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Introduction: Paranasal sinus fungus ball (PSFB) is a non-invasive mycosis, which appears in immunocompetent patients, along with unilateral lesion. The purpose of this study was to analyse various symptoms of PSFB and its radiological, pathological, and microbiological findings. In addition, this study involved the investigation of the incidence of bacterial coinfection and surgical techniques applied for this infection and to report the modern developments in this domain. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 40 consecutive patients referring for PSFB treatment to the Ear, Nose, and Throat Department in San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Turin, Italy, from April 2014 to 2017. Pertinent literature was reviewed and compared within the specified period. All patients were examined by preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan, and 26 (65%) patients were subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Totally, 33 patients (82.5%) were affected with single sinus infection, whereas most of the cases suffered from maxillary sinusitis. With regard to CT scan findings, microcalcifications were found in 32.5% of the cases; however, mucosal membrane thickening around the fungus ball (FB) was visible in contrast-enhanced CT scans. According to MRI examination, FB showed a characteristic “signal void” on T 2(42.3%). Only 7(17.5%) patients had a positive mycological culture, whereas bacterial coinfections were identified in 47.5% of the cases. Out of 40 patients, 3(7.5%) subjects had only radiological evidence of fungal colonization while having no histopathological evidence. No patient received postoperative antifungal drugs, and there were no serious complications with only one recurrence. Conclusion: Endoscopic endonasal surgery is the treatment of choice for patients with PSFB receiving no associated local or systemic antifungal therapy. A histopathological study facilitates the confirmation of the diagnosis and exclusion of the invasive form of fungal rhinosinusitis.

Cancer of the larynx in the intermediate/advanced stage still presents a major challenge in terms of controlling the disease and preserving the organ. Supratracheal partial laryngectomy (STPL) has been described as a function-sparing surgical procedure for laryngeal cancer with sub-glottic extension. The aim of the present multi-institutional study was to focus on the indications and contraindications, both local and general, for this type of surgery based on the long-term oncological and functional results. We analysed the clinical outcomes of 142 patients with laryngeal cancer staged pT2-pT4a who underwent STPL. Five-year overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS) and loco-regional control (LRC) rates were: glottic pT2 [71.4%, 95.2%, 76.0%, 76.0%], glottic-transglottic pT3 [85.3%, 91.1%, 86.4%, 88.7%], and pT4a [73.2%, 88.1%, 52.7%, 60.7%], respectively. DFS and LRC prevalences at 5 years were greatly affected by pT4a staging. Five-year laryngeal function preservation (LFP) and laryngectomy free survival (LFS) were: glottic pT2 [90.9%, 95.2%], glottic-transglottic pT3 [84.4%, 93.1%], and pT4a [63.7%, 75.5%], respectively, being affected by pT staging and age 65 ≥ years (LFP 54.1%). As a result of Type III open horizontal partial laryngectomies (OPHLs) (supratracheal laryngectomies), the typical subsites of local failure inside the larynx were the mucosa at the passage between the remnant larynx and trachea, the mucosa at the level of the posterior commissure and the contralateral cricoarytenoid unit as well as outside the larynx at the level of the outer surface of the remnant larynx. For patients with glottic or transglottic tumours and with sub-glottic extension, the choice of STPL can be considered to be effective, not only in prognostic terms, but also in terms of functional results.Il cancro della laringe in fase intermedio / avanzata rappresenta ancora una grande sfida in termini di controllo della malattia e di preservazione d'organo. La laringectomia parziale sopratracheale (STPL) è stata descritta come procedura chirurgica di function-sparing per il cancro della laringe con estensione sub-glottica. Lo scopo del presente studio multi-istituzionale è di concentrarsi sulle indicazioni e controindicazioni, sia locali che generali, per questo tipo di chirurgia sulla base dei risultati oncologici e funzionali a lungo termine. Abbiamo analizzato i risultati clinici di 142 pazienti con cancro della laringe in stadio pT2-pT4a sottoposti a STPL. A cinque anni i tassi di sopravvivenza globale (OS), di sopravvivenza malattia specifica (DSS), di sopravvivenza libera da malattia (DFS) e di controllo loco-regionale (LRC) sono risultati rispettivamente: pT2 glottici [71,4%, 95,2%, 76,0%, 76,0%] , pT3 glottici-transglottici [85,3%, 91,1%, 86,4%, 88,7%], e pT4a [73,2%, 88,1%, 52,7%, 60,7%]. La DFS ed il LRC a 5 anni sono risultati fortemente influenzati dallo stadio pT4a. A cinque anni i tassi di conservazione della funzione laringea (LFP) e la sopravvivenza libera da laringectomia (LFS) sono risultati: pT2 glottici [90,9%, 95,2%], pT3 glottici-transglottici [84,4%, 93,1%] e pT4a [63,7%, 75,5%], risultando negativamente influenzati dal pT staging e dall'età di 65 ≥ anni (LFP 54,1%). A seguito di laringectomia parziale sopratracheale le sedi tipiche di recidiva sono risultate all'interno della laringe la mucosa al passaggio fra laringe residua e trachea , la mucosa a livello della commissura posteriore, l'unità cricoaritenoidea controlaterale e all'esterno la superficie esterna della laringe residua. Per i casi di tumore glottico con estensione subglottica o di tumore con importante estensione transglottica, la scelta di una STPL può essere considerata efficace, non solo in termini prognostici, ma anche in termini di risultati funzionali.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the (HNSCC) represents approximately 5% of malignant tumours in Italy. HNSCC are commonly treated with surgery or radiotherapy, or a combination of such therapies. The objectives of treatment are maximum cure rate balanced with organ preservation, restoration of form and function, reduction of morbidities and improvement or maintenance of the patient's quality of life. Immediate reconstructive surgery: local, regional or free flaps are now widely advised in the treatment of these patients. Microsurgical transfer requires expertise, is time and resource consuming, and as a whole requires substantial costs. These considerations introduce some concerns about the wide or indiscriminate use of free flap reconstructive surgery. When considering cost-benefit outcomes of such treatment, the main objective is undoubtedly, survival. This data is underreported in the current literature, whereas functional outcomes of free flaps have been largely diffused and accepted. This study collects data from 1178 patients treated with free flap reconstructive surgery following ablation of HNSCC in a group of Italian tertiary hospitals, all members of the HeadNeck Group affiliated with the Italian Society of Microsurgery. According to many authors, free flap surgery for HNSCC seems to be a beneficial option for treatment even in terms of survival.I tumori spinocellulari del distretto Cervico Facciale rappresentano circa il 5% dei tumori maligni in Italia. Essi sono comunemente trattati con chirurgia o radioterapia, o entrambi le terapie. La ricostruzione rappresenta un momento fondamentale della terapia nel rispetto della qualità di vita di questi pazienti. La microchirurgia ricostruttiva rappresenta la tecnica che offre i migliori risultati funzionali ma è oggetto di discussione in un rapporto costo-benefici. In questo lavoro sono raccolti ed analizzati i dati di 1178 pazienti provenienti dai membri del gruppo testa e collo, affiliato alla società Italiana di Microchirurgia, e i cui dati sono rapportati primariamente alla sopravvivenza.

Sinonasal actinomycosis should be suspected when a patient with chronic sinusitis does not respond to medical therapy or has a history of facial trauma, dental disease, cancer, immunodeficiency, long-term steroid therapy, diabetes, or malnutrition. Radiological evaluation with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are important in differential diagnosis, evaluating the extent of disease, and understanding clinical symptoms. Endoscopic sinus surgery associated with long-term intravenous antibiotic therapy is the gold standard for treatment of sinonasal actinomycosis. We report an unusual case of abducens nerve palsy resulting from invasive sinonasal actinomycosis in a patient with an abnormally enlarged sphenoid sinus. A review of the current literature highlighting clinical presentation, radiological findings, and treatment of this uncommon complication is also presented.

We present herein the proposal of the European Laryngological Society working committee on nomenclature for a systematic classification of open partial horizontal laryngectomies (OPHL). This is based on the cranio-caudal extent of laryngeal structures resected, instead of a number of different and heterogeneous variables present in existing nomenclatures, usually referring to eponyms, types of pexy, or inferior limit of resection. According to the proposed classification system, we have defined three types of OPHLs: Type I (formerly defined horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy), Type II (previously called supracricoid laryngectomy), and Type III (also named supratracheal laryngectomy). Use of suffixes "a" and "b" in Type II and III OPHLs reflects sparing or not of the suprahyoid epiglottis. Various extensions to one arytenoid, base of tongue, piriform sinus, and crico-arytenoid unit are indicated by abbreviations (ARY, BOT, PIR, and CAU, respectively). Our proposal is not intended to give a comprehensive algorithm of application of different OPHLs to specific clinical situations, but to serve as the basis for obtaining a common language among the head and neck surgical community. We therefore intend to present this classification system as a simple and intuitive teaching instrument, and a tool to be able to compare surgical series with each other and with non-surgical data. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.

Oral malignancies involving the mandibular bone require a complex reconstructive plan. Mandibular reconstruction with a fibular free flap is currently considered the best choice for functional and aesthetic rehabilitation after oncological surgery. This flap can be modelled with multiple osteotomies and can provide bone, muscle and skin for composite reconstruction. One of the most delicate aspects of mandibular reconstruction is the technique of bone modelling; the risk of prolonging the period of ischaemia and not restoring the correct maxillomandibular and occlusal relationships can ultimately lead to a higher rate of complications as well as poor aesthetic and functional results. Recently, there has been rising interest in virtual surgical planning and computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction in pre-operative planning; however, this is not always possible because of the costs involved and the set-up time for the entire procedure. In this paper, we present a simple and inexpensive technique for fibular free flap modelling and repositioning after segmental resection of the mandible; the technique entails the pre-operative preparation of a resin repositioning template on a stereolithographic model. This technique has been successfully applied in four cases: two cases underwent resection involving only the mandibular body, one case involving the mandibular body and symphysis and one case in which a ramus to ramus resection was performed. In this preliminary report, we show that the resin repositioning template is an easy, safe and useful tool for mandibular reconstruction with a fibular free flap.I tumori maligni del cavo orale che coinvolgono l'osso mandibolare necessitano di una programmazione ricostruttiva complessa. A oggi la ricostruzione mandibolare con lembo libero di perone è considerata la miglior scelta per la riabilitazione funzionale ed estetica dopo chirurgia resettiva. Questo lembo puo' essere modellato mediante osteotomie multiple, e può fornire osso, muscolo e cute per ricostruzioni composite. Uno dei punti più delicati della ricostruzione mandibolare è la tecnica della modellazione ossea, il rischio di prolungare il periodo di ischemia, il mancato ripristino di corretti rapporti occlusali e maxillo-mandibolari può portare ad un più alto tasso di complicanze e scarsi risultati estetici e funzionali. Recentemente c'è stato un crescente interesse nella pianificazione chirurgica virtuale e nella ricostruzione mandibolare computer assistita per la pianificazione preoperatoria, ma non è sempre possibile effettuare tale opzione sia per i costi che per il tempo di organizzazione di tutta la procedura. In questo articolo presentiamo una tecnica semplice e conveniente per la modellazione del lembo libero di perone e per il riposizionamento dei segmenti mandibolari nativi dopo la resezione della mandibola; la tecnica prevede la preparazione pre-operatoria di una guida in resina di riposizionamento preparata su modello stereolitografico. Questa tecnica è stata applicata con successo in 4 casi. Due casi sottoposti a resezione del corpo mandibolare, 1 caso di resezione corpo mandibolare e sinfisi ed 1 caso in cui è stata eseguita una resezione da ramo a ramo. In questo rapporto preliminare si dimostra che la guida di riposizionamento in resina è uno metodo utile, semplice e sicuro, applicabile con successo per la ricostruzione mandibolare con lembo libero di fibula.

Herein we assessed the impact of direct autofluorescence during intraoperative work-up on obtaining superficial free resection margins, identifying new areas of malignant transformation and altering disease-free survival and local control at 3 years in patients submitted to transoral laser surgery (TLS) for early glottic cancer. Prospective cohort evaluation was carried out on the diagnostic accuracy of the superficial extent and TNM staging in 73 patients with glottic carcinoma undergoing transoral CO2 laser surgery. The use of direct autofluorescence was associated with superficial disease-free margins in 97.2% of cases, and with superficial close margins in 2.8%. The improvement in diagnostic accuracy was 16.4%; in 8.2% of cases, there was upstaging of the TNM classification (in one case, a second neoplastic area in a different laryngeal site was observed and considered to be a second endolaryngeal primary). The sensitivity of direct autofluorescence was 96.5% with a specificity of 98.5%. Overall, 3-year disease-specific survival and local control with laser alone were, respectively: T1a (97.5%, 100%), T1b (86.7%, 86.7%), T2 (88.9%, 88.9%). This study demonstrates that direct autofluorescence can help to identify positive superficial margins, and has a favourable impact on disease-specific survival and local control at 3 years.Obiettivo di questo studio è stato valutare l'impatto dell'autofluorescenza diretta durante il work-up intraoperatorio nell'ottenere margini di resezione superficiale indenni, nell'individuare nuove aree di trasformazione maligna e nel migliorare a 3 anni la sopravvivenza libera da malattia/controllo locale nei pazienti sottoposti a laserchirurgia transorale (TLS) per cancro della glottide in fase iniziale. (Disegno dello studio: studio di coorte prospettico). Una valutazione prospettica sull'accuratezza diagnostica dell'estensione superficiale e sulla stadiazione TNM è stata condotta in 73 pazienti con carcinoma della glottide sottoposti a laserchirurgia transorale. L'utilizzo dell'autofluorescenza diretta ha determinato margini superficiali liberi da malattia nel 97,2 % dei casi e margini superficiali esigui nel 2,8 %. Un miglioramento nell'accuratezza diagnostica si è verificato nel 16,4 % mentre nell'8,2 % dei casi si è assistito ad un up-staging della classificazione TNM (in un caso un'area neoplastica in una sede laringea distinta è stata considerata un secondo tumore endolaringeo primitivo). La sensibilità dell'autofluorescenza diretta è stata del 96,5%, la specificità del 98,5%. Nel complesso la sopravvivenza malattia-specifica ed il controllo locale con laser a 3 anni sono stati rispettivamente: T1a (97,5 % ,100 %), T1b (86,7%, 86,7%), T2 (88,9%, 88,9%). Concludendo questo studio dimostra che l'autofluorescenza diretta può aiutare il chirurgo nell'identificare i margini superficiali positivi e risulta associata ad un impatto favorevole sulla sopravvivenza malattia-specifica e sul controllo locale a 3 anni.

Our aim was to survey the opinions of Italian radiation and ENT oncologists regarding the role of postoperative radiotherapy (PRT) and the appropriate dose to be given to patients with remnant larynx (RL) after open partial laryngectomy (OPL). The radio-oncologists (ROs) of the Italian Radiation-Oncologist Association (AIRO) and the ENTs of the Head-Neck Oncology Society (AIOCC-IHNS) were contacted through a SurveyMonkey online interface questionnaire. There were 148 usable responses. The majority of ROs recommended PRT in the case of positive/close margins (R(+)/R(close)) or in the case of initial involvement of thyroid cartilage (pT3(tci)). In the same cases, ENTs prefer a "watch and wait" policy (ww). Both disciplines recommended ww in the case of negative margins (R(-)). Finally, the majority of RO s recommended irradiating RL with 62-66 Gy in R(+), with 56-66 Gy (61.4%) in R(close) and with 56-60 Gy (34%) in pT3(tci). In Conclusion, OPL raises new considerations about PRT.L'introduzione nella pratica clinica della Chirugia conservativa nei carcinomi laringei e della Radioterapia ad intensità modulata (IMRT) conformabile ai volumi a rischio pone nuove problematiche alla comunità scientifica relativamente alle dosi e volumi da radiotrattare ed alle tolleranze non note del residuo laringeo. Il principale scopo di questa "Survey" è di raccogliere le opinioni di ORL e radiooncologi italiani relativamente al ruolo della radioterapia postoperatoria (PRT) e l'entità di dose da erogare al residuo laringeo (RL) dopo chirurgia conservativa open-neck (OPL). Un questionario online (attraverso l'interfaccia Surveymonkey®) è stato inviato ai radiooncologi della Associazione Italiana di Radiooncologia (AIRO) ed agli ORL della Associazione Italiana di Oncologia cervicocefalica (AIOCC-IHNS).Le risposte utilizzabili sono state 148. La maggioranza dei Radiooncologi ha raccomandato la PRT nei casi di margini positivi o close (R

Twenty patients (13 males, 7 females, median age 61 years, range 27-74) with recurrent adenocarcinoma-like tumors of major (10 patients) and minor (10 patients) salivary gland origin (13 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 5 adenocarcinoma, 1 malignant mixed tumor, 1 undifferentiated carcinoma) were treated with vinorelbine at the dose of 30 mg/m2 i.v. weekly. Sixteen patients had been previously treated with surgery + radiation, 3 with surgery + radiotherapy + Novantrone and 1 with radiotherapy alone. Nine patients had local recurrence, 2 local relapse + metastasis and 9 metastasis alone. Site of metastases are: lung (7), bone (1), lung + bone (2), lung + bone + lymph-node + skin (1). Overall 174 courses were given (median 9, range 6-19). Responses were: PR in 4 patients (20%) with a median duration of 6 months (3-9), 9 NC (45%) with a median duration of 3.5 months and 7 PD (35%). The median survival time was 10 months for PR/NC patients, 4 months for non-responders. Median overall survival was 7 months. Vinorelbine has a moderate activity in these very advanced cases.