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Drowning is the third leading cause of death from unintentional injury worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. The World Health Organization estimates that there are ≈236 000 deaths due to drowning worldwide each year. Significant efforts have focused on creating systems to prevent drowning, but an average of 4000 fatal and 8000 nonfatal drownings still occur annually in the United States—likely an underestimate. Drowning generally progresses from initial respiratory arrest due to submersion-related hypoxia to cardiac arrest; thus, it can be challenging to distinguish respiratory arrest from cardiac arrest because pulses are difficult to accurately palpate within the recommended 10-second window. Therefore, resuscitation from cardiac arrest attributable to this specific circumstance must focus on restoring breathing as much as it does circulation. Resuscitation from drowning may begin with in-water rescue breathing when safely provided by rescuers trained in the technique and should continue with chest compressions, in keeping with basic life support guidelines, once the drowned individual and the rescuer are in a safe environment (eg, dry land, a boat). This focused update incorporates systematic reviews from 2021 to 2023 performed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation related to the resuscitation of drowning. These clinical guidelines are the product of a committee of experts representing the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The writing group reviewed the recent International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation systematic reviews, including updated literature searches, prior guidelines related to resuscitation from cardiac arrest following drowning, and other drowning-related publications from the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics. The writing group used these reviews to update its recommendations aimed at resuscitation of cardiac arrest following drowning in adults and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drowning persists as a preventable pediatric cause of severe morbidity and mortality. This study aims to investigate the risk factors, circumstances, and medical consequences associated with pediatric drowning incidents in order to identify patterns that can inform targeted interventions. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of pediatric drowning cases. The study encompassed children aged 0-18 years who presented to the pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) of Hadassah Medical Centers in Jerusalem from January 1, 2004 through April 30, 2023. Inclusion criteria were individuals with main registration diagnosis containing the terms "drowning" or "submersion." Results: Analysis revealed 129 cases of pediatric drowning, males comprising 66% of the cohort. The average age was 4.9 years (SD = 4.5). Predominantly, drownings occurred in private (38%) or public pools (27.1%). Forty-eight percent of children required hospitalization in intensive care. Notably, children from the Arab minority were significantly younger at the time of drowning (3.8 years; P =.04) and were at elevated risk of severe neurologic outcomes necessitating rehabilitation (P =.03). Incidents occurring on weekends were associated with younger victim ages (3.5 years; P =.04) and with increased likelihood of outcomes necessitating rehabilitation (P =.04). Conversely, children from families with four or more siblings were notably older at the time of drowning (5.3 years; P =.01). No other statistically significant differences were observed among demographic groups. Conclusions: Strategies aimed at promoting child health and preventing drowning must surmount feasibility barriers. Intervention efforts should be tailored to populations at heightened risk, including younger children, minority groups, and incidents occurring during weekends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While terrestrial decomposition has been extensively researched to produce reliable methods of estimating the post-mortem interval of remains, there is limited literature documenting aquatic decomposition. Consequently, the ability to reliably estimate the post-mortem submersion interval for remains in water bodies is poor, despite markedly varying insect succession between aquatic and terrestrial decomposition This study was conducted to compare decomposition on Sus domesticus carcases in terrestrial and artificial lentic environments, aiming to provide more detailed characterization of aquatic decomposition and document the role of terrestrial organisms in the accompanying insect succession. Three trials consisting of six stillborn piglets in lentic environments and three in terrestrial environments were observed daily over a period of 12 months. Decomposition stage and morphological changes between terrestrial and lentic piglets were noted. Insects were sampled from remains and reared to adulthood for identification. Lentic decomposition was prolonged relative to terrestrial decomposition, reflecting aquatic decomposition characteristics accompanied by terrestrial insect colonization. Diptera were more prevalent on terrestrial remains, and Coleoptera in the lentic environments, with few dipteran taxa common between environments. Results show the variability of decomposition stages, characteristics and insects between terrestrial and lentic remains, and are discussed with regard to implications for aquatic forensic casework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we introduce a new class of lightlike submersions, namely, screen transversal lightlike submersions from an indefinite Kaehler manifold onto a lightlike manifold. This class includes radical screen transversal and screen transversal anti-invariant lightlike submersions as particular cases. We also study some properties of these submersions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in coastal risks linked to rising sea levels requires dynamic adaptation measures for a spatial recomposition of coastal territories. The challenges of appropriation of these measures and operationalization are major, multilevel and at the crossroads of different policies: planning, tourism, risk management, etc. Faced with these challenges, this article reports, in the case of the Occitanie region, on a process of co-construction of a spatial recomposition policy and its governance. In practice, this resulted in the co-construction of a regional reference framework, the establishment of a community of practice and the adaptation of territorial governance mechanisms. This article offers a reflexive analysis of this coconstruction. First, the process (30 months in total) is transcribed in the form of a chronicle detailing the diversity and complementarity of the methods implemented. The main achievements (common definition, principles of action, scale of intervention, temporal typology of actions) and the choices of a governance format are then presented, then discussed in relation to their contribution to the progressive constitution of a community of practice and the types of constraints encountered. The contributions to the community of practice are analyzed in terms of knowledge exchanges, pooling and collective learning. This reflexive feedback provides lessons for local actors but also more broadly for the adaptation of coastal territories. The increase in coastal risks associated with rising sea levels calls for dynamic adaptation measures to reorganize coastal territory. The challenges of appropriating measures and putting them into practice are major. They are multi-level and at the crossroads of different policies: land use planning, tourism, risk management and so on. Faced with these challenges, this article reports on a co-construction process towards a policy of spatial integrated managed retreat in the context of the Occitanie region and its governance. In practice, this resulted in the co-construction of a shared regional framework, building a community of practice and adapting territorial governance arrangements. This article offers a reflective analysis of this co-construction. Firstly, the process (30 months in total) is transcribed by means of a chronicle, detailing the diversity and complementarity of methods and approaches that have been used. The main achievements (common definition, principles of action, scale of intervention, temporal typology of actions) and the choice of a governance framework are then presented and discussed on how they could contribute to gradually build a community of practice as well as the types of constraints encountered. The contributions towards the community of practice are analyzed in terms of knowledge sharing, pooling and collective learning. This reflective analysis provides lessons for local stakeholders and, more broadly, for the transition of coastal territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron phosphate-based coating and iron silicate-based coating were used to inhibit the oxidation of sulfide minerals in rainy and submerged environments. The inhibiting effectiveness of coating agents on the oxidation of iron sulfide minerals was investigated using pyrite and rock samples resulting from acid drainage. The film formed with both surface-coating agents was identified by pyrite surface analysis. It was also confirmed that the formation of coatings varies depending on the crystallographic orientation. The inhibitory effects under rainy and submerged conditions were investigated using column experiments. Submerged conditions accelerated deterioration compared to that under rainy conditions. Iron phosphate coating had a significantly better oxidation-inhibitory effect (84.86–98.70%) than iron silicate coating (56.80–92.36%), and at a concentration of 300 mM, H+ elution was inhibited by more than 90% throughout the experiment. Furthermore, methods for effective film formation were investigated in terms of producing Fe3+; (1) application of coating agents mixed with oxidant (H2O2), (2) application of coating agent after the use of the oxidant. In a rainy environment, applying iron phosphate-based coating using the sequential method showed oxidation inhibition effects for cycles 1–9, whereas applying the mixed material showed effects for cycles 9–13. The use of a surface-coating agent after applying an oxidant did not inhibit oxidation. The surface coating agent and the oxidizing agent should be applied as a mixture to form a film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By studying cohomology classes that are related with n-harmonic morphisms and F-harmonic maps, we augment and extend several results on Fharmonic maps, harmonic maps in [1, 3, 15], p-harmonic morphisms in [23], and also revisit our previous results in [10, 11, 29] on Riemannian submersions and nharmonic morphisms which are submersions. The results, for example Theorem 3.2 obtained by utilizing the n-conservation law (2.6), are sharp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fatal and nonfatal drowning are among the leading causes of death and lifelong severe neurological impairment among children and adolescents. This study aimed to complement research from Leipzig 1994–2008 to seek trends within risk factors, treatments, and outcomes throughout the last decade. We retrospectively investigated data of 47 inpatients aged 0–18 admitted to Leipzig University Department of Pediatrics who matched ICD-10 code T75.1 from 2008 to 2020 and compared them to a preceding study at the same institution. We also examined the prognostic value of parameters regarding the patients' outcomes. There were three median incidents per annum. The median age was 2.75 years; 76% of incidents happened in males. An accumulation was seen during the summer months and weekends. Most drowning incidents occurred in private ponds or pools (48.9%). Thirty-nine children were discharged without resulting morbidity, four showed neurological impairment, and three died. Risk factors concerning age, sex, and incident characteristics were confirmed. Special supervision needs still apply to 1–3-year-old male children or children with pre-existing health conditions around private pools and ponds. Hospitalization duration shortened, and morbidity and lethality decreased since the previous study. There was structural improvement in primary care and medical documentation. Parameters suggesting good outcomes include a submersion time < 5 min, GCS > 3 points, spontaneous movement upon admission, remaining pupillary light response, the absence of cardiovascular arrest, body temperature ≥ 32 °C, pH > 7, blood glucose < 15 mmol/L, lactate < 14 mmol/L, base excess ≥ −15 mmol/L, and the absence of ARDS. Clear legislation can contribute to improved private home water safety. Further studies should include a broad in- and outpatient spectrum and standardized incident documentation presupposing Utstein-style reporting. Regular reinvestigation of consistent geographical regions facilitates process evaluations of drowning epidemiology and therapy evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim. Bimodal education in the context of bilingual education has a positive impact on the communication and broader cognitive development of the hearing impaired child. Concepts discussed. This article discusses the method of bilingual education in the context of its use in the education of children with hearing impairment. In this area, special attention is paid to Bilingual Education popularised in Poland by Magdalena Dunaj. Conclusions. Bilingual education of Deaf children supports the communicative and cognitive development of children with hearing impairment. However, it requires a lot of work on the part of both the parents and the child, as well as extensive support from health services and educational institutions. Cognitive value. The described educational model is optimal for the development of children with hearing impairment and should be popularised. Furthermore, bilingualism for hearing impaired children is not a frequently addressed topic in pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drowning is the leading cause of death for toddlers. When caregivers are knowledgeable about water safety, they can provide the best protection against drowning. The aim of this study is to survey caregivers of toddlers to better understand factors associated with water safety knowledge, attitudes about pool supervision, and toddler water competency skills. Methods: An online survey of 650 parents/caregivers of 1–4-year-old toddlers asked about the caregiver's water safety and swimming background and views on pool supervision. Surveys included a true/false section of ten basic water safety knowledge questions. Caregivers also reported on toddler swim lesson history and whether their toddler could perform six standard water competency skills. Linear regression identified factors predictive of water safety knowledge. Results: On average, caregivers selected the correct answer on six out of ten water safety knowledge questions. Water safety knowledge was predicted by the relationship of the caregiver to the toddler, gender, race, education, prior CPR training, caregiver swim capability, and reported pool supervision style. On average, caregivers reported that their toddler could perform half of the water competency skills. The majority of the toddlers had taken swimming lessons. One third of caregivers believed that after a toddler has had swimming lessons, they don't need to be watched as closely when they are in a pool. Conclusions: Findings suggest that water safety knowledge is poor and that there are misconceptions about toddler supervision needs. Efforts are needed to improve water safety knowledge and to change perceptions about supervision among caregivers of toddlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Three tiny bones compose the human ossicular chain: malleus, incus and stapes. Also known as auditory ossicles, they are united by joints in the middle ear cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Completely developed two years after birth, the ossicular chain is involved in the physiological process of hearing, by which sound waves from the environment are converted into electrochemical impulses. In the last 500 years, most studies have focused on the morphogenesis, morphological variability and clinical pathology of the ossicular chain, whilst only a few studies have added relevant knowledge to anthropology and forensic science. The auditory ossicles and the enclosing petrous bone are some of the hardest in the human skeleton. This is reflected in a relative resistance to fire and in the possibility of preservation and fossilization in millions of years. Materials and Methods: The literature and four present-day forensic cases were included in studying the postmortem loss of the auditory ossicles in skeletal or decomposing remains. Results indicate that it can be ascribed to their destruction or physical displacement, by either macro-micro-faunal action and/or any other natural or artificial disturbance. Discussion: Physical displacement is closely connected to the depositional environment of the skeletal remains, such as burial, entombment (sarcophagus, coffin, vault...), submersion or exposure to natural elements. Auditory ossicles can be recovered in situ, or very close to their anatomical location, when the skeletal material has been involved in an archaeological excavation. In the case of accessible or disturbed remains, scavengers may remove the tiny ossicles and/or they can slip out of the middle ear cavity following skull movements. Entombment offers effective protection against the displacement of the auditory ossicles, whereas aquatic submersion and aquatic movement almost invariably displace them. Conclusion: the preservation of the human auditory ossicles should be critically considered in the comprehensive context of any forensic investigation on human remains since it can assist the reconstruction of their taphonomic history. Taphonomic histories of remains can add crucial information to forensic investigations (e.g., the Post Mortem Interval, PMI). The aim of this study, limited by scarce relevant literature, is to discuss the potential role of the ossicular chain, detected by postmortem imaging techniques, as a taphonomical indicator in decomposing and/or skeletonized bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Drowning is a major public health issue internationally. In August 2022, a report was released by members of the Central Texas Drowning Prevention Action Team that provided data on drowning fatalities in Texas between 2006 and 2020 and offered recommendations for drowning prevention actions. The information in the Texas drowning report is an important contribution to the field of injury prevention. The aim of this editorial is to allow the information in the report to be available to a wider audience and potentially used as a model for other states.

This article seeks to locate Pakistan’s middle-tier English-medium private schools in the global educational discourse on immersion and submersion. Using qualitative and quantitative data from a case study conducted in Karachi, it highlights the effects of English-medium education on native speakers of the national language, Urdu, among the new middle class. The study findings illustrate the immersive nature of schooling and the importance placed on the English language by key stakeholders, such as administrators, English teachers, and parents, so much so that the majority of surveyed students prefer to do their pleasure reading in English instead of their high-status home language, Urdu. This heritage loss, acutely expressed by Urdu teachers in particular, shows that the students’ initial additive learning experience becomes subtractive due to the extended, unabated exposure to schooling in the English language and the increasing incorporation of English at home by Urdu-speaking parents at the behest of school officials. This research is important because earlier studies have focused on ‘Urdu imperialism’ over the minoritized regional languages in government or low-fee private schools whereas this study demonstrates the erosion of Urdu, the lingua franca across Pakistan, among the new middle class in the face of English’s linguistic imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drowning is a frequent cause of accidental deaths and injuries, resulting in a significant but preventable global health problem. It is characterized by respiratory impairment due to submersion of the airway, or immersion of the body including the airway, leading to global hypoxic injury. Risk factors for drowning include inadequate supervision of children, recreational or occupational access to water, risk-taking behaviour and underlying medical conditions. Management priorities include rescue and basic life support, with an emphasis on rescue breaths and reversal of hypoxia. Supportive critical care is directed towards optimizing oxygenation and circulation, and preventing complications. Temperature control is important, as hypothermia complicates drowning and may limit the efficacy of resuscitative attempts when severe. Survival rates after cardiac arrest due to drowning are poor, and patients who are unconscious on admission to hospital have a guarded prognosis. Public health initiatives are important to prevent drowning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of recent immigration, Germany has become a multilingual country with a great need for multilingual education. In the first part of the article the roles of minority and immigrant languages in Germany are discussed. Some demographic changes are briefly outlined as well as the implications for the general education system. In the second part, submersion and immersion approaches are discussed and evaluated in the context of the German school system. It is argued that classroom interactional competence is a crucial factor in promoting students‘ linguistic skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatal and nonfatal drowning are among the leading causes of death and lifelong severe neurological impairment among children and adolescents. This study aimed to complement research from Leipzig 1994–2008 to seek trends within risk factors, treatments, and outcomes throughout the last decade. We retrospectively investigated data of 47 inpatients aged 0–18 admitted to Leipzig University Department of Pediatrics who matched ICD-10 code T75.1 from 2008 to 2020 and compared them to a preceding study at the same institution. We also examined the prognostic value of parameters regarding the patients’ outcomes. There were three median incidents per annum. The median age was 2.75 years; 76% of incidents happened in males. An accumulation was seen during the summer months and weekends. Most drowning incidents occurred in private ponds or pools (48.9%). Thirty-nine children were discharged without resulting morbidity, four showed neurological impairment, and three died. Risk factors concerning age, sex, and incident characteristics were confirmed. Special supervision needs still apply to 1–3-year-old male children or children with pre-existing health conditions around private pools and ponds. Hospitalization duration shortened, and morbidity and lethality decreased since the previous study. There was structural improvement in primary care and medical documentation. Parameters suggesting good outcomes include a submersion time < 5 min, GCS > 3 points, spontaneous movement upon admission, remaining pupillary light response, the absence of cardiovascular arrest, body temperature ≥ 32 °C, pH > 7, blood glucose < 15 mmol/L, lactate < 14 mmol/L, base excess ≥ −15 mmol/L, and the absence of ARDS. Clear legislation can contribute to improved private home water safety. Further studies should include a broad in- and outpatient spectrum and standardized incident documentation presupposing Utstein-style reporting. Regular reinvestigation of consistent geographical regions facilitates process evaluations of drowning epidemiology and therapy evolution.

Drowning is a major public health issue internationally. In August 2022, a report was released by members of the Central Texas Drowning Prevention Action Team that provided data on drowning fatalities in Texas between 2006 and 2020 and offered recommendations for drowning prevention actions. The information in the Texas drowning report is an important contribution to the field of injury prevention. The aim of this editorial is to allow the information in the report to be available to a wider audience and potentially used as a model for other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drowning is one of the leading causes of unintentional injury death worldwide, amounting to about 7% of all injury-related deaths. The estimated world-wide annual deaths due to drowning is said to be around 2,36,000. Children, males and individuals with increased access to water are most at risk of drowning. In India there exists proximity of people with the water bodies like rivers, canals, wells or ponds. All these water bodies are easily accessible and there are hardly any preventive or safety measures. This major public health problem related to drowning can be prevented by frequently studying data from the medicolegal registers, which is primarily the aim of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we introduce the notion of screen pseudo-slant lightlike submersions from an indefinite Kaehler manifold onto a lightlike manifold which include complex (invariant), screen real (anti-invariant), screen slant and SCR lightlike submersions. We study some properties of proper screen pseudo-slant lightlike submersions with non-trivial examples and gave a characterization theorem. We also obtain integrability conditions of distributions involved in the definition of such submersions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) is of critical importance in forensic investigations. This requires thorough knowledge of the decomposition process, with decomposition of remains in terrestrial environments extensively investigated, and aquatic environments largely neglected. In terrestrial environments, entomology is well established as a method of PMI estimation, however in an aquatic environment there are no known predictable necrophages, limiting the use of insects. Common to decomposing aquatic remains, algae may serve as a useful alternative to insects for PMI estimation. This pilot study aimed to examine the use of algae for PMI estimation for remains in confined water bodies, and compare this with the practicality of utilizing entomology in aquatic situations. Pigs were either tethered to cement bricks or allowed to float in individual tubs of fresh water for a period of 1000 accumulated degree days (ADD), with algal species seen to bloom on the piglets successively throughout the trials. Insect appearance was inconsistent across replicates throughout decomposition, potentially as a consequence of seasonality. Overall, entomology was proven an unreliable method in aquatic situations. Algal succession may hold promise as a PMI estimation method in confined water bodies, but requires further investigation and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly introduced trait diversity can spur rapid evolution and facilitate local adaptation in the introduced plant Lythrum salicaria. The horticultural plant L. virgatum might further introduce meaningful trait variation by escaping into established L. salicaria populations or by hybridizing with L. salicaria. Although many experiments have focused on L. salicaria genotypes, relatively little is known about L. virgatum ecology. We used a greenhouse common garden to compare traits and flood response of L. salicaria and L. virgatum collected from two sources each in their native range. We tested the hypotheses that these two wetland taxa have comparable responses to flooding (inundation), and that flood tolerance correlated to higher fitness. Flooding produced stronger stress responses in L. virgatum. Compared to L. salicaria, L. virgatum shifted more aboveground allocation away from reproduction, decreased inflorescence biomass by 40% more, and produced 7% more stem aerenchymatous phellum, a specialized tissue that maintains aeration. Despite these more pronounced responses to flooding stress, L. virgatum had higher fitness (inflorescence biomass and reproductive allocation) than L. salicaria. Overall, L. virgatum differed from L. salicaria in functionally important ways. Lythrum virgatum persisted under flooding and produced more reproductive biomass than L. salicaria under both flooded and non-flooded conditions. However, inundation stressed L. virgatum more than L. salicaria. Lythrum virgatum is likely able to establish into the wetland habitats in which L. salicaria prevails but may possess broader habitat tolerances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst the vast majority of the Maldivian population speak Dhivehi at home, English typically serves as the only medium of instruction (MoI) starting from primary school. Teachers have expressed their concerns regarding educational quality, as many children are taught in a language they do not master sufficiently. The present study aimed to investigate the level of second language (L2) proficiency in relation to reading abilities and mathematical skills in 25 ten- to twelve-year-old children living in the Maldives. The results showed relatively low performance on all tasks, despite normal nonverbal intelligence. Moreover, we found a significant relation between English vocabulary knowledge and reading accuracy. Our findings contribute to a growing body of research suggesting that using an L2 as the only MoI may be detrimental to literacy development and learning outcomes. Considering the objectives of educational quality, language maintenance of Dhivehi and the pragmatic value assigned to English, we argue in favour of a bilingual model of education, in which the importance of native language development is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury-related death for toddlers within the USA. Keeping toddlers within arm's reach while swimming is recommended, yet many caregivers do not. Possibly, caregivers' attitudes are shaped by their expectations about whether they could quickly save a child. The aims of this study are to 1) explore caregivers' views of arm's reach pool supervision in various scenarios and 2) understand whether perceptions of arm's reach pool supervision are impacted by the caregiver's self-reported capability to swim the length of a standard pool. Results: Caregivers generally showed agreement with arm's reach pool supervision; however, arm's reach supervision was viewed as less necessary when a toddler was in shallow water, wearing a flotation device, or with an older child or teen. There was a significant effect of caregiver swimming capability on perceptions of arm's reach pool supervision, with non-swimmers and the strongest swimmers showing more positive perceptions of arm's reach pool supervision than caregivers reporting poor swimming capability. Female caregivers showed significantly more agreement with arm's reach pool supervision compared with male caregivers. Grandparents and parents showed significantly more agreement with arm's reach pool supervision than siblings. Conclusions: Caregivers' views about what constitutes appropriate supervision are impacted by gender, the relationship to the toddler, and the caregiver's swimming capability. Findings suggest that a caregiver's ability to offer close supervision or respond in an emergency may influence their attitudes about what constitutes appropriate supervision. Caregivers may view arm's reach pool supervision as less necessary when additional layers of protection are in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-area, artificial floating marine litter (FML) targets were deployed during a controlled field experiment and data acquisition campaign: the Plastic Litter Project 2021. A set of 22 Sentinel-2 images, along with UAS data and ancillary measurements were acquired. Spectral analysis of the FML and natural debris (wooden planks) targets was performed, along with spectral comparison and separability analysis between FML and other floating materials such as marine mucilage and pollen. The effects of biofouling and submersion on the spectral signal of FML were also investigated under realistic field conditions. Detection of FML is performed through a partial unmixing methodology. Floating substances such as pollen exhibit similar spectral characteristics to FML, and are difficult to differentiate. Biofouling is shown to affect the magnitude and shape of the FML signal mainly in the RGB bands, with less significant effect on the infrared part of the spectrum. Submersion affects the FML signal throughout the range of the Sentinel-2 satellite, with the most significant effect in the NIR part of the spectrum. Sentinel-2 detection of FML can be successfully performed through a partial unmixing methodology for FML concentrations with abundance fractions of 20%, under reasonable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of present study is to introduce the notion of radical transversal screen Cauchy–Riemann (SCR) lightlike submersions from an indefinite Kaehler manifold onto a lightlike manifold with non trivial examples. We give a characterization theorem for these submersions and investigate the geometry of distributions involved in the definition of such submersions. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the induced connection on to be metric connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Groups of children swimming during summer camp or child care are generally monitored by a small number of lifeguards and staff. The high child-to-staff ratio can make pool monitoring less effective, increasing drowning risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate novel drowning detection technology that could supplement pool monitoring. Methods: The WAVE™ Drowning Detection System was deployed at a camp pool for 8 weeks. The WAVE™ Drowning Detection System entails headbands worn by swimmers that send alerts to vibrating staff bracelets and audible alarms when submerged for a period of time. Data on the number of alerts were collected, and staff were surveyed. Results: One or two alerts were initiated every hour. Staff reported that risky underwater play and exiting the pool area were top reasons for alerts. Staff found the awareness brought to risky pool behavior useful and had a neutral attitude about false alarms. Staff found the system easy to learn and use but suggested headband fit and comfort could be improved. Staff believed the system could help save someone's life. Conclusions: The WAVE system is low-risk, easy-to-use technology that may supplement lifeguard monitoring of large groups of children in pools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drowning is one of the leading causes of death in the pediatric population. Patients arriving to the emergency department (ED) with submersion injuries are often asymptomatic and well-appearing, but can sometimes present critically ill and require prolonged resuscitation. The question of how long to continue resuscitation of a pediatric patient with a submersion injury is a difficult question to answer.Case Report: We present a case of 6-year-old boy was found by his friends submerged in sea water for 10-15 min. The patient was rescued by lifeguards and evaluated by emergency medical personnel, who found him breathing spontaneously but unresponsive. En route to hospital, the patient became apneic, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was started, and the patient was intubated. The patient arrived to the ED in cardiopulmonary arrest, CPR was continued and epinephrine was administered. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved after 42 min in the ED. Initial laboratory test results showed severe acidosis and chest x-ray study showed diffuse interstitial edema. Ventilator settings were adjusted in accordance with lung protective ventilation strategies and the acidosis began to improve. Over the next several days, the patient was weaned to noninvasive ventilation modalities and eventually made a complete neurologic recovery and continued to be a straight-A student. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?We make the case that, in select drowning patients, duration of CPR longer than 30 min can potentially result in favorable neurologic outcomes. Prolonged CPR should be especially strongly considered in patients with a pulse at any point during evaluation. With the combination of prolonged CPR and judicious use of lung protective mechanical ventilation strategies, we were able to successfully treat the patient in our case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of globalization and global migration multilingualism represents a central educational goal for international political institutions and educational systems. However, except for bilingual schooling programs, institutionalized learning usually takes place monolingually, especially in Europe. Peer-Learning seems to be a promising method for integrating bilingualism in submersion. Pupils sharing the same languages could interact bilingually while working together without the necessity of a bilingual teacher. This paper investigates the prevalence of bilingual interaction of peer-tandems in submersion. The analysis is based upon a quasi-experimental setting with n = 114 Turkish-German bilingual pupils from German elementary schools and makes use of dyadic data analysis and non-parametric methods. The results show that (1) the prevalence of bilingual interaction is nonindependent of the dyad, (2) the learning contents do not affect the prevalence of bilingual interaction, and (3) an explicit offer is needed for the activation of bilingual interaction. Practical implications for the implementation of bilingual peer-learning in submersion will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam is one of the most affected countries by the global sea-level rise, in which the Mekong Delta is the most heavily impacted area due to the low-lying position. The study aims to simulate and delineate the changing of elevation by combining spatial geostatistics and Kriging interpolation techniques. The assumption of inland water level increases at different sea-level rise scenarios by interpolating 967 elevations geo-rectified data from the topographic map at 1/250,000 scale. The result showed that the exponential is the best model for interpolation of elevation data, distance A0 = 585,900 m; coefficient R2 = 0.985; and residue sum of square = 0.0011. Inland inundated water levels maps with sea-level rise scenarios from 0.2 to 2.8 m were delineated. The submersion started when the water level rose to 0.6 m and the total submerged area gradually increasing; until the water levels rose to 2.8 m, the whole region completely flooded. The submerged areas increase, resulting in the loss of cultivated land and food production. However, further research needs to be considered a more detailed study on population, food production, and tidal due to land loss. This study proved that spatial analysis is an effective tool for simulating surface water levels. It is of great significance for controlling water levels changes in the Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the submersion between two spray structures and propose the submersion technique in spray geometry. Using this technique, as well as global invariant frames on a Lie group, we setup the general theoretical framework for homogeneous spray geometry. We define the spray vector field η and the connection operator N for a homogeneous spray manifold (G / H , G) with a linear decomposition g = h + m . These notions generalize their counter parts in homogeneous Finsler geometry. We prove the correspondence between G and η when the given decomposition is reductive, and that between geodesics on (G / H , G) and integral curves of - η . We find the ordinary differential equations on m describing parallel translations on (G / H , G) , and we calculate the S-curvature and Riemann curvature of (G / H , G) , generalizing L. Huang’s curvature formulae for homogeneous Finsler manifolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of information on the mutual interaction between metal intoxication and adipocere formation. Herein, 40 adult female albino rats were distributed into two equal groups, one used as control while the other orally administered single dose of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) 225 mg/kg·bw (LDmin). Control group was killed by cervical dislocation. Half of dead rats of both groups were subjected for determination of iodine value and estimation of cadmium (Cd) residues while the other half of both groups were submerged in opened glass container previously filled with 4 L dechlorinated tap water kept in closed room with an open air access (one cadaver/container). Gross morphological changes of submerged cadavers were recorded weekly along the experiment. At the end of the experiment, after 3 months, samples were collected again for iodine value determination and estimation of Cd residues. The obtained results revealed the depressant effect of Cd toxicity on development of adipocere. Cd residues were found in different tissues of cadavers at time of death with the highest amount in the intestines followed by the liver and kidneys, then lungs, adipose tissue, muscles, and finally the bones. After 3 months of water submersion, tissues exhibited significant decrease in the amount of Cd residues but to a limit that was still detected. This study concluded the possibility of detection of Cd residues even after adipocere formation. Additionally, it shed light on the possibility of the interference of environmental pollution with the natural rate of decomposition especially adipocere formation.

Purpose: Diving in warm water increases thermal risk during exercise compared to thermoneutral waters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate exercise endurance in warm- and hot-water conditions in divers habituated to wet or dry heat. Methods: Nineteen male divers completed this study at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Subjects were assigned DRY or WET heat habituation groups. The DRY group (n=9) cycled at 125-150W for one hour in a non-immersed condition (34.4 ̊C, 50%RH), while the WET group (n=10) cycled at 50W for one hour while immersed in 34.4 ̊C water. Exercise time to exhaustion was tested on an underwater cycle ergometer in 35.8 ̊C (WARM) and 37.2 ̊C (HOT) water at 50W. Core temperature (T c ) was continuously recorded and for all dives. Results: Time to exhaustion was reduced in HOT compared to WARM water (p<0.01) in both DRY (92.7±41.6 minutes in 35.8 ̊C vs. 43.4±17.5 minutes in 37.2 ̊C) and WET (95.9±39.2 minutes in 35.8 ̊C vs. 53.4±27.5 minutes in 37.2 ̊C) groups, but did not differ between groups (p=0.62). Rate of T c rise was greater with higher water temperature (p<0.01), but was not different between groups (p=0.68). Maximum Tc (p=0.94 and p=0.95) and T c change from baseline (p=0.38 and p=0.34) was not different between water temperatures or habituation group, respectively.. Conclusion: Endurance decreased with increased water temperature but was not different between WET and DRY. Divers became exhausted at a similar core temperature during WARM- and HOT-water exercise. Mechanisms and applications of heat acclimation for warm-water diving should be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local normal form theorems for smooth equivariant maps between infinite-dimensional manifolds are established. These normal form results are new even in finite dimensions. The proof is inspired by the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction for dynamical systems and by the Kuranishi method for moduli spaces. It uses a slice theorem for Fréchet manifolds as the main technical tool. As a consequence, the abstract moduli space obtained by factorizing a level set of the equivariant map with respect to the group action carries the structure of a Kuranishi space, i.e., such moduli spaces are locally modeled on the quotient by a compact group of the zero set of a smooth map. The general results are applied to the moduli space of anti-self-dual instantons, the Seiberg–Witten moduli space and the moduli space of pseudoholomorphic curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate has undergone unprecedented changes due to several natural- and human-induced factors. The present study sought to assess the impacts of climate hazards on coastal livelihoods, specifically in Ningo-Prampram district in the Greater Accra region, Ghana. The research uses participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and the analytic hierarchical process (AHP) tools to ascertain the major climatic and non-climatic events, along with their impacts. Findings revealed coastal inundation and submersion were the major stressors that triggered dysfunctions of residents' livelihoods. Impacts from these stressors constituted decline in household income, collapse of buildings along the beach, and saltwater intrusion rendering farmlands unproductive causing reduced crop yield. Cabbage and chilli farms that are no longer arable have been sold to estate developers. Sea level rise has resulted in the submersion of coastal lands (1 km–2 km land residual inland). Residents undertake temporal evacuations with financial assistance from local financial institutions. Minor interventions like the growing of mangroves and coconut trees have been initiated to somewhat serve as defence mechanisms. However, residents have continuously harvested these plants along the coast with no plans for afforestation, re-afforestation and other sea defence mechanisms. This leaves the area highly vulnerable, hence, the present study attempted to bridge this paucity of knowledge to inform the decision of relevant stakeholders in prioritizing climate-related issues that affect livelihoods in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of severe accidental hypothermia (core body temperature of 26.8 °C) in a five-year-old boy due to submersion in freezing lake water. The child was brought to the hospital intubated, in cardiac arrest rhythm of pulseless electrical activity and with dilated and nonreactive pupils. We continued with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and administrated adrenaline in boluses (10 μg/kg) and infusion (0.2 μg/kg/min). Spontaneous circulation returned after 50 minutes. Rewarming was performed with minimally invasive techniques. Post resuscitation he was admitted to the intensive care unit, where he required venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation due to respiratory failure. He was discharged from the hospital neurologically intact and without organ damage on day 17 post arrest.

Introduction: Extreme environmental conditions induce changes in metabolic rate and substrate use due to thermoregulation. Cold-water full-body submersion for extended periods of time is inevitable for training and missions carried out by Naval Special Warfare divers. Anthropometric, physiologic, and metabolic data have been reported from partial immersion in cold water in non-thermally protected men; data is limited in thermally protected divers in extremely cold water. Thermoregulatory and metabolic demands during prolonged cold-water submersion in Naval Special Warfare divers are unknown.Objective: Assess thermoregulatory and metabolic demands of Naval Special Warfare divers surrounding prolonged cold-water submersion.Materials and Methods: Sixteen active-duty U.S. Navy Sea Air and Land (SEAL) operators tasked with cold-water dive training participated. Divers donned standard military special operations diving equipment and fully submerged to a depth of ∼ 6 m in a pool chilled to 5°C for a 6-h live training exercise. Metabolic measurements were obtained via indirect calorimetry for 10-min pre-dive and 5-min post dive. Heart rate, skin temperature, and core temperature were measured throughout the dive.Results: Core temperature was maintained at the end of the 6-h dive, 36.8 ± 0.4°C and was not correlated to body composition (body fat percentage, lean body mass) or metabolic rate. SEALs were not at risk for non-freezing cold injuries as mean skin temperature was 28.5 ± 1.6°C at end of the 6-h dive. Metabolic rate (kcal/min) was different pre- to post-dive, increasing from 1.9 ± 0.2 kcal/min to 2.8 ± 0.2 kcal/min, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.8, 1.3], Cohen’s d effect size 2.3. Post-dive substrate utilization was 57.5% carbohydrate, 0.40 ± 0.16 g/min, and 42.5% fat, 0.13 ± 0.04 g/min.Conclusion: Wetsuits supported effective thermoprotection in conjunction with increase in thermogenesis during a 6-h full submersion dive in 5°C. Core temperature was preserved with an expected decrease in skin temperature. Sustained cold-water diving resulted in a 53% increase in energy expenditure. While all participants increased thermogenesis, there was high inter-individual variability in metabolic rate and substrate utilization. Variability in metabolic demands may be attributable to individual physiologic adjustments due to prior cold exposure patterns of divers. This suggests that variations in metabolic adjustments and habituation to the cold were likely. More work is needed to fully understand inter-individual metabolic variability to prolonged cold-water submersion.

Introduction: Extreme environmental conditions induce changes in metabolic rate and substrate use due to thermoregulation. Cold-water full-body submersion for extended periods of time is inevitable for training and missions carried out by Naval Special Warfare divers. Anthropometric, physiologic, and metabolic data have been reported from partial immersion in cold water in non-thermally protected men; data is limited in thermally protected divers in extremely cold water. Thermoregulatory and metabolic demands during prolonged cold-water submersion in Naval Special Warfare divers are unknown. Objective: Assess thermoregulatory and metabolic demands of Naval Special Warfare divers surrounding prolonged cold-water submersion. Materials and Methods: Sixteen active-duty U.S. Navy Sea Air and Land (SEAL) operators tasked with cold-water dive training participated. Divers donned standard military special operations diving equipment and fully submerged to a depth of ∼ 6 m in a pool chilled to 5°C for a 6-h live training exercise. Metabolic measurements were obtained via indirect calorimetry for 10-min pre-dive and 5-min post dive. Heart rate, skin temperature, and core temperature were measured throughout the dive. Results: Core temperature was maintained at the end of the 6-h dive, 36.8 ± 0.4°C and was not correlated to body composition (body fat percentage, lean body mass) or metabolic rate. SEALs were not at risk for non-freezing cold injuries as mean skin temperature was 28.5 ± 1.6°C at end of the 6-h dive. Metabolic rate (kcal/min) was different pre- to post-dive, increasing from 1.9 ± 0.2 kcal/min to 2.8 ± 0.2 kcal/min, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.8, 1.3], Cohen's d effect size 2.3. Post-dive substrate utilization was 57.5% carbohydrate, 0.40 ± 0.16 g/min, and 42.5% fat, 0.13 ± 0.04 g/min. Conclusion: Wetsuits supported effective thermoprotection in conjunction with increase in thermogenesis during a 6-h full submersion dive in 5°C. Core temperature was preserved with an expected decrease in skin temperature. Sustained cold-water diving resulted in a 53% increase in energy expenditure. While all participants increased thermogenesis, there was high inter-individual variability in metabolic rate and substrate utilization. Variability in metabolic demands may be attributable to individual physiologic adjustments due to prior cold exposure patterns of divers. This suggests that variations in metabolic adjustments and habituation to the cold were likely. More work is needed to fully understand inter-individual metabolic variability to prolonged cold-water submersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]