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The pursuit of novel sources of food, especially functional food ingredients, has been intensively carried out to accommodate the urges of double burden malnutrition countermeasures in Indonesia. One potential bioresource to be locally utilized is microalgae due to its plentiful nutritional properties and nutraceutical value. Numerous explorations have been done in isolating microalgae from multiple regions in Indonesia and observing their nutrition and nutraceutical character. Furthermore, the use of microalgae in various functional food products also has been studied. However, the use of Indonesian microalgae as food is still limited. The quite complicated isolation process, as well as a, must be well-controlled culture and harvesting processes are the main difficulties. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to examine the cultural process and prospects of microalgae as functional food ingredients from nutritional and nutraceutical aspects in Indonesia. This information can be used for further exploration of Indonesia-origin microalgae-based sources of food. Moreover, this information can also be beneficial for further development in applying microalgae in a lot of functional food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During our study on isolation and screening cellulolytic degrading bacteria from three different Imperata cylindrica grasslands in Indonesia (Bogor, West Java; Katingan, Central Kalimantan; and Malaka, East Nusa Tenggara), we obtained 18 isolates. This study aims to investigate the biodiversity of cellulolytic degrading bacteria from three locations of I. cylindryca grassland in Indonesia by identifying those 18 bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As a result, the phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that all isolates belonged to ten genera that consisted of Bacillus (5), Burkholderia (2), Enterobacter (3), Lysobacter (1), Microbacterium (1), Mitsuaria (1), Novosphingobium (1), Pedobacter (1), Paenibacillus (2), and Paraburkholderia (1). The phylogenetic tree revealed that seven isolates isolated from (RM) East Nusa Tenggara were identified as Mitsuaria chitinivorans RM165, Lysobacter enzymogenes RM158, Enterobacter sp. RM20, Novosphingobium sp. RM155, Pedobacter sp. RM40, Microbacterium zeae RM157 and Bacillus sp. RM164, six isolates isolated from Katingan (East Kalimantan) were identified as Burkholderia sp. KAT225, Enterobacter sp. KAT82, Enterobacter sp. KAT88, Bacillus sp. KAT80, Paenibacillus kribbensis KAT83, and Paenibacillus sp. KAT15, and five isolates isolated from Cibinong (West Java) were identified as Burkholderia sp. CSC185, Paraburkholderia caribensis CSC177, Bacillus sp. CSC179, Bacillus sp. CSC187 and Bacillus sp. CSC183. This finding revealed that various genera from the Phylum of Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and Actinomycetota have the capability to produce cellulase. Further study on the quantitative analysis of the cellulase enzyme measurement is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulolytic yeast plays an important role in several bio-industrial processes, including as probiotic, as well as in sustainable energy and feed production. These yeasts can be isolated from various substrates, including soil and leaf litter. As one of the mega biodiversity countries, Indonesia has a variety of natural ecosystems, one of which has not been studied much is the savanna. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the cellulolytic yeast isolated from the savanna area in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. A total of 20 isolates, belonging to ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeast were obtained in this study. The cellulolytic potential of these yeast was determined by hydrolyses of carboxymethyl cellulose on agar plate and production of endoglucanase enzyme in liquid cultures. The strains AK5 and AK6, identified as Candida tenuis, were promising as cellulolytic yeast. Together with Rhodosporidium paludigenum AK1, these two strains were further tested for endoglucanase activity varies in temperature, nitrogen sources, and pH. The C. tenuis AK5 and AK6 showed the highest endoglucanase activity at temperature 35 °C and pH 7, while the R. paludigenum AK1 showed the highest activity at temperature 30 °C and pH 6. The best nitrogen source for endoglucanase production in strains AK5 and AK1 was yeast extract, while in strain AK6 was peptone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing bacteria is a group of bacteria that capable of improving crop's root competence regarding getting nutrients, ions, and water and initiate good conditions to support crops growth in Imperata grasslands. This study aims to screen and identify IAA-producing bacteria from Cibinong, Katingan, and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Sixty-eight of IAA-producing bacteria obtained from the previous study are identified based on the 16S rRNA gene and qualitatively and quantitatively screened after a year of preservation in 10% glycerol at -80°C. The finding of this study highlighted that there are 14 genera of IAA-producing bacteria obtained Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Paraburkholderia, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia (Phylum Proteobacteria); Bacillus (Phylum Firmicutes); Microbacterium, Arthrobacter and Leifsonia (Phylum Actinobacteria); and Chryseobacterium and Pedobacter (Phylum Bacteroidetes). However, only seven genera (39 isolates) are quantitatively measured for IAA production until 72 h of incubation. The range of IAA production in several genera until 72 h of incubation for Rhizobium, Chryseobacterium, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia genus are 5.55-11.97 mg ml−1, 16.83 mg ml−1, 0.88-21.67 mg ml-1, 1.94-6.16 mg ml−1, 9.42-179.57 mg ml−1, 3.31-48.89 mg ml-1, and 18.59 mg ml−1 respectively. This preliminary study showed that IAA production by bacteria was still increasing until 72 h of incubation. Strain KAT-229 was identified as Klebsiella sp. showed the highest level of IAA production (179.57 mg ml−1) than other isolates when strains on the stationary growth phase in the presence of L-Trp. This study clearly shows that the isolates could be potentially used for revegetating of degraded land of Imperata grasslands. Further studies are required to achieve incubation time for the highest IAA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]