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Citrus peel essential oils have an impressive range of food and medicinal uses. In the present study we investigated the variation in the yield and chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from fresh peels of three Citrus species namely Citrus sinensis, C. limetta and C. limon. The chemical composition of the volatile fraction obtained from the peels of C. sinensis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC––MS). The main components were limonene (96.05%) followed by Phenol,2-methoxy-3(2-propenyl) (11.79%) and α-Terpineol (50.25) whereas β sinesol(0.01%), n- tetradecane (0.01%), 3Allyl 6 methoxyphenol (1.0%) and Phenol-2ethyl4,5-dimethyl (3.30%) were as minor compounds, respectively obtained by hot extraction. Variation is also found in the free radical activity and microbial activity of citrus sps. peel oil.

Plants synthesize many secondary metabolites as a part of their normal metabolic activity to prevent themselves from predators but researchers have demonstrated their use for the treatment of various human ailments. These metabolic activities can be measured using techniques like Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy etc. The present study reports the presence of various secondary phytochemicals such as flavonoid luteolin, oleuropein glucoside, alkaloid veremivirine, Myristic acid, Trimethylsilyl glycolic acid etc. in the DCM extracts of Solanum nigrum.

The insecticidal activity of essential oils obtained from DCM extracts of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae) against pupa of Epilachna insect was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Insecticidal activity was determined at 24 ± 4°C and 68 ± 5% R.H., in dark conditions. The DCM extracts of the dried seeds of the plants were subjected to Column chromatography and the oil obtained was then subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus. The major components in these essential oils are identified using GC-MS spectroscopy and their insecticidal activity was tested. The predominant components in the oil of Psoralea corylifolia are toluene, alpha-pinene, L-beta-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, limonene, Gamma terpinene, terpinolene, alpha santolina alcohol, 4-terpineol, Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethenyl), caryophyllene, alpha caryophyllene, thumbergene. The mortality rate of the agricultural pests was checked against 1%, 5% and 10% conc. of essential oil. The essential oil from Psoralea corylifolia shows strong toxic effect against pupa of Epilachna insect. Finding insecticidal activity is of great importance as using plant extracts as insecticides, are biodegrable and do not leave toxic residues results in better crop and better human health.

A variety of alkaloids, terpenoids and other phytochemicals (Formylpiperidine, 4-Terpeneol,A-phellandrene epoxide, Carvacrol, 2-Methyl naphthalene, Piperonal, Dimethoxyphenol,Caryophyllene, 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, β–bisabolene, δ–Cadinene, Elemol, Nerolidol, c-murrolene,α- Eudesmol, Ethyl linoleate etc) have been isolated from the dichloromethane extract of pipernigrum seeds. The components isolated from its oil are meant for aroma. The oil separated fromdichloromethane extract was undergone to GC-MS spectroscopy. The components identified byGC-MS spectra, showed that piperonal was present as major component whereas 2-Methylnaphthalene as minor component. Key words : GCMS. Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria and fungi,Piper nigrum, phytochemical constituents, seed extracts.Export scenario (Zachariah T.J et al., 2010). It isknown that piper nigrum has biological activity suchas CNS depressant, antioxidant, radicalscavenging, anti-insecticidals, antibacterial,allelopathy, anticonvulsant, anti-tubercular,antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant andexterofective (C.F.Su, Helen, et al., 1981; Dorman,H.J.D., 2008; Siddiqui, Z.S., 2007; Daniel, M., 2006).Plant derived substances has obtained greaterattention in the recent years to prevent and curehuman diseases as they are considered to be morebio-friendly. It is generally estimated that over 6000plants in India are in use in traditional, folk, andherbal medicine, representing about 75%medicinal needs of the third world Phyto-chemicalsare nonnutritive plant chemicals that have

The attractive colours and fragrance produced by the plants is due to specific phytochemicals present in them. They may be tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids and alkaloids. Emblica officinalis, Acacia catechu, Acacia concina and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, are medicinal dye yielding plants belong to different families. The qualitative analysis carried out for these plants showed that tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids are present in all the plants except phlobatannins that is only present in Acacia catechu. The pet ether and chloroform extract of Emblica officinalis does not show potential for oil and fat components where as all the extract of Emblica officinalis showed positive test for carbohydrates. The identification of colouring chemical constituents of natural products together with their therapeutic properties is discussed.

A crystalline compound [{(1,5-(1,3)benzodioxol-5yl)-1-oxo-2,4pentadienyl}-piperidine] and few sesquiterpenes ( Caryophyllene, β–bisabolene, δ –Cadinene, Elemol, (-)- Cedreanol, αEudesmol ) were obtained from the toluene extract of dried fruits of Piper nigrum. This is for the first time piperine has been extracted from the cold toluene extract of Piper nigrum along with few other sesquiterpenes. Piperine is an alkaloid found naturally in plants belonging to the pyridine group of piperaceae family, mainly responsible for the pungent taste of Piper nigrum where as the components isolated from its oil are meant for aroma. Structure of these compounds is examined and concluded by UV, IR, NMR and MS spectral analysis. The oil separated from toluene extract was analyzed by GC-MS spectroscopy. The components identified by GC-MS spectra, show that caryophyllene was present as major component and δ–Cadinene as minor component. The present study was aimed to extract the phytochemical compounds in toluene extract of Piper nigrum and to check the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts.

The genus Piper belongs to family piperaceae which has over 700 species distributed in both hemispheres. The piperaceae family is a source of many biologically active photochemical with tremendous potential for medicinal uses. A wide range of secondary metabolites mainly alkaloids, amides and terpenes are reported from the various species of piper which are of great economical and medicinal importance. This paper reports the isolation of various sesqueterpenes such as δ-elemene, δ-cadinene, α-copane, caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, and methyl benzene from the oil of the hot petroleum ether extract of Piper nigrum seeds. These phytochemicals are analysed by GC-MS spectral analysis.