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MRI plays a significant role in brain tumor analysis, diagnosis and treatment planning. It’s useful to doctor to determine the preceding steps of a brain tumor. Brain tumor detection and analysis by using MRI images is a challenging task because of the complex structure of the brain. Abnormal growth of tissues in the brain which affect proper brain functions is considered as a brain tumor. CT-scan is not always preferred method for detection. MRI images provide greater result than CTscan and X-rays. In this numerous pre-processing, post-processing, and methods like contrast enhancement, Filtering, Edge detection, and post-processing techniques like Threshold, Segmentation, Histogram, Morphological operation through image processing (IP) tool, and image segmentation techniques is available in MATLAB for detection of brain tumor images (MRIImages) are discussed

We report on the low-frequency electronic noise in β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 Schottky barrier diodes. The noise spectral density reveals 1/f dependence, characteristic of the flicker noise, with superimposed Lorentzian bulges at the intermediate current levels (f is the frequency). The normalized noise spectral density in such diodes was determined to be on the order of 10−12 cm2/Hz (f = 10 Hz) at 1 A/cm2 current density. At the intermediate current regime, we observed the random telegraph signal noise, correlated with the appearance of Lorentzian bulges in the noise spectrum. The random telegraph signal noise was attributed to the defects near the Schottky barrier. The defects can affect the local electric field and the potential barrier and, correspondingly, impact the electric current. The obtained results help in understanding the noise in Schottky barrier diodes made of ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors and can be used for the material and device quality assessment.

Grain size is a critical parameter for viscous deformation processes and controls the rheological behaviour (weakening and strain localizations in mylonites) of polycrystalline aggregates. Recently, Ghosh et al., (2022) used Tana quartzite (~200 μm) to develop a new grain-size-insensitive flow law (stress exponent, n = 2; activation energy, Q = 110 kj/mol). The n = 2 is interpreted to indicate the serial operation of grain interior (dislocation glide) and grain boundary (dissolution-precipitation, DPC + Grain boundary sliding, GBS) accommodation processes. It is shown that all the previous results obtained from coarse-grained (∼100 - 200 μm) quartz aggregates (high total strain, significant recrystallization) plot within a factor of ∼5 times the strain rate predicted by this flow law. Moreover, a number of earlier studies with fine-grained (3.6 to 12 μm) quartz reported an n-value range of 1.7 to 2.5 (Kronenberg and Tullis 1984; Fukuda et al., 2018), similar to the values obtained from coarse-grained samples. A deviation from the grain-size-insensitive creep-dominated process is expected at those grain-size ranges and poses the question: how much weakening is possible by grain-size-reduction within the continental crust?Using a Griggs-type apparatus, we deformed fine-grained (~ 3-4 μm) as-is and 0.1 wt.% H2O-added novaculites, representing a fully recrystallized shear zone material, at the same condition as coarse-grained Tana quartzite (~200 μm). The as-is novaculite is ~3.5 times stronger than the H2O-added novaculite. A similar strength difference (~4 times) was also observed between the as-is and H2O-added Tana quartzite. The H2O-added novaculite is ~4 times weaker than the H2O-added Tana. The as-is novaculite is ~4.5 times weaker than the as-is Tana quartzite. Thus, the addition of 0.1 wt.% H2O causes a similar order of weakening as the smaller grain size; the as-is novaculite has a similar strength as the data predicted from the H2O-added Tana flow law. The maximum strength difference (more than an order of magnitude) arises between the end-member samples i.e., the as-is Tana and H2O-added novaculite, which indicate the combined effect of grain size and H2O. The n (1.91 to 2.19) and Q (118 kj/mol) values measured from novaculites are similar to the Tana and the Tana flow law can express all the novaculite data within the error associated with the Griggs-type apparatus, only by manipulating the A-value of the flow law. Therefore, the n and Q values are largely grain-size-insensitive, while the strength differences due to grain size and added-H2O can be expressed by varying the A-value. Further, the similarity in the n and Q values indicates that the same deformation mechanisms (i.e., dislocation creep accommodated by grain boundary processes) operate in both materials. Microstructural analysis of the novaculite reveals the development of a core-shell structure of individual grains due to grain boundary migration (GBM). A combination of deformation mechanisms (dislocation glide, GBM, GBS) are mutually dependent and interact to achieve the bulk sample strain. The variations in A-value may reflect the efficiency of the GBS mechanism depending on grain size and H2O content. Finally, the implications of these results on crustal strength will be discussed.

Purpose:Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) are treated with radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ). These treatments may cause prolonged systemic lymphopenia, which itself is associated with poor outcomes. NT-I7 is a long-acting IL7 that expands CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers in humans and mice. We tested whether NT-I7 prevents systemic lymphopenia and improves survival in mouse models of GBM.Experimental Design:C57BL/6 mice bearing intracranial tumors (GL261 or CT2A) were treated with RT (1.8 Gy/day × 5 days), TMZ (33 mg/kg/day × 5 days), and/or NT-I7 (10 mg/kg on the final day of RT). We followed the mice for survival while serially analyzing levels of circulating T lymphocytes. We assessed regulatory T cells (Treg) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, cervical lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow.Results:GBM tumor–bearing mice treated with RT+NT-I7 increased T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, enhanced IFNγ production, and decreased Tregs in the tumor which was associated with a significant increase in survival. NT-I7 also enhanced central memory and effector memory CD8 T cells in lymphoid organs and tumor. Depleting CD8 T cells abrogated the effects of NT-I7. Furthermore, NT-I7 treatment decreased progenitor cells in the bone marrow.Conclusions:In orthotopic glioma-bearing mice, NT-I7 mitigates RT-related lymphopenia, increases cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes systemically and in the tumor, and improves survival. A phase I/II trial to evaluate NT-I7 in patients with high-grade gliomas is ongoing (NCT03687957).

Supplementary Figure from Long-Acting Recombinant Human Interleukin-7, NT-I7, Increases Cytotoxic CD8 T Cells and Enhances Survival in Mouse Glioma Models

Kokilaksha Kashayam is a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation prescribed for treating pain and inflammation. The scientific validation of the claimed pharmacological activities of this formulation has not been established yet. In the present work, the anti-inflammatory and Analgesic activity of freshly prepared in house Kokilaksha Kashayam as well as its marketed formulation were evaluated on experimental animals. The Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induces paw edema method, while the analgesic activity was evaluated by means of Eddy’s hot plate, tail-flick and formaldehyde induced tail flick methods. The results indicated that both in-house as well as marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam possess profound anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic property.

Severe and prolonged lymphopenia frequently occurs in patients with glioblastoma after standard chemoradiotherapy and has been associated with worse survival, but its underlying biological mechanism is not well understood. To address this, we performed a correlative study in which we collected and analyzed peripheral blood of patients with glioblastoma ( n = 20) receiving chemoradiotherapy using genomic and immune monitoring technologies. RNA sequencing analysis of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed an elevated concentration of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) regulatory genes in patients with lymphopenia when compared with patients without lymphopenia after chemoradiotherapy. Additional analysis including flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing further confirmed increased numbers of circulating MDSC in patients with lymphopenia when compared with patients without lymphopenia after chemoradiotherapy. Preclinical murine models were also established and demonstrated a causal relationship between radiation-induced MDSC and systemic lymphopenia using transfusion and depletion experiments. Pharmacological inhibition of MDSC using an arginase-1 inhibitor (CB1158) or phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (tadalafil) during radiation therapy (RT) successfully abrogated radiation-induced lymphopenia and improved survival in the preclinical models. CB1158 and tadalafil are promising drugs in reducing radiation-induced lymphopenia in patients with glioblastoma. These results demonstrate the promise of using these classes of drugs to reduce treatment-related lymphopenia and immunosuppression.

Severe and prolonged lymphopenia frequently occurs in glioblastoma patients after standard chemoradiotherapy and has been associated with significantly worse survival, but its biological mechanism is not well understood. To address this we performed a correlative study designed to prospectively collect and evaluate peripheral blood of glioblastoma patients treated with chemoradiotherapy using genomic and immune monitoring technologies. The RNA sequencing analysis of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed an elevated level of myeloidderived suppressor cells (MDSC) regulatory genes in the lymphopenic patients (LP) when compared to non-lymphopenic patients (NLP) after chemoradiotherapy. Additional analysis using flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing further confirmed increased number of circulating MDSC in LP when compared to NLP after chemoradiotherapy. Preclinical murine models were also established to recapitulate this phenomenon and demonstrated a causal relationship between radiation-induced MDSC and systemic lymphopenia using transfusion and depletion experiments. Pharmacological inhibition of MDSC using arginase-1 inhibitor (CB1158) or phosphodiesterase5 inhibitor (tadalafil) during RT successfully abrogated radiation-induced lymphopenia and improved survival in the preclinical models.

The climate of India reflects the instability and variability of the monsoon in the tropical regions of the country. Monsoon in India occurs annually, with variations in rainfall that adversely affect water resources, agriculture, and other regional conditions. The perception of the variability of the monsoon season is one of the critical problems in the field of atmospheric science. In the study area, the Subarnarekha river basin being non-perennial, exclusively depend on the monsoon to maintain its riverine flow. The variability and instability of the monsoon can significantly influence the hydrological parameters (erodibility and discharge) of this river basin. Therefore, it requires significant water resource management through the assessment of the hydrological processes. It is crucial to assess both the runoff response and soil loss in the drainage basin to evaluate the hydrological conditions of the drainage basin. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is a hydrological model used in this study to simulate the discharge rate for runoff responses daily, monthly, and annual. A simulation of a similar kind has been carried out regarding the soil loss to estimate the amount of erosion before and after significant rainfall events in the study area. The study emphasizes the SWAT model and its efficacy in assessing water flow through ungauged channels or rivers. The present study showed that the SWAT model successfully characterized the role of the Subanarekha Basin’s monsoon-driven hydrological processes leading to erosion.

A light axionlike particle or an axionlike particle (ALP) not just gives rise to interesting and spectacular signals of new physics as final states in meson decays, it necessarily leaves tell-tale signatures in processes that involve standard model (SM) fields only (i.e., SM processes). These effects result in the violation of the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass relation, modified form factors, altered integrated and differential rates for various SM transitions etc. This suggests that in the presence of a low lying state, such as an ALP, extraction of masses, mixing angles, and form factors in an entirely data-driven way from meson-physics observables is a highly nontrivial exercise. However, once done correctly, these same observables may, in turn, provide important (indirect) bounds on ALP physics, which remain robust even in the limits where new physics effects conspire to weaken the bounds from direct searches. Starting with a generalized ALP-quark Lagrangian (where restrictions due to parity are removed) we demonstrate this approach by focusing on Kℓ3+ decays, where we derive (indirect) bounds on ALP physics using NA48/2 data and lattice results. We also find sum rules that not just show deviations in the presence of an ALP but also give hints towards the specific nature of the ALP physics itself.

Quartz rheology in the presence of H2O is crucial for modelling (numerical and geophysical) the deformation behavior of the continental crust and gives important insights into crustal strength. Experimental studies in the past have determined stress exponent (n) values for flow law between ≤ 2 to 4, while the values for activation energy (Q) vary from ~120 to 242 kJ/mol. Here, we investigated the quartz rheology under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, using a new generation hydraulically-driven Griggs-type apparatus. In order to develop a robust flow law for quartzite, we performed constant-load coaxial deformation experiments of natural coarse-grained (~ 200 μm) high purity (> 99 % SiO2) quartzite from the Tana quarry (Norway). Our creep tests were carried out at 750 to 900 °C on the as-is (no added H2O) and 0.1 wt.% of H2O added samples under 1 GPa of confining pressure. In contrast to earlier strain rate stepping experiments, the constant-load procedure needs lower strain at each step (≤1−2%) to achieve steady-state conditions. As a consequence, there is a very low amount of recrystallization. Importantly, we can determine the Q-value independently of the stress exponent (n). Microstructures from the deformed samples were characterized using polarized light microscopy (LM), SEM-cathodoluminescence (CL), and Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).Our creep results for both the as-is and 0.1 wt.% H2O-added samples yield Q = 110 kJ/mol and n = 2. Our microstructural analysis suggests that the bulk sample strain is accommodated by grain-scale crystal-plasticity, i.e., dislocation glide (dominantly in prism Our new flow law predicts strain rates that are in much better agreement with the inferred natural values than the earlier flow laws. It further suggests that the strength of the continental crust considering quartz rheology is significantly lower than previously predicted.

Introduction: Acridine is a well-known DNA intercalator and thereby gets easily inserted within DNA. As uncontrolled rapid cell division is one of the primary characteristics of the tumors, it is expected that acridine or its suitable derivatives will have preferential accumulation in the tumorous lesions. Therefore, an attempt was made to radiolabel an acridine derivative with 68Ga and study the potential of the 68Ga-acridine complex as a PET agent for tumor imaging. Methods: 9-aminoacridine was coupled with p-NCS-benzyl-DOTA to render it suitable for labeling with 68Ga. The purified acridine-DOTA conjugate was radiolabeled with 68Ga, eluted from a 68Ge/68Ga radionuclide generator. Various radiolabeling parameters were optimized and the stability of the radiolabeled preparation was studied. The biological behavior of the 68Ga-acridine complex was studied both in vitro and in vivo using Raji cell line and fibrosarcoma tumor bearing Swiss mice, respectively. Results: 68Ga-acridine complex was obtained with ~100% radiochemical purity under the optimized reaction conditions involving incubation of 2mg/mL of ligand at 100°C for 30 minutes. The complex maintained a radiochemical purity of >95% in normal saline and >65% in human blood serum at 3h post-incubation. In vitro cellular study showed (3.2±0.1)% uptake of the radiotracer in the Raji cells. Biodistribution study revealed significant tumor accumulation [(11.41±0.41)% injected activity in per gram] of the radiotracer within 1h postadministration along with uptake in other non-target organs such as, blood, liver, GIT kidney etc. Conclusion: The present study indicates the potential of 68Ga-acridine as a PET agent for imaging of tumorous lesions. However, further detailed evaluation of the agent is warranted to explore its actual potential.

The immune system plays a vital role in cancer therapy, especially with the advent of immunotherapy. Radiation therapy induces iatrogenic immunosuppression referred to as radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL). RIL correlates with significant decreases in the overall survival of cancer patients. Although the etiology and severity of lymphopenia are known, the mechanism(s) of RIL are largely unknown. We found that irradiation not only had direct effects on circulating lymphocytes but also had indirect effects on the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. We found that irradiated cells traffic to the bone marrow and bring about the reduction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and progenitor cells. Using mass cytometry analysis (CyTOF) of the bone marrow, we found reduced expression of CD11a, which is required for T cell proliferation and maturation. RNA Sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis of the bone marrow cells following irradiation showed down-regulation of genes involved in hematopoiesis. Identification of CD11a and hematopoietic genes involved in iatrogenic immune suppression can help identify mechanisms of RIL.

Human Complement Receptor 1 (HuCR1) is a potent membrane-bound regulator of complement both in vitro and in vivo, acting via interaction with its ligands C3b and C4b. Soluble versions of HuCR1 have been described such as TP10, the recombinant full-length extracellular domain, and more recently CSL040, a truncated version lacking the C-terminal long homologous repeat domain D (LHR-D). However, the role of N-linked glycosylation in determining its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties is only partly understood. We demonstrated a relationship between the asialo-N-glycan levels of CSL040 and its PK/PD properties in rats and non-human primates (NHPs), using recombinant CSL040 preparations with varying asialo-N-glycan levels. The clearance mechanism likely involves the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), as clearance of CSL040 with a high proportion of asialo-N-glycans was attenuated in vivo by co-administration of rats with asialofetuin, which saturates the ASGR. Biodistribution studies also showed CSL040 localization to the liver following systemic administration. Our studies uncovered differential PD effects by CSL040 on complement pathways, with extended inhibition in both rats and NHPs of the alternative pathway compared with the classical and lectin pathways that were not correlated with its PK profile. Further studies showed that this effect was dose dependent and observed with both CSL040 and the full-length extracellular domain of HuCR1. Taken together, our data suggests that sialylation optimization is an important consideration for developing HuCR1-based therapeutic candidates such as CSL040 with improved PK properties and shows that CSL040 has superior PK/PD responses compared with full-length soluble HuCR1.

Purpose This paper aims to provide a general overview of the international Tsunami warning system mandated by the United Nations, particularly on cataloging past studies and a strategic focus in the Indian Ocean, particularly on the Bay of Bengal region. Design/methodology/approach Present research assimilates the secondary non-classified data on the Tsunami warning system installed in the Indian Ocean. Qualitative review and exploratory research methodology have been followed to provide a holistic profile of the Tsunami rarly warning system (TEWS) and its role in coastal resilience. Findings The study finds the need for strategic focus to expand and interlink regional early warning cooperation mechanisms and partnerships to enhance capacities through cooperation and international assistance and mobilize resources necessary to maintain the TEWS in the Indian Ocean region. The enhanced capacity of the TEWS certainly improves the resilience of Indian Ocean coastal communities and infrastructures. Originality/value The study is original research and useful for policy planning and regional cooperation on data interlinkages for effective TEWS in the Indian Ocean region.

Arterial hypertension causes left ventricular hypertrophy leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. Following compensatory cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction develops due to loss of cardiomyocytes preceded or paralleled by cardiac fibrosis. Zyxin acts as a mechanotransducer in vascular cells that may promote cardiomyocyte survival. Here, we analyzed cardiac function during experimental hypertension in zyxin knockout (KO) mice. In zyxin KO mice, made hypertensive by way of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treatment telemetry recording showed an attenuated rise in systolic blood pressure. Echocardiography indicated a systolic dysfunction, and isolated working heart measurements showed a decrease in systolic elastance. Hearts from hypertensive zyxin KO mice revealed increased apoptosis, fibrosis and an upregulation of active focal adhesion kinase as well as of integrins α5 and β1. Both interstitial and perivascular fibrosis were even more pronounced in zyxin KO mice exposed to angiotensin II instead of DOCA-salt. Stretched microvascular endothelial cells may release collagen 1α2 and TGF-β, which is characteristic for the transition to an intermediate mesenchymal phenotype, and thus spur the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts resulting in excessive scar tissue formation in the heart of hypertensive zyxin KO mice. While zyxin KO mice per se do not reveal a cardiac phenotype, this is unmasked upon induction of hypertension and owing to enhanced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and excessive fibrosis causes cardiac dysfunction. Zyxin may thus be important for the maintenance of cardiac function in spite of hypertension. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00018-022-04133-4.

The mechanical properties of quartz are fundamental to control the plastic behaviour of the continental crust. Our understanding of quartz rheology is still limited in the following respects: i) the large variability of flow law parameters in the earlier literature (stress exponent n = 4 to ≤ 2 and activation energy Q = 120 to 242 kJ/mol), and ii) the difficulty to identify the rate-limiting deformation mechanism, if several mechanisms are operating simultaneously. These two issues are connected and cannot be resolved separately. The present study has carried out constant-load experiments to constrain the flow law parameters of quartz. A new generation hydraulically-driven Griggs-type apparatus has been employed, resulting in reproducible mechanical data, even at very low strain rates (10−8 to10−9 s−1; so far, closest to the natural ones). Furthermore, the Q-value in constant load experiments can be estimated without prior knowledge of the n value. Our new n (= 2) and Q values (= 110 kJ/mol) are fairly low. We calculated an A-value of 1.56 × 10−9 /MPa/sec. Microstructural analysis suggests that the bulk sample strain in our experiments is achieved by crystal plasticity, i.e., dislocation glide with minor recovery by sub-grain rotation, accompanied by grain boundary migration. Micro-cracking helps to nucleate new grains. It is inferred that strain incompatibilities induced by dislocation glide are accommodated by grain boundary processes, including dissolution-precipitation creep and grain boundary sliding. These grain boundary processes are responsible for the n-value that is lower than expected for dislocation creep ( 3). The new flow law can consistently estimate strain rates (especially at low stresses) in excellent agreement with documented natural case studies and predicts a rapid drop in strength of quartz-bearing rocks in the continental crust below a depth of ∼10 km or at a temperature of ∼300 °C and higher.

Mouse models of acute lung injury (ALI) have been instrumental for studies of the biological underpinnings of lung inflammation and permeability, but murine models of sepsis generate minimal lung injury. Our goal was to create a murine sepsis model of ALI that reflects the inflammation, lung edema, histological abnormalities, and physiological dysfunction that characterize ALI. Using a cecal slurry (CS) model of polymicrobial abdominal sepsis and exposure to hyperoxia (95%), we systematically varied the timing and dose of the CS injection, fluids and antibiotics, and dose of hyperoxia. We found that CS alone had a high mortality rate that was improved with the addition of antibiotics and fluids. Despite this, we did not see evidence of ALI as measured by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell count, total protein, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1) or by lung wet:dry weight ratio. Addition of hyperoxia [95% fraction of inspired oxygen ([Formula: see text])] to CS immediately after CS injection increased BAL cell counts, CXCL-1, and lung wet:dry weight ratio but was associated with 40% mortality. Splitting the hyperoxia treatment into two 12-h exposures (0–12 h and 24–36 h) after CS injection increased survival to 75% and caused significant lung injury compared with CS alone as measured by increased BAL total cell count (92,500 vs. 240,000, P = 0.0004), BAL protein (71 vs. 103 µg/mL, P = 0.0030), and lung wet:dry weight ratio (4.5 vs. 5.5, P = 0.0005), and compared with sham as measured by increased BAL CXCL-1 (20 vs. 2,372 pg/mL, P < 0.0001) and histological lung injury score (1.9 vs. 4.2, P = 0.0077). In addition, our final model showed evidence of lung epithelial [increased BAL and plasma receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)] and endothelial (increased Syndecan-1 and sulfated glycosaminoglycans) injury. In conclusion, we have developed a clinically relevant mouse model of sepsis-induced ALI using intraperitoneal injection of CS, antibiotics and fluids, and hyperoxia. This clinically relevant model can be used for future studies of sepsis-induced ALI.

We report low-frequency noise characteristics of vertical GaN PIN diodes, focusing on the effects of the diode design, current and temperature. The as-grown and regrown diodes, with and without surface treatment have been studied. The noise in most of the GaN devices had a characteristic 1/f spectrum at high and moderate currents, while some devices revealed generation-recombination bulges at low currents (f is the frequency). The predominant trend of the noise spectral density, S, dependence on the current was S ~ I. All tested GaN PIN diodes had rather low normalized noise spectral densities of 10^-18 cm2/Hz -- 10^-16 cm2/Hz (f=10 Hz) at the current density J=1 A/cm2 at room temperature. The noise temperature dependences at different currents revealed peaks at T=375 K -- 400 K. Temperature, current, and frequency dependences of noise suggest that the noise mechanism is of the recombination origin. We argue that the noise measurements at low currents can be used to efficiently assess the quality of GaN PIN diodes., 12 pages; 4 figures

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and is a heterogeneous disease at molecular level. Early detection and specificity are the key prerequisite for the treatment of this deadly cancer. To address these issues attention on the breast cancer specific receptor protein(s) is the most realistic option. Herein estrogen (E) and progesterone (Pg) receptors(R) were considered to design fluorescent molecular probes with possible therapeutic option. We adopted QSAR technique to design a library of benzothiazole-purine hybrid molecules. Molecular docking offers us three screened molecules as most potential. Among these molecules one abbreviated as “CPIB” showed blue fluorescence and detected ER positive cancer cells at 1 nM concentration. At elevated concentration, CPIB induces apoptotic deaths of same cancer cells through targeting intracellular microtubules without affecting normal cells or ER negative cells. CPIB is one of its kind with two-in-one potential of “Detection and Destroy” ability targeting ER positive breast cancer cells.

We report the polarization-dependent Raman spectra of exfoliated MoI3, a van der Waals material with a “true one-dimensional” crystal structure that can be exfoliated to individual atomic chains. The temperature evolution of several Raman features reveals an anomalous behavior suggesting a phase transition of magnetic origin. Theoretical considerations indicate that MoI3 is an easy-plane antiferromagnet with alternating spins along the dimerized chains and with inter-chain helical spin ordering. The calculated frequencies of phonons and magnons are consistent with the interpretation of the experimental Raman data. The obtained results shed light on the specifics of the phononic and magnonic states in MoI3 and provide a strong motivation for further study of this unique material with potential for future spintronic applications.

The magnetic properties in two-dimensional van der Waals materials depend sensitively on structure. CrI3, as an example, has been recently demonstrated to exhibit distinct magnetic properties depending on the layer thickness and stacking order. Bulk CrI3 is ferromagnetic (FM) with a Curie temperature of 61 K and a rhombohedral layer stacking, whereas few-layer CrI3 has a layered antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase with a lower ordering temperature of 45 K and a monoclinic stacking. In this work, we use cryogenic magnetic force microscopy to investigate CrI3 flakes in the intermediate thickness range (25-200 nm) and find that the two types of magnetic orders, hence the stacking orders, can coexist in the same flake with a layer of ∼13 nm at each surface being in the layered AFM phase similar to few-layer CrI3 and the rest in the bulk FM phase. The switching of the bulk moment proceeds through a remnant state with nearly compensated magnetic moment along the c-axis, indicating formation of c-axis domains allowed by a weak interlayer coupling strength in the rhombohedral phase. Our results provide a comprehensive picture on the magnetism in CrI3 and point to the possibility of engineering magnetic heterostructures within the same material.

Background Pelvic fractures are markers of high energy trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. With evolution of modern diagnostic tools and intervention their management has come a long way. Research question Whether or not modern healthcare could provide the victims of such high energy trauma with a good functional outcome and optimal quality of life, such that they are able to perform their activities of daily living independently? Objectives To evaluate the functional outcomes in pelvic fractures and to find out factors that could indicate the prognosis. Methodology Ours is a prospective observational study with 75 patients at a tertiary care hospital between September 2015 to December 2016. The minimum duration of follow up was six months. Patients' demographic profile, mode and pattern of injury, associated injuries, management and subsequent complications, if any were recorded prospectively. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Majeed score. All preoperative parameters were correlated statistically with the Majeed score to find out their association. Results Majeed scores were excellent in 27 patients, good in 29 patients, fair in 12 patients and poor in 7 patients. Overall functional outcome were good due to availability of sophisticated diagnostic tools, dedicated trauma management team and experienced pelvi-acetabular surgeon. Poorer outcomes were seen in male gender, associated urogenital injuries, associated acetabulum and sacrum fractures, associated nerve injuries and bedsore. No association were seen with age, fracture pattern, treatment modality and timing of surgery. Conclusion With modern day diagnostic and therapeutic modalities the functional outcome a patient could achieve is promising. With associated risk factors guiding the outcome, the health care provider can individualise the management and decrease the overall morbidity and mortality of such high energy injuries.