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Road transportation significantly contributes to heavy metals (HMs) in the atmosphere. The introduction of HMs into the environment is a major global ecotoxicological concern. The proliferation of road networks, coupled with the escalating vehicular volume, has exacerbated the presence of HMs, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), in agricultural soil and crops proximate to transportation arteries, thereby imperilling global food security. The current review focused on the significant contamination of HMs in agroecosystems worldwide due to road transportation. It highlights the various pathways through which HMs are transported to agroecosystems and their impact on nearby ecosystems. The review also evaluates the degree of HMs contamination and its subsequent transfer into soil and crops such as geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), translocation factor (TF), and bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Recent studies have shown that harmful HMs can be absorbed by edible parts of crops, which are then consumed directly by humans. A study conducted near the National Highway in Jhansi, India found high levels of HMs in the edible parts of tomato plants (Cu – 4.77 mg/kg, Cd- 0.14 mg/kg, nickel (Ni) – 0.89 mg/kg, and Mn – 14.46). Similar studies conducted in various parts of the world have also observed increased HMs in agricultural soil and crops near roads. The current review aims to investigate HMs contamination in agroecosystems caused by road transportation and to suggest directions for future research to reduce HMs emissions from the sources.

Industry 4.0 is the need of the hour in current global market scenario and all the processes are moving toward automation and smart manufacturing. In machining, smart techniques implementation depends on developing a database for decision-making, which is the case for stack drilling in aerospace industry. In this application, choosing one optimal condition for several materials is a challenge due to their different machinability. Hence, material identification techniques are suitable approaches for adapting the cutting parameters in real time, which improves tool life, hole quality, and productivity. In that regard, the goal of the present paper is to create a specific force data map for axial drilling and circular milling processes based on its experimental force and power measurements. To do that, experiments were separately carried out on Titanium and Aluminum workpieces in a range of cutting speed and feed conditions. The results show that specific cutting and feed forces for each material can be identified on distinct regions of the map, without thresholds overlapping. Given that, these maps can be used as a signature to distinguish two metallic materials in real time machining. In this case, the specific data points at the interface layers may offer advantage to accurately identify tool position unlike monitoring gradient of feed forces while drilling stacked materials. Therefore, smart machining techniques seeking cutting parameters optimization can be implemented for a particular material.

In the airplane design, thousand holes should be manufactured by machining leading this process in the first place for process optimization. Recently, the stack materials used in this application are sheet layers of Titanium alloy, Aluminum alloy and CFRP, which normally are machined under different cutting conditions. There are two main solutions when drilling stacks: using the more conservative ones or changing the parameters for each layer. In orbital drilling the forces are lower, with better quality but with longer machining time, compared to drilling, allowing the measurement and control of the process. Smart machining techniques can be applied for recognising and adapting the cutting parameters in real time, depending on a database for decision-making. In this paper, a technique is proposed to identify the cutting material based on the cutting and feed components of the machining force in a circular milling process. Experiments consist of machining separately Titanium and Aluminium alloy workpieces in a similar range of cutting speed and feed, measuring forces and the position of the cutting tool (X,Y, SP) using the machine-tool data. The results show that it is possible to identify the materials using the calculated tangential and radial force components in the tool referential frame because the values of specific cutting and feed force are significantly different for each material. An specific force map is used as a signature to distinguish the materials in real time machining which can be used for orbital drilling in the next step of the research.

Snakes have fascinated humankind for millennia. Snakebites are a serious medical, social, and economic problem that are experienced worldwide; however, they are most serious in tropical and subtropical countries. The reasons for this are 1) the presence of more species of the most dangerous snakes, 2) the inaccessibility of immediate medical treatment, and 3) poor health care. The goal of this study was to collect information concerning rare, less utilized, and less studied medicinal plants. More than 100 plants were found to have potential to be utilized as anti-snake venom across India. Data accumulated from a variety of literature sources revealed useful plant families, the parts of plants used, and how to utilize them. In India, there are over 520 plant species, belonging to approximately 122 families, which could be useful in the management of snakebites. This study was conducted to encourage researchers to create herbal antidotes, which will counteract snake venom. These may prove to be an inexpensive and easily assessable alternative, which would be of immense importance to society. Plants from families such as Acanthaceae, Arecaceae, Apocynaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Zingiberaceae are the most useful. In India, experts of folklore are using herbs either single or in combination with others.