were similar before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, the main indicators, the APACHE II score, CPIS score and oxygenation index, were significantly different between the integration group and control group (P P < 0.05). However, the 28-day mortality wasn’t significantly different (P > 0.05). Conclusions For patients with severe stroke-associated pneumonia, it was feasible to implement the respiratory “critical care-sub-critical care-rehabilitation integrated management model”, which could significantly improve the treatment effect, shorten average hospitalization days and improve patient/family satisfaction.

It has been shown by van den Berg and Steif that the sub-critical Ising model on $\mathbb{Z}^d$ is a finitary factor of a finite-valued i.i.d. process. We strengthen this by showing that the factor map can be made to have finite expected coding volume (in fact, stretched-exponential tails), answering a question of van den Berg and Steif. The result holds at any temperature above the critical temperature. An analogous result holds for Markov random fields satisfying a high-noise assumption and for proper colorings with a large number of colors., Comment: 24 pages, 1 figure. Renumbered theorems, minor improvements to text

To ensure long-term nuclear energy security, it is advantageous to consider the use of externally driven sub-critical systems for producing fissile fuel to supply fleets of thermal-spectrum reactors as an alternative to using fast-spectrum or thermal-spectrum breeder reactors. Computational/analytical neutronics and heat transfer studies have been carried out for gas-cooled fuel bundle lattices with mixtures of fertile thorium and depleted uranium (DU) that could be used in the blanket region of a sub-critical fast reactor driven either by a fusion reactor in a hybrid fusion-fission reactor (HFFR) system, or an accelerator-based spallation neutron source in an accelerator driven system (ADS). The HFFR or ADS concept envisioned is one with a simple cylindrical geometry. The annular-cylindrical blanket is approximately 10 m long, can be made 2–5 m thick (1.0 m ≤ Rblanket ≤ 3.0 m to 6.0 m), and is filled with a repeating square lattice of pressure tubes filled with 0.5 m long fuel bundles that are made of (DU,Th)O2, with various mixtures of Th and DU, and refuelled periodically online. Although using blankets made of pure DUO2or ThO2are viable options to analyze, mixing DUO2with ThO2can help alleviate any potential proliferation concerns, since any233U produced from breeding will be denatured by the presence of238U in (DU, Th)O2.Lattice calculations demonstrate that the total fissile content in the fuel after an extended period of burnup (50 MWd/kg) will be approximately the same, regardless of the mixture of DU and thorium used, and that the content of americium and232U in the irradiated fuel will be

Use of water as an additive in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is becoming more common. Water can significantly modify mobile-phase properties by increasing the polarity and also acting as an additional source of H-bonding - resulting in novel selectivities. Addition of water to SFC mobile-phases increases its solvating power allowing the technique to work with highly polar analytes previously thought to be out-of-scope. A lesser discussed but equally important consequence of water addition is the role it plays in modulating analyte interactions with the stationary-phase. These interactions can be beneficial in terms of having better peak shape, increased efficiency and lesser retention time. Early studies that used water in neat CO2 bear testimony to this observation. This review discusses all these aspects of incorporating water in SFC mobile-phases and aims to elucidate the topic for wider acceptance and further investigation.

Thermal traits are frequently used to explain variation in species distributions, abundance, and sensitivity to climate change. Due to their utility and ease of measurement, critical thermal limits in particular have proliferated across the ecophysiological literature. Critical limit assays can, however, have deleterious or even lethal effects on individuals and there is growing recognition that intermediate metrics of performance can provide a further, nuanced understanding of how species interact with their environments. Meanwhile, the scarcity of data describing sub-critical or voluntary limits, which have been proposed as alternatives to critical limits and can be collected under less extreme conditions, reduces their value in comparative analyses and broad-scale syntheses. To overcome these limitations and determine if sub-critical limits are viable proxies for upper and lower critical thermal limits we measured and compared the critical and sub-critical thermal limits of 2023 ants representing 51 species. Sub-critical limits in isolation were a satisfactory linear predictor for both individual and species critical limits and when species identity was also considered there were substantial gains in variance explained. These gains indicate that a species-specific conversion factor can further improve estimates of critical traits using sub-critical proxies. Sub-critical limits can, therefore, be integrated into broader syntheses of critical limits and confidently used to calculate common ecological metrics, such as warming tolerance, so long as uncertainty in estimates is explicitly acknowledged. Although lower thermal traits exhibited more variation than their upper counterparts, the stronger phylogenetic signal of lower thermal traits indicates that appropriate conversions for lower thermal traits can be inferred from congenerics or other closely related taxa.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to integrate solar aided feed water heating with a 500 MWe sub critical coal fired thermal power plant. Complete bleed steam substitution in high pressure heaters (HPH) has been attained by placing a feed water heat exchanger (FWHE) in parallel to the HPH group for solar aided feed water heating. Exergy and thermo economic analyses have been performed on both reference 500 MWe and conceptual solar aided 500 MWe thermal power plants. The exergy analysis has revealed that the solar field followed by boiler have the maximum exergy destruction ratios of 78.90% and 56.52% respectively. The corresponding second law efficiencies of solar field and boiler are 21.10% and 43.48% respectively. Thermoeconomic analysis has been performed on both the plants by developing physical and productive structures for them. A set of linear equations have been developed and solved for finding the cost rates of different product streams.

We report the co-liquefaction performance of unicellular, red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Galdieria sulphuraria under sub-critical water conditions within a stainless-steel batch reactor under different temperatures (150-300°C), residence time (15-60min), and Cyanidioschyzon merolae to Galdieria sulphuraria mass loading (0-100%). Individual liquefaction of C. merolae and G. sulphuraria at 300°C achieved maximum biocrude oil yield of 18.9 and 14.0%, respectively. The yield of biocrude oil increased to 25.5%, suggesting a positive synergistic effect during the co-liquefaction of 80-20mass loading of C. merolae to G. sulphuraria. The biocrude oils were analyzed by FT-ICR MS which showed that co-liquefaction did not significantly affect the distribution of product compounds compared to individual oils. The co-liquefied biocrude and biochar have a higher-heating-value of 35.28 and 7.96MJ/kg. Ultimate and proximate analysis were performed on algae biomass, biocrude and biochar.

The target of this study is to provide information on the actual boundary conditions encountered in the conceptual design of an ADS fuelled by (Th, LEU), as well as their impact on the design itself, on the performances of the system and on the possible solutions from the point of view of the choice of materials, the operating conditions, the neutron design optimization, etc. In this paper rationales and consequences of the (Th, U) fuel cycle adoption, together with the design constraints, are discussed. Identified reference core configuration and the steady state criticality results are also discussed. Stochastic approach for the neutronic evaluations has been adopted. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

Various faults may simultaneously occur in a rotor dynamic system. It is crucial to detect and monitor these faults to ensure the safe operation of machinery. Usually, vibration response is utilized for fault diagnosis; however, the identification process becomes more challenging when multiple faults exhibit similar symptoms in the vibration response. In this paper, the vibrational transient response of a cracked rotor is analyzed in the presence of unbalance and coupling misalignment. The study focuses on investigating the possibility, advantages and limitations of using the sub-critical startup response in solving the fault identification problem. Numerical simulations using finite element modeling and experimental investigations are carried out for different individual and multi-fault conditions. Various factors are taken into consideration, including sub-critical limit speed, crack parameters, unbalance parameters and misalignment severity. Numerical and experimental investigations showed that the sub-critical transient response is suitable for the fault detection and diagnosis of the simultaneously existing faults studied. Compared to the critical response, the sub-critical response is more informative and each fault shows a unique feature that can be extracted without the need for sophisticated post signal processing. The study provides useful insights on the interaction between the various fault effects on the vibratory response and presents a simple method for condition monitoring of industrial equipment.

In this paper, we consider a semi-linear, energy sub-critical, defocusing wave equation in the three-dimensional space with p∈[3,5). We prove that if initial data are radial so that , where...

Our task here is to use a version of the 'vanishing viscosity technique' to study the critical 2D Quasi-Geostrophic equation. The present paper extends and specializes the results reported in Dlotko et al. (2015). We treat now in more detail the solutions of the critical problem (alpha = 1/2); in particular their uniqueness, regularity and long time behavior. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Unsteady multi-hole probe measurements are conducted to investigate the near wake of a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers which vary between 3000 and 10000. Besides the pressure measurements, data with a triple-wire probe are recorded to validate the multi-hole probe results. The streamwise and lateral velocity components and their higher order statistical moments are investigated. Furthermore, frequency spectra of the velocity components are shown. Experimental results of the unsteady multi-hole probe demonstrate a good match with the hot-wire results as well as numerical and experimental data from the literature.

A liquid hydrogen main fuel control valve for a rocket engine failed by fracture of the Ti-5Al-2.5Sn body during the last of a series of static engine test firings. Fractographic, metallurgical, and stress analyses determined that a combination of fatigue and unexpected aqueous stress-corrosion cracking initiated and propagated the crack which caused failure. The failure analysis approach and its results are described to illustrate how fractography and fracture mechanics, together with a knowledge of the crack initiation and propagation mechanisms of the valve material under various stress states and environments, helped investigators to trace the cause of failure.

International audience; We study with a 1D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation the evolution of a subcritical perpendicular fast magnetosonic shock. The shock propagates at 1.5 times the fast magnetosonic speed. Some upstream protons are reflected by the shock's electric potential. They form a beam which carries less energy than those that are reflected magnetically by super-critical shocks. The beam triggers the growth of a fast magnetosonic solitary wave upstream of the shock, which reflects the beam protons back to the shock. Extracting the momentum and energy of this beam allows the solitary wave to grow into a proto-shock that is trailed by a short downstream region. Protons from the shock-reflected proton beam increase the density of the plasma between the shock and the proto-shock reducing its potential difference relative to both surrounding structures. Bulk protons, which cross the proto-shock, react to the decreased potential jump. The plasma behind the proto-shock accelerates and so does the shock. The trailing end of the proto-shock speeds up in order to continue reflecting the beam protons and eventually it catches up with its front; the proto-shock collapses and the self-reformation fails. A more energetic proton beam could decrease the potential jump across the shock, let it collapse and replace it with the proto-shock.

In this work, we manufactured bio-inspired thin-ply Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) laminates, mimicking the helicoidal architecture of the mantis shrimp's dactyl club periodic region, with the smallest inter-ply (pitch) angle in the literature (2.5 ∘ ), thus better mimicking the actual micro-structure of the dactyl club. We conducted Low Velocity Impact (LVI) tests on a wide range of pitch angles (2.5 ∘ , 5 ∘ , 10 ∘ , 20 ∘ , 45 ∘ ), thus demonstrating that decreasing the pitch angle leads to a progressively smoother double helicoidal evolution of damage, reduces delamination areas, diffuses sub-critical damage, and enhances damage tolerance. We then conducted Compression After Impact (CAI) tests, thereby demonstrating that the residual strength and failure strain are preserved as the pitch angle is reduced, even though there is a steep decrease in the proportion of 0 ∘ -plies (plies aligned with the loading direction) as the pitch angle decreases. Via detailed modelling, we then developed and proposed an explanation for why very small pitch angles are required to achieve the beneficial damage mechanisms exhibited by biological Bouligand structures.

In this paper we prove the existence of at least one positive solution for nonlocal semipositone problem of the type \begin{document}$ (P_\lambda^\mu)\left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} (-\Delta)^s u& = & \lambda(u^{q}-1)+\mu u^r \text{ in } \Omega\\ u&>&0 \text{ in } \Omega\\ u&\equiv &0 \text{ on }{\mathbb R^N\setminus\Omega}. \end{array}\right. $\end{document} when the positive parameters \begin{document}$ \lambda $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \mu $\end{document} belong to certain range. Here \begin{document}$ \Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^N $\end{document} is assumed to be a bounded open set with smooth boundary, \begin{document}$ s\in (0, 1), N> 2s $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ 0 First we consider \begin{document}$ (P_ \lambda^\mu) $\end{document} when \begin{document}$ \mu = 0 $\end{document} and prove that there exists \begin{document}$ \lambda_0\in(0, \infty) $\end{document} such that for all \begin{document}$ \lambda> \lambda_0 $\end{document} the problem \begin{document}$ (P_ \lambda^0) $\end{document} admits at least one positive solution. In fact we will show the existence of a continuous branch of maximal solutions of \begin{document}$ (P_\lambda^0) $\end{document} emanating from infinity. Next for each \begin{document}$ \lambda>\lambda_0 $\end{document} and for all \begin{document}$ 0 we establish the existence of at least one positive solution of \begin{document}$ (P_\lambda^\mu) $\end{document} using variational method. Also in the sub critical case, i.e., for \begin{document}$ 1, we show the existence of second positive solution via mountain pass argument.

In this paper, we investigate a stochastic fractionally dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation driven by a multiplicative white noise, whose external forces contain hereditary characteristics. The existence and uniqueness of both local martingale and local pathwise solutions are established in \begin{document}$ H^s $\end{document} with \begin{document}$ s\geq2-2\alpha $\end{document} , where \begin{document}$ \alpha\in(\frac{1}{2}, 1) $\end{document} . For the critical case \begin{document}$ \alpha = \frac12 $\end{document} , we obtain the similar results in \begin{document}$ H^s $\end{document} with \begin{document}$ s>1 $\end{document} .

The authors have already showed the possibility of the application as the asphalt extractant of the high temperature and high pressure water. And they have suggested an extraction test of asphalt considering environment balance type by using the sub-critical water that is 350°C and 16MPa. However, as for this test, the examination for the different asphalt of the property and the various asphalt mixtures was not accomplished, and the applicability and the reproducibility for them were unconfirmed. Therefore, in this study, the authors confirmed the adaptability for a representative asphalt mixture for the development of the sub-critical water method, and examined for the device, conditions and method of test to improve measurement precision. As a result, this sub-critical water method was systematized that was available for the new mixture which contained straight asphalt or modified asphalt and reproduction aggregate, and the usefulness became clear. 著者らは，これまで高温高圧水のアスファルト抽出溶媒としての応用の可能性を明らかにしており，実用を視座にした基礎研究から，350°C・16MPaの亜臨界水を抽出溶媒とした環境調和型アスファルト抽出試験法を提案している．しかし，本手法は，性質の異なるアスファルトや種々のアスファルト混合物に対する検討がなされておらず，多様な供試体に対する適用性や再現性についての信頼性が不明であった．本研究では，亜臨界水を用いた抽出試験法の開発に向けて，代表的なアスファルト混合物に対する適応性を確認し，測定精度を向上させるための試験装置，試験条件・方法について検討した．この結果，ストレートアスファルト，改質アスファルトを含有する新規混合物，ならびに再生骨材に適応可能な亜臨界水抽出法を体系化し，その有用性を明らかにした．

Due to its remarkable water-saving characteristics, direct air cooling device has been widely used in carbon rich and water deficient areas in China. However, in the high temperature period in summer, the exhaust pressure of air cooling unit will rise greatly, the exhaust steam temperature will be high and the condensate temperature will be high. In this paper, Daihai Power Plant Phase I unit transformation as the research object, the cold end optimization of air cooling unit is analyzed, in order to improve the unit operation economy.

Biodiesel produced in conventional way by using catalyst make environment harmful. Subcritical water is a new method, green technology which can be employed to convert rice bran with water and methanol to fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) or biodiesel with adding CO2 and N2 gas as co-solvent. The aim of this study to investigates the influence of operation condition of biodiesel production from rice bran oil. Some solvents concentrated, range of temperature, pressurized gas and reaction time were applied in this research. Rice bran, water, and ethanol were put into subcritical water reactor in a certain ratio at 40bar to carried out the reaction under subcritical condition. The best condition 30/10 methanol-water (v/v), t = 7 h, T = 200 °C, CO2 as co-solvent was highest yield oil obtained 18% with oleic acid methyl ester as the major identified biodiesel.

An advanced real-fluid numerical framework for transcritical CO2 spanning both the supercritical and sub-critical regime near the critical point is presented. The numerical algorithm is specifically designed to faithfully model sharp variations of thermodynamic derivatives near the critical point. Numerical results for compressor performance in the Sandia test loop [1] at near critical inlet conditions have been presented over a range of flow rates from the choke point to the stall line. The analysis identifies the shift in the flow losses from the impeller to the diffuser as the flow rate increases from the stall to choke limit. The simulations have been compared with both the Sandia performance curves as well as raw data from Barber Nichols Inc. (BNI); the results compare well with the raw data and provide good qualitative comparisons with Sandia’s performance curves [1]. The numerical framework has also been extended to sub-critical conditions by solving for separate transport equations for each phase. Methodology for NIST table lookup at sub-critical conditions to identify liquid and vapor properties has been developed. Phase change is triggered when local conditions go sub-critical and do not require the phase to be specified a priori. Calculations at both near critical inlet temperatures as well as a two-phase inlet condition at lower temperatures were modeled. Significant difference in the phase change characteristics at these two conditions have been identified and discussed in the paper.