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Moringa oleifera is called a miracle plant due to its diverse uses and several medicinal benefits all over the world. There are several bioactive secondary metabolites yet to be discovered. This study was conducted to actuate the biochemical content of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (ELEMO) using Agilent Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extracts of the leaf revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and phenols. The GC-MS results of the extract were relevant to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of ELEMO showed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (33.42), Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methylmethyl ester (36.23), Ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (33.12 and 4-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)- 1-cyclohexyl-5-tosylamino-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (31.24). Results from this study may potentiate the discovery of more valuable bioactive components of industrial and pharmaceutical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence suggests that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, in addition to their role in improving glycemic control, help to reduce endothelial dysfunction and have hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antitumor, antiviral, and neurotropic properties. This multi-target property may be one of the reasons for repurposing therapeutic treatment strategies with existing agents and the basis for finding new agents to inhibit this target. Based on the structural prerequisites and the evolutionary path of creating DPP4 inhibitors, an inhibitory (R)-β-aminoamide base was used as the basis for constructing potential candidates. It contained a substituted piperazine-2-one derivative and (S)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile fragment, as well as phenyl and diphenyl rings, which were additionally saturated with substituents of various electronic structures, in position 4 of the β-aminoamide chain. The construction of the molecules was carried out taking into account the correspondence of chiral centers to combinations of chiral chains at the DPP4 binding site to possibly prevent a decrease in the inhibitory activity. In silico assessment of the “drug-likeness” and pharmacokinetic profile of the group of compounds studied showed that it had favorable characteristics and could be recommended for further molecular docking in order to predict the likely inhibition of the catalytic activity of DPP4. According to the results of docking, molecules with a moderate and high affinity were found. A detailed analysis of the resulting complexes showed that only nine compounds had a binding mode similar to classical inhibitors. According to the calculated array of values and analysis of the results of docking among the derivatives tested, a hit compound was found as a promising DPP4 inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Snake envenomation is a significant health crisis in developing countries. The victims in rural areas utilize traditional herbal remedies. Plants including Commiphora africana (C. africana) are traditionally believed to have antivenin property. The study was to evaluate the antivenom effect of C. africana. Methods: Male Swiss Albino mice (n = 20) were haphazardly allotted into 4 equal groups. Group I (control) was injected intraperitoneally with lethal dose-99 (LD99, 9.7 mg/kg) of Naja nigricollis venom. Groups II, III and IV were pre-treated with crude methanol extract (CME) of C. africana at 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg, respectively and 15 minutes were later administered the venom (LD99). Post-treatment with the extract (15 minutes after venom administration) was similarly evaluated. n-Butanol fraction (nBF) was also tested. Toxic signs and death time were documented over 24 hour period. Results: The CME and nBF were relatively acutely safe with LD50 of 3807.89 and >5000 mg/kg, respectively. Venom lethality assay gave LD99 of 9.7 mg/kg. Mice pre-treated with CME at 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg before administration of LD99 of the venom survived significantly (p<0.05) longer. Post-treatment at 400 mg/kg, significantly (p<0.05) increased the survival time. For nBF, pre-treatment with 400 and 500 mg/kg, significantly (p<0.05) increased the survival time. Mice post-treated with 500 mg/kg nBF, survived to 500.00 ± 98.07 minutes which was significant (p<0.05). Significance: The extract and fraction of C. africana showed dose-dependent mitigating effect against N. nigricollis envenomation in mice. The plant may be developed further as an antidote for snakebites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) people hold towards a new disease could play a major role in the way they accept measures put in place to curb its spread as Symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to those of other endemic diseases, especially malaria. A cross-sectional KAP/symptomatology online survey was conducted from August -September 2020 across the six geopolitical regions of Nigeria. Data were entered into Google sheets and analyses performed using SPSS version 20. From the 900 respondents, majority 66% were from the North west while 1.2% were from the North east. By sex and age distribution, 69% were males while females were 31%. Age group 15-25 years were more (32.22%) and the least (11%) among respondents were above 65years. Majority of respondents (57.89%), had not experienced symptoms associated with COVID-19 in the past 3 months before this study, however 96.0% of respondents have heard about COVID-19 prior the time of survey. Hyperthemia (high fever) 636(70.67%) was accurately recognized by respondents as the most common symptoms. Other highly mentioned symptoms were dry or chesty cough, shortness of breath, catarrh and cough, difficulty in breathing at night, painful breathing, and weakness or tiredness, with significant differences in the responses recorded for the recognition of COVID-19 symptoms across the geopolitical zones (p=0.00). In terms of preventive measures, 771(85.67%) respondents perceive regular hand washing with soap as the major preventive measure for COVID-19 infection. This was followed by the usage of face mask 659(73.22%). Also, 794(88.22%) respondents accurately recognized hyperthemia as the most common overlapping symptom between malaria and COVID-19. Other highly mentioned overlapping symptoms were weakness or tiredness 591(65.67%), loss of appetite 504 (56.00%), loss of taste and smell 388(43.11%), and catarrh and cough 313(34.78%). We conclude that awareness of COVID-19 symptoms is fairly high in the country. Awareness strategies should target those with limited access to information on the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out across the six geopolitical zones to assess knowledge and health seeking behaviors of Nigerians during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in order to understand the seemingly low cases of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Structured and pretested short questionnaires were employed to obtain information electronically and physically across the six geopolitical zones on socio-demographic characteristics of participants; the knowledge of participants on COVID-19 disease; availability and accessibility to testing and isolation centers in the communities, attitudes and health seeking behaviors. A total of 1023 respondents; 705 (68.9%) males and 318 (31.1%) females across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria participated in this study with 477(46.6%) within the 26-45 years age category, and 6(0.6%) above 66 years. A total of 985(96.3%) had heard about COVID-19 at the time of survey while a total of 859(84.0%) of the respondents were aware of the presence of COVID-19 laboratory testing centers. Across the geopolitical zones, majority of the respondents 487(47.6%) claimed there are no routine testing for COVID-19 at their community level, while 303 (29.6%) affirmed otherwise and 216(21.1%) did not know if there were routine testing going on or not. On health seeking behaviors across the country, majority of the respondents 558(54.5%) affirmed they would visit the hospital as the first point of contact if the opportunity presented itself, 244(23.9%) claimed they would call the NCDC toll line, 2(0.2%) said they would use prayers, while 1(0.1%) respectively claimed they would use home management strategies through visiting chemist stores and checking the internet for solutions. Findings from this study confirm that there is very high awareness of the COVID-19 disease across the country, and limited number of testing centers at the community level. The implications include the possibility of unreported COVID-19 cases in the cities as well as in the communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the extracts of Terminalia avicennioides stem-bark for their effect on alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats. The powdered stembark of the plant was extracted with 70% methanol to yield crude methanol extract (CME). The CME was dissolved in distilled water to obtain the aqueous methanol (AME), then partitioned using ethyl acetate and hexane to obtain ethyl acetate (EAE) and hexane (HEX) extracts respectively. Fifty five alloxan induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into 11 groups of five rats each. Rats in groups1 and 2 received distilled water (DW) and 1% Tween 80 (TW80) at 5 ml/kg, respectively. Rats in group 3 received glibenclamide (GLB) 10 mg/kg. Rats in groups 4, 5, 6 and 7 were administered with 100 mg/kg of CME, AME, EAE and HEX, respectively. Similarly, rats in groups 8, 9, 10 and 11 were given the extracts at 200 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, three normoglycaemic rats were used as non-diabetic non-treated control (group 12). All treatments and diabetic inductions were done intraperitoneally. Treatments started 72 hours after induction of diabetes which served as day 1, then on day 4, 7, 14 and 21. Blood glucose level in all the rats was monitored weekly for three weeks. All animals were sacrificed by jugular venipuncture and serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TGL) were determined. The extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride and serum low density lipoprotein in diabetic rats when compared with the negative controls. However, HDL level was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the HEX, EAE and CME (100 mg/kg) treated rats. In conclusion, the extracts exhibited an anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-hyper lipidaemic effect which validates the use of the plant in traditional treatment of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the Clinical observations (Visually and via Laboratory analysis) and haematological changes induced by subchronic administration of methanolic leaf extract of Crotalaria lachnosema (C. lachnosema) leaf (MLECL) on male Wistar rats. Four groups designated as Groups 1(control), 2, 3 and 4, of ten rats each, which were exposed to the extract in feed at dose levels of 0, 40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg for 42 days respectively. The clinical observations were recorded. At the end of the study period, the surviving rats were sacrificed following light ether anaesthesia and blood was collected from each rat via jugular venesection. The extract was found to cause impairment in both the body weight and relative organ weights of the exposed rats at termination of the experiment (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. The extract was found to affect the erythron only in group 2 with total red blood cell count (7.72 ± 0.25 × 1012/L), haemoglobin concentration (127.00 ± 2.66 g/L) and packed cell volume (48.44 ± 2.11 %) being significantly (P < 0.05 ) lower relative to those of the control (8.86 ± 0.32 × 1012/L, 150.80 ± 6.03 g/L and 48.44 ± 2.11 %, respectively). It was concluded from these studies that exposure to MLECL caused toxic effects in male Wistar rats (toxic effect like the decreased erythron; haematopoietic system is one of the most sensitive targets of toxic compounds, and thus considered an important index in pathophysiological status in man and animal). Human food or animal feed products contaminated with the plant C. lachnosema, even at very low concentrations, with the LD50 of 1300 mg/kg should be discouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of stem-bark extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected rats was investigated. For curative study, forty adult Wistar rats of both sexes were randomly divided into 8 groups of 5 rats each. Each rat was infected with 106 cells of trypanosomes per ml of blood intraperitoneally (ip). Rats in groups 1 and 2 received the crude methanol extract (CME) at 0.7 and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively. Similarly, rats in groups 3 and 4 received ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) at 0.7 and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively; while 5 and 6 were treated with 0.9 and 0.45 mg/kg of aqueous methanol fraction (AMF), respectively. Rats in groups 7 and 8 were treated with diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) and phosphate buffered saline, PBS (2 ml/kg), respectively. Four rats (group 9) were neither infected nor treated and served as neutral control. In the prophylactic studies, 25 rats of both sexes were randomly divided into V groups of 5 rats each. Rats in groups I, II, and III were pre-treated with CME at 0.7 mg/kg i.p. for 3, 5 and 7 days, respectively; while group IV received PBS for 7 days and served as negative control. The rats were then individually infected with 106 parasites per ml of blood on days 3, 5 and 7 for groups I, II and III, respectively. Rats in group V were neither treated nor infected and served as neutral control. CME of S. longipedunculata suppressed level of parasitaemia and prolonged the survival period of rats when compared to other groups (P<0.05). Pre-treatment of animals with CME before challenge with the parasite could not prevent infection. Thus, stem-bark extract of S. longipedunculata exhibited some levels of curative antitrypanosomal effect against T. brucei brucei infection in rats despite its low margin of safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : The gene order for the Rubella virus (RV)40S RNA is 5' -p150-p90-C-E2-E1-3' and the complete nucleotide sequence of RV has been determined for three strains. The RV core is surrounded by a host-derived lipid bilayer containing 5-6nm long spikes composed of the E2 and E1 glycoproteins Objective(s) : Molecular detection of Rubella virus glycoprotein after serum screening of 240 women attending Federal Medical Centre Lokoja (FMC) via IgG and IgM ELISA. Method : Cross-sectional study was carried out in Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic at FMC Lokoja. Serology for anti RV-IgG and IgM was done for 240 blood samples after serum separation. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was done for rubella cDNA via RUB 2 & 7 and RUB 8 & 11 specific primers and this was sequenced using dye terminator cycle sequencing. Result : 231(96.25%) of 240 and 4(1.7%) of 231 subjects were positive to Rubella IgG and IgM respectively after assay. PCR band result had 320bp on 1kb DNA plus ladder of 0.9µg/lane and live blast of the 320 length sequence result revealed a Rubella membrane glycoprotein E1 (Rubella_E1). All subjects that had blood transfusion were positive to Rub-IgG (p=0.566) while 3(1.6%) of 168(88.9%) respondents with no blood transfusion were IgM positive (P= 0.537). 61(32.6%) of 67(35.8%) respondent who reported history of rash were positive to Rub-IgG (p=0.057) and of 30(22.7%) that has had a miscarriage, 29(22.0%) was positive to Rub-IgG (p=0.731) Conclusion : Rubella virus membrane glycoprotein E1, an important structural type 1 membrane protein in the entire pathogenesis of rubella virus has been confirmed in this locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case-control study aimed to assess tuberculosis (TB) awareness and its associated sociodemographic characteristics in Gezira, Sudan. New smear-positive TB patients registered in Gezira in 2010 (n = 425) and age-matched controls who attended the same health facilities for other reasons (n = 850) formed the study sample. Awareness was measured using a modified standard World Health Organization TB knowledge, attitude and practice instrument. There was no significant difference between TB cases and the controls in overall levels of TB awareness. About two-thirds of TB cases and controls had good TB awareness. Respondents’ sex was associated with awareness among the controls. Age, level of education, type of residence and type of occupation were significantly associated with TB awareness, whereas marital status had no effect. The good level of TB awareness found among TB cases and controls is a baseline for further TB awareness-raising among the Gezira population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different doses of the aqueous extract of Vitex doniana Sweet (Verbenaceae) on acetylcholine and histamine-induced contractions on isolated guinea pig ileum was evaluated. The effect of the extract on intestinal peristalsis and castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice was also studied. The results showed that the extract possess a concentration-dependent inhibition of both acetylcholine and histamine-induced contractions. The extract (at doses of 150-650 mg/kg) also inhibited gastric peristalsis in mice fed charcoal meal and significantly protected mice against castor oil-induced diarrhea. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, and tannins. The findings in this study indicate that the aqueous extract of V. doniana fruits may contain some pharmacologically active components that perhaps will be useful as antidiarrheal agents. The findings have also validated the use of this plant in traditional cure of diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia avicennioides is used commonly in Nigeria and other countries worldwide in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments including gastroduodenal ulcers. The dark-brown methanol extract obtained from the bark of the plant was tested to determine its antisecretory gastric acid activities using rats; The extract at the dose rates of 350, 420, and 504 mg/kg, inhibited significantly (P < 0.05) gastric acid secretion in normal rats. The extract at the highest dose (504 mg/kg) used also significantly (P <0.05) inhibited gastric acid secretion in rats pre-treated with histamine, which may indicate that the extract inhibits HCI secretion by interacting with Hz-receptors. This finding undoubtedly validates the folkloric use of T. avicennioides in the control of gastroduodenal ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extract of Terminalia avicennioides root were evaluated for anthelmintic activity in experimental nippostrongylosis of rats. The extracts, obtained by solvent partitioning of a crude methanol extract of T. avicennioides, were given orally for three days to rats purposely infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis orally. Anthelmintic activity was assessed by comparing the number of worms recovered from treated rats with those recovered from infected rats not treated with T. avicennioides extract. The butanol, but not aqueous methanol, chloroform or petroleum ether extracts, produced a significant (P > 0.05), dose dependent deparasitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that investigates the implication of cooking time on dietary fiber, Vitamin C and mineral contents of local vegetables in Nigeria. Vegetables are the cheapest and the most essential source of protein, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber of people living in Nigeria and other African countries. To determine the effects of cooking on vegetables, researchers collected common vegetables in Nigerian diets and which are used as therapeutic agents in managing different ailments. Moreover, they found that cooking Water Leaf, Bitter Leaf and Spinach until 30 minutes will result to the decline of crude fiber, Vitamin C and mineral composition of vegetables.

Introduction: West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of Flaviviridae family, is one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world. In developing countries like Nigeria, fever resulting from the WNV infection is often presumptively ascribed to malaria or typhoid due to misdiagnosis and low-level awareness of the viral infection. This study determined the prevalence of WNV IgM and IgG antibodies among febrile patients in the Ilorin metropolis., Materials and Methods: A total of two hundred (200) blood samples were collected from consenting patients and each serum was screened for anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical correlation and logistic regression analysis were conducted., Results: Overall, 6% (12/200) anti-WNV IgM seropositivity rate was recorded amongst the acute febrile patients with higher prevalence (6.30%) in females than in males (5.45%). Anti-WNV IgG positivity rate of 52% (104/200) was recorded, with 50.67% positivity rate in males and 38.95% in female participants. The convalescence phase posited by the 5.4% (11/200) co-detection of anti-WNV IgG and IgM antibodies among the participants was recorded. A statistical correlation was noticed with the age and religion of respondents to WNV serological positivity while gender, occupation, use of mosquito nets and formal education had no positive correlation at p < 0.05. However, based on odd ratio at 95% CI and logistic regression coefficients, the evaluated risk factors such as blood transfusion, residency, malaria parasite, and proximity to stagnant water and bush were significant to anti-WNV IgG and IgM positivity., Conclusion: The findings of this study show the circulation of WNV in the study area. There is an urgent need for clinicians/physicians to include screening for the West Nile virus in cases of febrile patients before the commencement of treatment.

Diospyros mespiliformis , commonly called Jackal berry or African ebony, belongs to the plant family, Ebenaceae. The roots, barks and leaves have been used traditionally to treat wide varieties of conditions, however, there is limited information and literature reports concerning the toxicity and safety of this plant. The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis and its fraction in Wistar rats. Diospyros mespiliformis was extracted by methanol 96 %. The crude methanolic extract was then fractionated into low, average and high polar compounds using hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol respectively. For the acute toxicity study, the revised limit Dose Test of "Up and Down" procedure according to the OECD guideline was used to determine the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of the crude methanolic leaf and bark extracts using a single fixed dose (5 g/kg) of the extracts administered by oral-gavage sequentially to 5 female Wistar rats. The rats were observed for instant death and toxicity signs for 24 h and then daily for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the bark and leaf ethyl acetate fractions (extract) was administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw /day respectively for 28 days to healthy Wistar rats. At the end of the experimental period, body weight, certain haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results showed that acute oral administration of crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis (5 g/kg bw) produced neither mortality nor visible changes in behavior or any other physiological activities and indicated that the LD 50 of crude methanolic leaf and bark extract was greater than 5 g/kg bw in Wistar Rats. In the 28-days repeated dose oral toxicity study, no significant toxic effects was detected in any of the parameters evaluated. In conclusion, the crude methanolic extract was found safe in the acute toxicity study and the ethyl acetate fraction of Diospyros mespiliformis in the sub chronic study in rats could be safe for therapeutic purposes over a period not exceeding 28 days., Competing Interests: The authors report no declarations of interest., (© 2020 The Authors.)

The aqueous methanol extract from the stem-bark of Combretum molle was evaluated for anthelmintic activity in lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus using faecal egg count (FEC) reduction assay. The extract showed a dose-dependent reduction in FEC in infected animals. At doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg kg(-1), the extract caused FEC reduction of 63%, 69.25% and 96.23%, respectively. Similarly, the standard anthelmintic (albendazole) at a dose of 200 mg kg(-1) produced FEC reduction of 99.24%. FEC reduction produced by the extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg kg(-1) is below the minimum standard of 90% FEC recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). However, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference between the means of groups treated with 1000 mg kg(-1) and 2000 mg kg(-1) compared to that of albendazole. In this study, C. molle has shown a promising anthelmintic activity against experimental haemonchosis. Nonetheless, further studies to evaluate its detailed toxicity are required for the plant extract to be developed into a useful anthelmintic drug. There is also the need to evaluate other parts of the plant (root, leaves, fruits, etc.) for the same effect., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess if microhaematuria and proteinuria as measured by reagent strips could estimate intensity of Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) infection in endemic areas and evaluate their screening performance among children in Benue State, Nigeria., Methods: A total of 1,124 urine samples were collected, screened for microhaematuria and proteinuria using reagent strips (Combi 9) and results were compared to filtration technique, the gold standard method., Results: A significant correlation was observed between microhaematuria (rho= 0.66, P<0.01), proteinuria (rho = 0.71, P<0.01) and intensity of S. haematobium eggs. Proteinuria had sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 67.2%, while microhaematuria had sensitivity of 64.8% and specificity of 89.6%. The proportion of false positive diagnoses was higher in proteinuria (19.2%) than microhaematuria (6.0%)., Conclusions: The findings suggest that use of urine reagent strips could potentially estimate intensity of S. haematobium infection and their performance to screen urinary schistosomiasis agreed with previous observations., (Copyright © 2011 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Antioxidant properties of three different medicinal plant extracts from northern Nigeria were evaluated using the traditional qualitative 2,2, diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and a new 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) microdilution method described here. The results were in agreement. It is a simple, rapid and inexpensive method compared with many other methods for determining quantitative antioxidant activity of plant extracts.

Aim of the Study: To investigate the antidiarrhoeal properties of the stem-bark extract of Annona senegalensis, using both in vivo and in vitro models., Materials and Methods: Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the acute oral toxicity of the extract. The extract was administered orally to mice fed with charcoal meal in order to investigate intestinal transit time. The effect of the extract on contraction of isolated rabbit jejunum and the responses of the tissue to acetylcholine and histamine were also investigated., Results: The extract was safe at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. The extract at the dose of 10mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) decreased intestinal transit time at concentrations of 0.2-3.2 mg/ml, the extract attenuated spontaneous contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum, and those induced by acetylcholine in a concentration-dependent fashion., Conclusion: The extract decreased intestinal transit time by attenuating the spontaneous contractions of the intestine, thus the study provided a scientific basis for the use of Annona senegalensis stem bark extract in the treatment of diarrhoea.