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In recent years, the demand for wireless body area network (WBAN) technology has increased, driven by advancements in medical and healthcare applications. WBAN consists of small, low-power, and heterogeneous sensor devices attached inside or outside the body for continuous health monitoring. Medium access control (MAC) is pivotal in addressing WBAN challenges by ensuring reliability and energy efficiency under a dynamic environment caused by body movement. Therefore, to tackle these challenges, this paper presents a MAC protocol based on time division multiple access (TDMA) to enhance the WBAN performance. The proposed TDMA-MAC protocol employs a one-periodic scheduled-based access method to provide reliable data transmission while satisfying the WBAN requirements. The proposed protocol is compared to the IEEE 802.15.6 MAC, enhanced packet scheduling algorithm MAC (EPSA-MAC), and concurrent MAC (C-MAC) protocols based on the performance metrics of packet delivery ratio (PDR), network throughput, energy consumption, and average delay. The simulation results show that the TDMA-MAC protocol outperforms its competitors as it could achieve up to 98% PDR, 30% enhanced throughput, 30% energy optimization, and 20% improvement in average delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread adoption of wireless body area network (WBAN) in healthcare presents opportunities to meet the increasing demand for medical services. WBAN enables continuous real-time (RT) monitoring through biomedical sensor nodes positioned in or around a patient's body, collecting vital physiological data. In addition, WBAN imposes stringent criteria for energy efficiency and reliability throughout data collection and transmission. This review paper places significant emphasis on the fundamental concept and essential characteristics of WBAN technology. First, the WBAN features, including architecture, sensor nodes types and network topology is presented. Then, the study explores a wide variety of communication standards and multiple access (MA) mechanism deployed in this technology. Moreover, it discusses open research and challenging issues such as heterogeneous traffic, quality of services (QoS), energy consumption, reliability, interference management, and human body movements effect. Finally, the paper is concluded, and future directions are identified in this evolving field of human health monitoring technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of Service (QoS) in networking is defined as the assurance or as a guarantee factor that the information is perfectly delivered in a communication link. As one of the promising novel in the next communication architecture is to have a coherence quality of service in a wireless hybrid network. However, these heterogeneous networks have various levels of QoS classes. WiFi, for example, has two classes of QoS, five classes in WiMAX while nine classes are in LTE. Since each system has a particular level of QoS classes, the motivation to have a persistent communication is a challenging task. In this paper, we investigate on details of the QoS in WiFi network first before proceed to the hybrid network. The QoS involve are real time polling service (rtPS) and Best Effort (BE). Thus, in this paper, we propose QoS table for WiFi network with the consideration of the user's application. We will evaluate the traffic outputs based on the application assigned to the end users. The propose structure will be analyzed using Opnet modeler simulation tool with the essential parameters which are throughput, delay and packet loss. The motive of this research is to have an optimize throughput, minimum amount of delay as well as zero tolerance on the packet loss. Therefore, a hybrid communication system benefited to all, especially for future user applications will be the significant from this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]