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Objective: The present investigation aims to develop an efficient, rapid, sensitive, selective, linear, and accurate method for analyzing capecitabine in bulk and tablet dosage form by UV-spectroscopy approaches. Methods: Capecitabine is an estimation by three different developed methods with different UV detection, method A (zero-order spectrophotometric method) at 239 nm, method B (first-order spectrophotometric method) at 231 nm, and method C (area under the curve spectrophotometric method) at 230 to 248 nm. The method's validation and stress degradation studies were done following the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: The methods were validated using the prescribed parameters like system suitability, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity, etc. The relative standard deviation (% RSD) of the peak area observed in each case was found within the accepted range (

Introduction: The current study aimed to develop and assess UV-spectrophotometric (zero order, first order, second order, area under the curve) and RP-HPLC methods for estimating theophylline in its pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: A less toxic solvent composition of acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (25:75 v/v) is used as a mobile phase and diluent for developing both UV-spectroscopic and RP-HPLC techniques. Shimadzu Prominence LC-20A Modular HPLC system with a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) was used to develop the RP-HPLC method. Results: Method A is a zero-order spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 271 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9958, LOD, and LOQ are 0.52 and 1.71 µg/mL. Method B is a first-order spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 258 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9983, LOD, and LOQ are 0.46 and 1.51 µg/mL. Method C is a second-order spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 218 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9941, LOD, and LOQ are 0.38 and 1.25 µg/mL. Method D is an area under the curve spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 260 to 282 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9978, LOD, and LOQ are 0.57 and 1.88 µg/mL. Method E is the RP-HPLC method for the determination of theophylline at the retention time of 2.814 min, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9923, LOD, and LOQ are 0.78 and 2.57 µg/mL. Studies on stress degradation show that oxidation and acid degradation mostly impact theophylline solutions. Conclusion: Theophylline can be determined using the proposed approach, which is convenient, precise, affordable, and reproducible.

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant. It works by decreasing nerve impulses that cause seizures and nerve pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. It is well known that contemporary pharmaceutical analysis establishes robust, sensitive, economic, stability-indicating analytical procedures. The current study aimed to develop and assess UV-spectrophotometric (zero order, first order, second order, area under the curve) methods for estimating carbamazepine in its pharmaceutical dosage form. Method A is a simple zero-order spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 285 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9976, LOD, and LOQ are 0.45 and 1.48 µg/ml. Method B is a first-order spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 269 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9944, LOD, and LOQ are 0.29 and 0.96 µg/ml. Method C is a second-order spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 254 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 1.00, LOD, and LOQ are 0.62 and 2.04 µg/ml. Method D is an area under the curve spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 266 to 300 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9975, LOD, and LOQ are 0.14 and 0.46 µg/ml. All developed methods demonstrated good repeatability and recovery with %RSD < 2. Studies on stress degradation show that oxidation and acid degradation mostly impact carbamazepine solutions. Keywords: Carbamazepine, UV-spectrophotometric, Tegrital, Degradation study.

The impedance, capacitance and conductance of aqueous sucrose polar solution are measured by employing impedance spectroscopy method and the current passing through the system for different DC voltages are measured implementing I-V method. The variation of electrical parameters with sucrose content in such solution exhibits a quasi-oscillatory nature, which is attributed to the random orientation of water and sucrose dipoles in the solution and their mutual interactions at the molecular level, including water-water, water-sucrose and sucrose-sucrose dipole interactions. To justify the quasi-oscillatory nature from analytical point of view, a theoretical model is developed on the basis of multi-body dipolar interactions of randomly distributed molecular dipoles. The experimental data agrees well with those obtained from the analytical model. The measurement of electrical parameters is performed within a frequency window of 100 Hz to 4 MHz for volume fractions of sucrose with respect to water, ranging from - pF - 266 pF, and 3 µS - 55 µS respectively for the sucrose volume fraction range considered. Current voltage measurements for the same concentration range are performed for a voltage swing between ±5 V and the obtained values vary from +20 µA to -25 µA. The study represents a deterministic approach to analyze the effective nature of a sucrose solution in terms of dielectric polarization of the system which finds application in sucrose quality assessments.

Neurodegeneration is a progressive process that occurs with normal aging with accelerated loss of normal functioning and structure of neurons. The physiological aging of neurons can be expedited by many different factors like neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), etc. In the clinical view, the symptoms of different types of neurological disorders have a high degree of similarity, making it difficult for differential diagnosis. Clinicians need strong expertise to reach a correct diagnosis for a particular disease as there are so many established clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of different types of neurological disorders. Here, in this chapter, we shall focus to understand the different molecular diagnostic tools and immunological markers used for the detection of neurodegenerative disorders

This paper proposes a framework for a full fledged negotiation system that allows multi party multi issue negotiation. It focuses on the negotiation protocol to be observed and provides a platform for concurrent and independent negotiation on individual issues using the concept of multi threading. It depicts the architecture of an agent detailing its components. The paper sets forth a hierarchical pattern for the multiple issues concerning every party. The system also provides enhancements such as the time-to-live counters for every advertisement, refinement of utility considering non-functional attributes, prioritization of issues, by assigning weights to issues., Comment: CUBE '12: Proceedings of the CUBE International Information Technology Conference. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1206.5884

Background Biological constituents have unique dielectric properties by virtue of which these can be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively by employing bio-dielectric measurement techniques and electrical impedance spectroscopy exhibits immense potential in this context. Methods In this study, an analytical impedimetric model has been developed to describe bio-dielectric behavior of the lymphocyte suspensions with different cell counts. Emphasis has been given to incorporate the effect of dielectric anisotropy which is apparent between the cell and nuclear membranes and measured in the low frequency range. The relatively low frequency range is chosen to probe the strong dependence of complex membrane behavior provided by the cells. Such dielectric anisotropy originates from the flow dynamics of ions through the hydrophobic interior of polar lipid-bilayer membrane. Successive models have been developed and compared with the relevant experimental data for formulating the system capacitance in a most generalized approach. Results The capacitance values have been observed to decrease with both the increase of measuring frequency and cell count, however, its impedance decreases with frequency and increases with cell count. Such nature is attributed to the localization of polar response in the membrane-base solution interfaces. Conclusion The work demonstrates a rapid and deterministic approach to estimate lymphocyte count which will augment the existing prediction techniques for relevant physiological disorders.

The joining of bimetallic trinuclear nodes, [(CuL1)2Cd] (where H2L1 = N,N′-bis(α-methylsalicylidene)-1,3-propanediamine) by a spacer, 4,4′-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2L2), produced two isomeric one...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with complex etiology. Both genetic and environmental factors play significant role. Apart from candidate genes, some modifier genes have been reported to be associated with the altered risk of PD. Previous studies have identified Apolipoprotein E (APOE), Cathepsin D (CTSD), and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as key players of neurodegenerative pathways with their variants associated with different neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this study aims to identify the potential role of these modifier genes in the pathogenesis of PD among Eastern Indian PD patients. A case-control study was performed using 302 clinically diagnosed PD patients and 304 ethnically matched controls. Promoter SNPs of APOE (rs449647, rs405509) and BDNF (rs56164415), and coding SNPs of APOE (rs429358, rs7412 resulting in ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles), CTSD (rs17571), and BDNF (rs6265) were analyzed by PCR-RFLP and bidirectional sequencing. The effect of rs56164415 on BDNF expression was characterized by Luciferase assay. APOEε4 allele was significantly overrepresented (p value = 0.0003) among PD patients, whereas ε3 allele was predominant in the control population. The promoter haplotype (A-rs449647, G-rs405509) of APOE was preponderant among female PD patients posing risk. No association was found for CTSD polymorphism. The 'T/T' genotype of BDNF rs56164415 was overrepresented (p-value = 0.02) among early onset PD patients. Expression of BDNF for the 'T/T' variant was significantly lower (p-value = 0.012) than the 'C/C' variant, suggesting a possible role in PD pathogenesis. This study suggests that APOE and BDNF may serve as modifier loci among eastern Indian PD patients.

Understanding the molecular mechanism of COVID-19 disease pathogenesis helps in the rapid development of therapeutic targets. Usually, viral protein targets host proteins in an organized fashion. The expression of any viral gene depends mostly on the host translational machinery. Recent studies report the great significance of codon usage biases in establishing host-viral protein-protein interactions (PPI). Exploring the codon usage patterns between a pair of co-evolved host and viral proteins may present novel insight into the host-viral protein interactomes during disease pathogenesis. Leveraging the similarity (and dissimilarity) in codon usage patterns, we propose a computational scheme to recreate the host-viral protein-protein interaction network. We use host proteins from seventeen (17) essential signaling pathways for our current work towards understanding the possible targeting mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. We infer both negatively and positively interacting edges in the network. Further, extensive analysis is performed to understand the host PPI network topologically and the attacking behavior of the viral proteins. Our study reveals that viral proteins mostly utilize codons, rare in the targeted host proteins (negatively correlated interaction). Among non-structural proteins, NSP3 and structural protein, Spike (S) protein, are the most influential proteins in interacting multiple host proteins. While ranking the most affected pathways, MAPK pathways observe to be the worst affected during the COVID-19 disease. Several proteins participating in multiple pathways are highly central in host PPI and mostly targeted by multiple viral proteins. We observe many potential targets (host proteins) from the affected pathways associated with the various drugs molecules including Arsenic trioxide, Dexamethasone, Hydroxychloroquine, Ritonavir, and Interferon beta, which are either under trail or in use during COVID-19.

Understanding the molecular mechanism of COVID19 disease pathogenesis helps in the rapid development of therapeutic targets. Usually, viral protein targets host proteins in an organized fashion. The pathogen may target cell signaling pathways to disrupt the pathway genes’ regular activities, resulting in disease. Understanding the interaction mechanism of viral and host proteins involved in different signaling pathways may help decipher the attacking mechanism on the signal transmission during diseases, followed by discovering appropriate therapeutic solutions.The expression of any viral gene depends mostly on the host translational machinery. Recent studies report the great significance of codon usage biases in establishing host-viral protein-protein interactions (PPI). Exploiting the codon usage patterns between a pair of co-evolved host and viral proteins may present novel insight into the host-viral protein interactomes during disease pathogenesis. Leveraging the codon usage pattern similarity (and dissimilarity), we propose a computational scheme to recreate the hostviral protein interaction network (HVPPI). We use seventeen (17) essential signaling pathways for our current work and study the possible targeting mechanism of SARS-CoV2 viral proteins on such pathway proteins. We infer both negatively and positively interacting edges in the network. We can find a relationship where one host protein may target by more than one viral protein.Extensive analysis performed to understand the network topologically and the attacking behavior of the viral proteins. Our study reveals that viral proteins, mostly utilize codons, rare in the targeted host proteins (negatively correlated interaction). Among non-structural proteins, NSP3 and structural protein, Spike (S) protein, are the most influential proteins in interacting multiple host proteins. In ranking the most affected pathways, MAPK pathways observe to be worst affected during the COVID-19 disease. A good number of targeted proteins are highly central in host protein interaction networks. Proteins participating in multiple pathways are also highly connected in their own PPI and mostly targeted by multiple viral proteins.

An on-chip device has been fabricated on Si platform for precise estimation of the hematocrit (Hct) level of human blood with rapid turn out. Impedance/capacitance spectroscopy and current-voltage (I-V) measurements have been employed to observe the variation of electrical parameters of erythrocyte suspensions with varying Hct level. Experimentally obtained values of capacitance, impedance and conductance with Hct level suggests a linear variation. Current-time measurement has also been performed to ensure the susceptibility of red blood cells under a fixed external electric field for certain duration of time. The online real time sample analyzes have also been performed by the device connected with an embedded electronic circuit interfaced with a laptop through appropriate software. This has enabled the development of a novel Si-chip based compact point-of-care (POC) diagnosis system for Hct level estimation by measuring the dielectric/capacitive variation of an erythrocyte cell suspension. The relevant performance parameters of such a compact system including range, resolution, limit of detection and throughput have also been evaluated.

This article investigates the possibility of using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique for detection and quantification of metanil yellow (MY) in turmeric powder. The observation is supported by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy. Variation of electrical parameters like capacitance, impedance, conductance, and current–voltage (I–V) characteristics for pure as well as adulterated turmeric are analyzed. System capacitance, conductance, and current are observed to increase, whereas the impedance values have been found to decrease with increase in MY content. Also, UV–Vis and FT-MIR spectroscopic measurements suggest the increase of absorbance with gradual increment of MY in the solution. Electrical and optical results have been physically corroborated with respect to the system internal energy. This study sought to provide a deterministic approach towards developing an EIS-based adulterant sensor for simple, rapid, economical, and precise quantification of controlled percentage weights of MY in pure turmeric powder.

Alteration of amino acids is possible due to mutation in codons that could have potential reasons to occur disease. Single nucleotide substitutions (SNS) in genetic codon thus have prime importance for their ability to occur mutations that may be deleterious indeed. Effective mutation analysis can help to predict the fate of the diseased individual which can be validated later by in-vitro experiments. Hence in this present study, we try to investigate the codon alteration patterns and their impact during mutation for the genes known to be responsible for a particular disease. We use a numerical representation of four nucleotides based on the number of hydrogen bonds in their chemical structures and make a classification of 64 codons as well as corresponding 20 amino acids into three different classes (Strong, Weak and Transitional). The entire analysis has been carried out based on these classifications. For our current study, we consider two neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s disease, and Glaucoma. Several evidences claim similarities between both the diseases but proper pathogenetic factors are still unknown. The analysis reveals that the strong class of codons is highly mutated followed by the weak and transitional class. We observe that most of the mutations occur in the first or second positions in the codon rather than the third and mutations that occurred at the second place of codons are majorly deleterious. In most cases, the change in the determinative degree of codon due to mutation is directly proportional to the physical density property. Furthermore, we derive a determinative degree of five wild-type amino acid sequences, which can help biologists to understand the evolutionary relationship among them based on amino acid occurrence frequencies in proteins. In this regard we proposed an alignment-free method SSADDA (Sequence Similarity Analysis using Determinative Degree of Amino acid). Thus, our scheme gives a more microscopic and alternative representation of the existing codon table that helps in deciphering interesting codon alteration patterns during mutations in disease pathogenesis.

An analytical model is developed to describe the dielectric behaviour of pure DI water-sucrose solution in which sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) is added as an adulterant. Relative impact of constituent dipoles has been emphasized and multi-body dipolar interactions have been explicitly considered for a comprehensive analysis of such a system in thermal equilibrium. The theoretical model is verified with experimental data obtained from the impedance and capacitance based spectroscopic measurements. The impedance and capacitance of DI water-sucrose solution are observed to vary in a quasi-oscillatory nature with different sucrose content in it. However, such variation shows a decreasing trend and linear nature for a minimum of 1% adulterant content. The system impedance decreases and capacitance increases with increasing adulterant wt% for a given sucrose concentration. For the 0% of adulterant in the solution with varying sucrose content, the impedance and capacitance have varied from 140.12 kΩ to 236.17 kΩ and 40.7 pF to 44.2 pF, respectively. However, such values change from 111 Ω to 157 kΩ and 42.5 pF to 72 μF for the adulterant content up to 5%.

The current article demonstrates a novel diagrammatic approach for the detection and quantification of polar and non-polar/ionic adulterants in milk by employing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For such study, some commonly used milk adulterants including melamine, starch, urea, allantoin, cyanuric acid, benzoic acid, ammonium sulphate and sodium bicarbonate are incorporated in a controlled manner in the pure milk sample. The presence of such adulterants in milk is confirmed by Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy prior to impedimetric measurements. A Pt/Teflon/SiO2/Si biosensor device is fabricated for EIS measurement where the combination of SiO2 and Teflon layer thicknesses are optimized to obtain an appropriate hydrophobicity/dielectricity for the liquid milk samples. The EIS study shows an opposite trend in the variation of electrical impedance, capacitance and conductance for the polar samples in comparison to non-polar/ionic adulterants, upon their controlled addition from 0.5 to 9 (mg/g). Such results are utilized for detection and quantification of the milk-adulterants by developing a diagrammatic approach based on impedimetric phase angle-modulus mapping. Such diagrammatic impedance spectroscopy provides a generic scheme for a rapid, cost-effective and point-of-care detection and quantification of adulterants in milk which can be further extended to other bio-consumables.

This study focuses on the development of a super-hydrophobic layer containing chemically extracted bio-waxes from lotus and taro leaves on silicon (Si) substrates. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) have been performed to observe the structural properties and compositional functional groups of the relevant bio-waxes. Contact angle measurement is used to determine the hydrophobicity of the surfaces by measuring respective contact angles at the interface of liquid and bio-wax coated surface. Also, capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement is performed to determine the dielectric properties of the waxes which indicate possible applications of such bio-derived materials in the domain of digital bio-microfluidics.

This study analyses the possibility of on-chip detection and quantification of soap as an adulterant into cow milk by employing Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). This technique provides a simple, rapid, precise and cost-effective platform for milk quality monitoring. Variation of electrical parameters including the impedance, capacitance, conductance and current for 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.9% (w/w) of soap adulteration in milk are analyzed. The capacitance, conductance and current are observed to increase whereas impedance has been found to decrease with increasing soap content in the milk. Finally, the coefficient of sensitivity is extracted for the soap-adulterated milk samples and explained in terms of the measured conductance values.

An on-chip analysis has been performed to develop a comprehensive understanding on the effect of shape alteration and lysis on the bio-dielectric nature of human erythrocytes. Impedance/capacitance spectroscopy, along with current-voltage (I-V) measurements has been executed to observe the variations in dielectric parameters for normal disc-biconcave and spherical erythrocytes (namely, discocytes and spherocytes respectively). Current-time (I-t) measurements are performed on erythrocyte suspensions exposed under an external electric field to observe possible hemolysis of such cells. Impedance/capacitance spectroscopic observations reveal a lower percentage variation of capacitance from the base medium in case of discocytes, which is attributed to the depolarizing factor originating from their orientational polarizibility. I-t measurements suggest a constant trend in current followed by an increment signifying the release of free charge into the suspension on the initiation of hemolysis.

iGluR gene family of a vertebrate, Rat and AtGLR gene family of a plant, Arabidopsis thaliana [4] perform some common functionalities in neuro-transmission, which have been compared quantitatively. Our attempt is based on the chemical properties of amino acids [6, 7, 8] comprising the primary protein sequences of the aforesaid genes. 19 AtGLR genes of length varying from 808 amino acid (aa) to 1039 aa and 16 iGluR genes length varying from 902aa to 1482 aa have been taken as data sets. Thus, we detected the commonalities (conserved elements) during the long evolution of plants and animals from a common ancestor [4]. Eight different conserved regions have been found based on individual amino acids. Two different conserved regions are also found, which are based on chemical groups of amino acids. We have tried too to find different possible patterns which are common throughout the data set taken. 9 such patterns have been found with size varying from 2 to 5 amino acids at different regions in each primary protein sequences. Phylogenetic trees of AtGLR and iGluR families have also been constructed. This approach is likely to shed light on the long course of evolution.