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The development of human civilization is a continuous process of imitation and creation based on exchange. Most historical research is performed qualitatively, so consequently, historical interpretations tend to be biased with personal or subjective viewpoints. In this context, Bible is the most-read book in history and comparative studies are steadily conducted owing to its similarities with the myths of ancient civilizations. This study combines qualitative and quantitative analysis to analyze the interrelationship between a myth and the Bible. Specifically, intertextuality analysis was performed around the great flood episode in Mesopotamia’s Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible’s Genesis. Text mining–based association rule analysis and word cloud analysis were combined to verify this. Intertextuality analysis revealed the interrelationship between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible; moreover, text mining helped verify the association in intertextuality analysis. Through this, the study proposes a research method for civilization exchange studies by objectively approaching the flow and directionality of exchanges among civilizations in the ancient Mediterranean regions. Furthermore, along with civilization exchange studies, a practical convergent research method for studies in the areas of humanities, regional studies, and history was suggested.

Background: SB3 (trastuzumab-dttb) is a biosimilar approved globally based on its similarity with reference trastuzumab (TRZ) demonstrated by thorough comparability exercises in analytical, biological, and clinical studies. In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter Phase 3 study of 875 patients with HER2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer in the neoadjuvant setting, equivalent efficacy, similar safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity between SB3 and TRZ were shown. However, when quality attributes of TRZ were examined, downward drifts in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activities (ADCC) were observed in the TRZ lots with expiry dates ranging from Aug 2018 to Dec 2019. Some of these lots of the reference product were found to be used in the Phase 3 study. After completing the Phase 3 study, patients from select countries were included in a follow-up observational study to monitor cardiac safety and survival. Here, we report the final survival results, including post-hoc subgroup analysis based on ADCC status, at a median follow-up of 68 months. Methods: During the follow-up observational study, the protocol was amended to include additional patients who originally were enrolled in the Phase 3 study but had not been followed in the observational study, in order to collect a larger sample of survival data. For these additional patients, medical records from the last assessment in the Phase 3 study through the date of enrollment in the follow-up study were collected retrospectively. As post-hoc analysis, patients in the TRZ arm were stratified into two subgroups: patients who received during neoadjuvant treatment at least one vial of TRZ with downward drift in ADCC as “Drifted TRZ”, and the others as “Non-drifted TRZ”. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Results: Of 875 patients randomized in the Phase 3 study, 538 patients (SB3, N=267; TRZ, N=271) were enrolled in the follow-up observational study: 367 patients were initially enrolled in the follow-up study, and 171 patients were additionally enrolled following the protocol amendment. The median follow-up duration was 68 months from randomization in the Phase 3 study. 54 events (20.2%) in the SB3 arm, and 67 events (24.7%) in the TRZ arm were reported (HR 0.84 [0.58, 1.20], p=0.335). 22 deaths (8.2%) and 38 deaths (14%) were reported in SB3 and TRZ arms, respectively (HR 0.61 [0.36, 1.05], p=0.073). In post-hoc analysis, of 271 patients in TRZ arm, 107 patients were grouped as “Non-drifted TRZ”, and 164 patients as “Drifted TRZ”. 19 events (17.8%) in the Non-drifted TRZ group and 48 (29.3%) events in the Drifted TRZ group occurred (HR 2.57 [1.28, 5.14], p=0.008). 9 deaths (8.4%) in the Non-drifted TRZ group and 29 deaths (17.7%) in the Drifted TRZ group were reported (HR 3.87 [1.37, 10.93], p=0.011). No difference was observed between SB3 arm and Non-drifted TRZ group in terms of EFS (HR 1.28 [0.73, 2.22], p=0.391) and OS (HR 0.99 [0.42, 2.31], p=0.975). Conclusions: Comparable long-term efficacy results in EFS and OS were shown at 68 months of follow-up, further supporting biosimilarity of SB3 to the reference product. Currently, these follow-up results represent the longest monitoring data of patients treated with a trastuzumab biosimilar for HER2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer. Citation Format: Xavier Pivot, Mark D Pegram, Javier Cortes, Diana Lüftner, Gary H Lyman, Giuseppe Curigliano, Igor M Bondarenko, Mikhail Dvorkin, Jin Hee Ahn, Seock-Ah Im, Maria Litwiniuk, Yaroslav V Shparyk, Gwo Fuang Ho, Nikolay V Kislov, Marek Wojtukiewicz, Tomasz Sarosiek, Yee Soo Chae, Jin Seok Ahn, Hyerin Jang, Sujung Kim, Jiwon Lee, Soo Young Lee, Ye Chan Yoon. Final survival analysis of a phase 3 study comparing SB3 (trastuzumab biosimilar) and reference trastuzumab in HER2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-13-04.

We present herein the first report of organic/inorganic hybrid thin-film encapsulation (TFE) developed as an encapsulation process for mass production in the display industry. The proposed method was applied to fabricate a top-emitting organic light-emitting device (TEOLED). The organic/inorganic hybrid TFE has a 1.5 dyad structure and was fabricated using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) and inkjet printing (IJP) processes that can be applied to mass production operations in the industry. Currently, industries use inorganic thin films such as SiNx and SiOxNy fabricated through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), which results in film thickness >1 μm; however, in the present work, an Al2O3 inorganic thin film with a thickness of 30 nm was successfully fabricated using ALD. Furthermore, to decouple the crack propagation between the adjacent Al2O3 thin films, an acrylate-based polymer layer was printed between these layers using IJP to finally obtain the 1.5 dyad hybrid TFE. The proposed method can be applied to optoelectronic devices with various form factors such as rollables and stretchable displays. The hybrid TFE developed in this study has a transmittance of 95% or more in the entire visible light region and a very low surface roughness of less than 1 nm. In addition, the measurement of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) using commercial MOCON equipment yielded a value of 5 × 10-5 gm-2 day-1 (37.8 °C and 100% RH) or less, approaching the limit of the measuring equipment. The TFE was applied to TEOLEDs and the improvement in optical properties of the device was demonstrated. The OLED panel was manufactured and operated stably, showing excellent consistency even in the actual display manufacturing process. The panel operated normally even after 363 days in air. The proposed organic/inorganic hybrid encapsulant manufacturing process is applicable to the display industry and this study provides basic guidelines that can serve as a foothold for the development of various technologies in academia and industry alike.

MetaMSD is a proteomic software that integrates multiple quantitative mass spectrometry data analysis results using statistical summary combination approaches. By utilizing this software, scientists can combine results from their pilot and main studies to maximize their biomarker discovery while effectively controlling false discovery rates. It also works for combining proteomic datasets generated by different labeling techniques and/or different types of mass spectrometry instruments. With these advantages, MetaMSD enables biological researchers to explore various proteomic datasets in public repositories to discover new biomarkers and generate interesting hypotheses for future studies. In this protocol, we provide a step-by-step procedure on how to install and perform a meta-analysis for quantitative proteomics using MetaMSD.

Stretchable electronics have become essential for custom-built electronics, self-assembling robotics, and wearable devices. Although many stretchable electronics contain integrated systems, they still limit bulky connection systems. We introduce a new dual-functioned self-attachable and stretchable interface (SASI), allowing a direct and instant interconnection between rigid and soft electronics. The SASI consists of a sticky and stretchable substrate and surface-embedded serpentine conductors with the single-sided polyimide fabricated using the embedded transfer process. The adhesion property of the SASI is controlled by the mixed elastomer ratio. The resulting sticky and conductive SASI can instantly adhere to a metal surface and create conductive paths. The SASI serpentine conductors exhibit high stretchability (∼290%) and provide self-attachable, re-attachable, and low-resistant electrical contacts (0.85 ohms in 0.25 mm

This study uses the institutional duality perspective to conceptualize and divide the local CSR activities of foreign subsidiaries into policies and practices. For an empirical analysis, the study ...

Three-dimensional Cu frameworks have been extensively investigated as the current collectors in Li electrodes. Despite their original purpose of inducing dense Li deposition inside the frameworks a...

ImportanceTrastuzumab has been the standard of care for the treatment of patients with ERBB2-positive breast cancer; however, cardiac events have been reported. This long-term follow-up study provides clinical evidence supporting the similarity of a trastuzumab biosimilar (SB3) to reference trastuzumab (TRZ).ObjectiveTo compare cardiac safety and efficacy between SB3 and TRZ for patients with ERBB2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer after up to 6 years of follow-up.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, conducted from April 2016 to January 2021, included patients with ERBB2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer from a multicenter double-blind, parallel-group, equivalence phase 3 randomized clinical trial of SB3 vs TRZ with concomitant neoadjuvant chemotherapy who completed neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment.InterventionsIn the original trial, patients were randomized to either SB3 or TRZ with concomitant neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 8 cycles (4 cycles of docetaxel followed by 4 cycles of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide). After surgery, patients continued SB3 or TRZ monotherapy for 10 cycles of adjuvant treatment per previous treatment allocation. Following neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment, patients were monitored for up to 5 years.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were the incidence of symptomatic congestive heart failure and asymptomatic, significant decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The secondary outcomes were event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS).ResultsA total of 538 female patients were included (median age, 51 years [range, 22-65 years]). Baseline characteristics were comparable between the SB3 and TRZ groups. Cardiac safety was monitored for 367 patients (SB3, n = 186; TRZ, n = 181). Median follow-up was 68 months (range, 8.5-78.1 months). Asymptomatic, clinically significant LVEF decreases were rarely reported (SB3, 1 patient [0.4%]; TRZ, 2 [0.7%]). No patient experienced symptomatic cardiac failure or death due to a cardiovascular event. Survival was evaluated for the 367 patients in the cardiac safety cohort and an additional 171 patients enrolled after a protocol amendment (538 patients [SB3, n = 267; TRZ, n = 271]). No difference was observed in EFS or OS between treatment groups (EFS: hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.58-1.20; P = .34; OS: HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36-1.05; P = .07). Five-year EFS rates were 79.8% (95% CI, 74.8%-84.9%) in the SB3 group and 75.0% (95% CI, 69.7%-80.3%) in the TRZ group, and OS rates were 92.5% (95% CI, 89.2%-95.7%) in the SB3 group and 85.4% (95% CI, 81.0%-89.7%) in the TRZ group.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, SB3 demonstrated cardiac safety and survival comparable to those of TRZ after up to 6 years of follow-up in patients with ERBB2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02771795

Background: Trunk flexor-extensor muscles’ co-activation and upright posture are important for spinal stability. Abdominal bracing and maximal expiration are being used as exercises to excel torso co-contraction. However, no study has on comparison of the effect of this exercise on multifidus in the upright sitting posture.Objectives: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of abdominal bracing and expiration maneuvers in lumbo-pelvic upright sitting.Design: Cross-sectional study.Methods: Eighteen healthy women were recruited for this study. The multifidus muscle thickness of all subjects was measured in three sitting conditions (lumbo-pelvic upright sitting, lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing, and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration) using ultrasound. One-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used for the evaluation.Results: Compared to lumbo-pelvic upright sitting, lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration were associated with significantly increment of muscle thickness. There was no significant difference in muscle thickness between lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration.Conclusion: Abdominal bracing and maximum expiration could be beneficial to increasing lumbar multifidus thickness in lumbo-pelvic upright sitting.

To investigate the response of Caragana microphylla in salt condition, transcriptome analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chlorophyll content analysis were performed. Gene Ontology (GO) term, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of DEGs indicated that salt condition affected photosynthesis and chlorophyll in C. microphylla. The DEGs compared with salt responsive genes of A. thaliana indicated that C. microphylla’s responses to salt differed greatly from those of the model plant and that the results also indicated up-regulated genes related to photosynthesis and chlorophyll in C. microphylla. Moreover, we confirmed that salt-treated C. microphylla increased chlorophyll content, and the genes of protoporphyrin IX downstream in chlorophyll biosynthesis were induced in the heatmap analysis. These results showed a similar pattern to some halophytes plants with increased chlorophyll at a certain salt concentration, and we assumed that C. microphylla also has a mechanism to adapt or tolerate moderate salt conditions.

Germination of rice (Oryza sativa L.) results in rapid accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but its precise role in the process remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed GABA shunt-related amino acids [glutamate (Glu), alanine (Ala), and GABA] and tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle-related organic acids (pyruvate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate) in rice, under dark and anaerobic conditions, to investigate the role of GABA in rice germination. The change in the GABA content before and after germination was compared using 2 cultivars selected from 18 varieties of Korean rice. Correlation analysis indicated that the metabolism of GABA in germinating rice might be related to Ala metabolism. In a two-way stress study, GABA content was found to be positively related to TCA-cycle organic acid contents (α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate) but show a negative relation with GABA shunt-related amino acid contents (Glu, Ala). In the dark, accumulation of TCA-cycle organic acids was observed, but Glu and Ala levels were reduced. GABA treatment (1 mM) in dark conditions produced TCA-cycle organic acids at levels similar to those in light conditions. In anaerobic conditions, TCA-cycle-related compounds accumulated at a high level, but Glu and Ala were remarkably reduced compared with normal conditions. As a result, GABA shunt is connected with TCA-cycle organic acids, but not amino acids. In conclusion, the present research suggests that GABA, accumulated in certain stress conditions, supplies organic acids such as succinate to the TCA cycle.

Devising efficient routes to realize hybrid materials consisting of intimately coupled metal nanocatalysts and nonstoichiometric metal oxides with finely controlled configurations is highly desirable to develop advanced fuel cell catalysts. Here, we report a facile one-pot synthesis strategy for the formation of closely coupled metal (PtNi alloy)–metal oxide (CeOx, ceria) hybrid nanostructures. Heating an oleylamine/oleic acid solution of mixed metal (Pt, Ni, and Ce) precursors yielded well-defined PtNi/ceria hybrids, in which PtNi alloy nanodendrites with multiple branches are well dispersed on small-grained ceria nanosheets. Due to their small grain size, the ceria nanosheets in the hybrids contain abundant oxygen vacancies and have high conductivity. The prepared PtNi/ceria hybrids exhibited outstanding electrocatalytic activity and stability toward both methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions in comparison to their carbon-supported counterparts and a commercial catalyst, which can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the Ni component and ceria on the enhancement of the electrocatalytic function. The current strategy will find use in the design of optimal multicomponent catalysts for target reactions.

The ability to manipulate the twisting topology of van der Waals structures offers a new degree of freedom through which to tailor their electrical and optical properties. The twist angle strongly affects the electronic states, excitons and phonons of the twisted structures through interlayer coupling, giving rise to exotic optical, electric and spintronic behaviours1-5. In twisted bilayer graphene, at certain twist angles, long-range periodicity associated with moire patterns introduces flat electronic bands and highly localized electronic states, resulting in Mott insulating behaviour and superconductivity3,4. Theoretical studies suggest that these twist-induced phenomena are common to layered materials such as transition-metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus6,7. Twisted van der Waals structures are usually created using a transfer-stacking method, but this method cannot be used for materials with relatively strong interlayer binding. Facile bottom-up growth methods could provide an alternative means to create twisted van der Waals structures. Here we demonstrate that the Eshelby twist, which is associated with a screw dislocation (a chiral topological defect), can drive the formation of such structures on scales ranging from the nanoscale to the mesoscale. In the synthesis, axial screw dislocations are first introduced into nanowires growing along the stacking direction, yielding van der Waals nanostructures with continuous twisting in which the total twist rates are defined by the radii of the nanowires. Further radial growth of those twisted nanowires that are attached to the substrate leads to an increase in elastic energy, as the total twist rate is fixed by the substrate. The stored elastic energy can be reduced by accommodating the fixed twist rate in a series of discrete jumps. This yields mesoscale twisting structures consisting of a helical assembly of nanoplates demarcated by atomically sharp interfaces with a range of twist angles. We further show that the twisting topology can be tailored by controlling the radial size of the structure.