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INTRODUCTION The comparative assessment of different types of palatal rugae and lip prints with malocclusion could give us early evidence about the type of developing malocclusion. An early intervention could help achieve better orofacial structure. AIM To establish a correlation between different types of malocclusion with palatal rugae patterns and lip print patterns in children aged 6–12 years old. MATERIALS AND METHOD A total of 288 co-operative patients were selected and observed for patterns of palatal rugae using the Thomas and Kotze classification. Lip prints were recorded using the lipstick-cellophane technique and visualized using the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Malocclusion was compared with lip print and palatal rugae patterns. RESULTS The wavy type of palatal rugae pattern was predominant in Class I and II, while the curved type was most commonly seen in the Class III permanent molar relationship. The wavy type of palatal rugae pattern was predominant in Class I, and the curved type was seen more in Class II. Type II lip print pattern was observed in Class I, whereas Type IV lip print pattern was predominant in Class II, and Type V lip print pattern in Class III permanent molar relationship. The Type IV lip print pattern was seen in Class II, and Type II in Class I primary canine relationship. CONCLUSION No statistically significant correlation was found between dental malocclusion and palatal rugae pattern. A definite interpretation exists that lip print patterns offer many distinct advantages as a screening tool for malocclusion than palatal rugae patterns.

Introduction: Molar-incisor-hypomineralization has become a major thread of recent studies due to its role as a risk factor for dental caries but studies regarding the aetiology are limited. The knowledge of associated factors is desirable for the better understanding detecting and management of MIH in affected patients. Aim: To determine the salivary and plaque pH in 8–15-year-old children with and without MIH and to correlate it with caries severity in children with MIH. Materials and Method: 209 children aged 8-15 years were selected by stratified sampling. Hypo mineralised teeth and caries were assessed using EAPD criteria and ICDAS II criteria respectively. Salivary and plaque samples were collected and pH was determined. Results: Statistically significant difference in salivary pH was observed between the groups A1, A2, B, C and A,B,C( P = 0.001*). On pair wise comparison, significant differences were observed in all pairs of groups except group B and group A. Statistically significant difference in plaque pH was seen between the groups A2, C (P= 0.001*).On pair wise comparison, significant differences were seen in all pairs of groups except group A1,B and A,B. The ICDAS II criteria scores were significantly higher in MIH group. Conclusion: Statistically significant increase in caries severity and a fall in the mean salivary and plaque pH associated with Post-eruptive- breakdown in the MIH affected population was observed. Practical implications: Hypo mineralized lesions disguised by caries demanding, thus it’s important to take other factors such as salivary properties into consideration for a better understanding of the defect

Aim This retrospective study aimed to analyze dental traumatic injuries and their management in children up to 16 years of age. Materials and methods Records of the patients who sustained dental trauma from 2013 to 2018 were evaluated for age, gender, etiology, type of injuries, and their management. Children were divided into three groups-primary (0-5 years), mixed (6-11 years), and permanent dentition group (12-16 years). Dental trauma was assessed by Ellis and Davey's classification of tooth fracture along with other associated injuries. Results Total records of 466 children with 750 injured teeth (665 permanent and 85 primary) were evaluated. Males were reported twice as females. Fall was noted as the major etiological factor (93.1%). The highest frequency of dental trauma was observed in the permanent dentition group (54.7%). Ellis class IV fracture was the most common dental injury and maxillary central incisor was the most frequently injured tooth. Soft tissue injury was noted as the most commonly associated injury. Most of the dental traumatic injuries in permanent teeth were treated by root canal treatment while the majority of primary dentitions were managed by observation and wound care. Conclusion Ellis class IV fracture was noted as the most frequent type of dental injury and fall was a major etiological factor. The permanent dentition group of children was more affected and a male predominance was observed. Clinical significance The information gained from the present study would help in providing various preventive modalities to parents, caregivers, and teachers regarding these injuries in the future and also facilitate several new researches in this field. How to cite this article Patidar D, Sogi S, Patidar DC, et al. Traumatic Dental Injuries in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):506-511.

To study the effect of combination of chlorhexidine and Fluoride on the growth and colonization of cariogenic bacteria (Sixty children of age 6-14 years with mixed dentition andNo significant difference was seen in group I and II at the end of 1, 3, and 6 months (The concomitant use of chlorhexidine and fluoride varnish would prove to be more effective than individual components over a longer period of time and especially in high caries risk children.More VP, Hugar SM, Sogi S

Aim To provide diagnosis as well as differential diagnosis of dental fluorosis. Background Dental fluorosis is a developmental defect of enamel, due to consecutive exposures of tooth during the formative stage of development to the higher concentration of fluoride, resulting in enamel with lesser mineral content and enhanced porosity. Several epidemiological indices have been utilized for diagnosis and assessment of dental fluorosis on the basis of clinical appearance. Fluorosis of the deciduous teeth occurs less commonly and is milder than that of permanent teeth. Highlights The diagnostic difficulties are usually associated between fluorotic and nonfluoride opacities. A complete history of the clinical condition, teeth affected with specific areas, pattern of lesion, color and its method of detection are the few important diagnostic criteria for differentiating dental fluorosis from nonfluoride discolorations of the teeth. Conclusion This review article has enlightened the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dental fluorosis among various nonfluoride tooth discolorations. A correct diagnosis results in an appropriate and early management of dental fluorosis and plays an important role in oral epidemiology and public health.

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJ) is a condition affecting mastication, speech, appearance, and oral hygiene to a major extent. The disease is manifested by restriction to complete failure of the TMJ movement due to fibrous or bony union between the condylar head and glenoid fossa. This case report describes a case of a 13-year-old girl with inability to open the mouth along with fractured and discolored anterior teeth due to trauma. Patient was diagnosed as unilateral bony TMJ ankylosis left side and managed by surgical procedure interpositional arthroplasty followed by physiotherapy. Following satisfactory mouth opening, the required dental rehabilitation procedures were done. Combined efforts of pediatric dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeon with a detailed history, clinical and radiographic assessment helps in correct diagnosis and providing immediate surgical intervention along with the management of associated dental complications in order to reestablish physical and psychological health of the child patient. How to cite this article Patidar D, Fry RR, Sogi S, et al. Dental Rehabilitation Following Surgical Management of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(2):203–205.

Early childhood caries is like an epidemic, especially in the developing world, hence exploring its appropriate factors in causing the disease the need of the hour. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate social and behavioral determinants of early childhood caries within the region of Ambala, Haryana.The present survey elaborated oral examination among 398 study participants within the age group of 4-5 years. Carious tooth was recorded using Gruebbel's deft DEFT index using clean mouth mirror and probe. A questionnaire comprising 21 questions in English as well as Hindi was prepared. There was an interviewer who took the interview of parents or caregivers. The questionnaire consisted of questions which were aimed at gaining information regarding infants feeding practice, social factors, and dental health behavior. The results of the study were tabulated, and inferential statistics were applied using ANOVA test along with regression (multiple logistic) procedure.The occurrence of caries was affected by the behavioral factors such as breastfeeding habits, bottle feeding habits, age of beginning of solid foods in children. There was no influence of age of beginning of taking fluid from cup. Besides social factors like annual family income, education of mothers, age of mother at the time of birth of children, age of children, order of children in the family had a significant effect over the occurrence and severity and extent of caries. Factors such as gender of children and profession of mother did not have had a significant role in early childhood caries. Dental health habits such as tooth brushing frequency, brushing under supervision, frequency of toothbrushing, quantity of toothpaste used had a significant effect over the frequency, and acerbity of caries in early infanthood.It can be concluded from this study that there is a significant correlation between several social and behavioral determinants and early childhood caries.

To evaluate the clinical performance of high viscosity GIC sealant applied with or without additional light curing in children with early childhood caries (ECC).A split-mouth clinical trial was conducted in a total of 111 3- to 5-year-old children with ECC. 180 pairs of non-carious primary second molars were selected and divided into two groups: study and control. On the basis of the application technique, selected teeth in the study group were further allotted to group A (sealant application with additional light curing) and group B (sealant application without additional light curing). Caries incidence was observed for 1 year in the anatomical pits and grooves, along with sealant retention and marginal discolouration at various intervals over the 1-year period.Group A (GIC sealant with additional light curing) (44.2%) showed sealant retention similar to that of group B (GIC sealant without additional light curing) (43.0%) (p = 0.885). Caries incidence was significantly higher in the control group (26%) than the sealant groups (1%) (p0.001). No marginal discolouration adjacent to the sealant was observed in either anatomical grooves or pits in both sealant groups for the duration of the study.Retention and caries prevention by high-viscosity GIC sealant applied with or without additional light curing was found to be similar. At the 12-month assessment, mean dmfs scores and caries incidence in primary second molars were higher in the control than in both study groups.

A solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) is a rare anomaly that can occur alone or be associated with other systemic abnormalities. Early diagnosis of SMMCI is crucial as it might indicate the presence of an associated congenital or developmental abnormality. The prevalence of live-born children with SMMCI is determined to be 1:50,000 and is more common among females. The purpose of this paper was to report an unusual case of a 9-year-old girl with SMMCI who had no growth deficiency or any other systemic involvement. Since pediatricians and dentists are the first professionals to evaluate an SMMCI's patient in most cases, it is important that they be aware of the possibility of other related systemic problems that require systemic care. Appropriate treatment, diagnosis, and referral should also include neuropediatric evaluation, genetic testing, and craniofacial profile analysis along with multidisciplinary approach.

Background and Objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent diseases of childhood. Pediatric dentists must make conscious efforts to prevent this condition for optimal oral health. Normal salivary function is considered critical for the maintenance of a healthy oral cavity. Saliva provides an easily available, noninvasive medium for the diagnosis of wide range of diseases and clinical conditions. The objective of the present study was to estimate and compare salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels in caries-free children and children with ECC. Methodology: The children were divided into two groups. Group I comprised thirty caries-free children and Group II comprised thirty children with ECC. Saliva was collected by suction method. Griess reaction was used to estimate the NO levels. Unpaired t -test was used for comparing and evaluating the NO levels in both the groups. Results: Mean salivary Nitric Oxide level is significantly higher in caries free children as compared to that of children with early childhood caries (ECC). Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study clearly indicates a significant increase in salivary NO levels in caries-free children as compared to children with caries. This may be attributed to the antimicrobial action of NO.

Autogenous tooth transplantation is the surgical movement of tooth from one location in the mouth to another in the same individual. It is an excellent option with good functional and esthetic outcome for rehabilitating young patients with growing alveolar bone and replaces missing tooth with a natural tooth rather than a prosthesis or an osseointegrated implant. This case reports discusses a 9 years follow up of a successful autotransplantation case of third molar in place of first molar justifying autotransplantation to be a viable treatment option in present day implant dentistry practice.

The oral microflora primarily involved in early childhood caries (ECC) is Streptococcus mutans while Streptococcus sanguinis is related to healthy caries-free mouth. The antagonism between the two at biological level is well recognized.This study aims to compare the pre- and posttreatment salivary levels of S. mutans and S. sanguinis in ECC.This cross-sectional study was performed on 40 eligible participants. Clinical examination was done, and decayed teeth were recorded. Pre- and Posttreatment saliva sample was taken, processed and bacterial counts were compared.A statistically significant posttreatment reduction was found in S. mutans counts; however, a significant posttreatment elevation was seen in S. sanguinis counts (P0.001) using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A significant weak positive correlation was found between S. mutans and decayed teeth in the mouth (r = 0.366 and P = 0.028) using Spearman's correlation. No significant gender association was found between pre- and posttreatment S. mutans and S. sanguinis counts (P = 0.908) and also between decayed teeth (P = 0.321) using Mann-Whitney U-test.Complete dental treatment procedure showed significant reduction and elevation in S. mutans and S. sanguinis counts, respectively. A positive association was observed between S. mutans and ECC while S. sanguinis were positively associated with posttreatment oral environment.

Mesiodens is the most common form of supernumerary teeth. When mesiodens erupt in multiples, either labial or palatal to permanent central incisor, it presents a rare condition “Mesiodentes”. This case report demonstrates the presence of erupted double mesiodens giving an unaesthetic appearance in a non-syndromic 10-year-old male patient.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of propylene glycol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG 1000) against selected microorganisms in vitro. Materials and Methods: Five vehicles, namely propylene glycol, glycerine, PEG 400, PEG 1000, and combination of propylene glycol with PEG 400, were tested for their bactericidal activity. The minimum bactericidal concentration was noted against four standard strains of organisms, i.e. Streptococcus mutans American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25175, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 12598, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 35550, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, using broth dilution assay. Successful endodontic therapy depends upon thorough disinfection of root canals. In some refractory cases, routine endodontic therapy is not sufficient, so intracanal medicaments are used for proper disinfection of canals. Intracanal medicaments are dispensed with vehicles which aid in increased diffusion through the dentinal tubules and improve their efficacy. Among the various vehicles used, glycerine is easily available, whereas others like propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol have to be procured from appropriate sources. Also, these vehicles, being viscous, aid in sustained release of the medicaments and improve their handling properties. The most commonly used intracanal medicaments like calcium hydroxide are ineffective on many microorganisms, while most of the other medicaments like MTAD (Mixture of Tetracycline, an Acid, and a Detergent) and Triple Antibiotic Paste (TAP) consist of antibiotics which can lead to development of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms. Thus, in order to use safer and equally effective intracanal medicaments, newer alternatives like chlorhexidine gluconate, ozonized water, etc., are being explored. Similarly, the five vehicles mentioned above are being tested for their antimicrobial activity in this study. Results: All vehicles exhibited bactericidal activity at 100% concentration. Conclusion: Propylene glycol was effective against three organisms namely S. mutans E. faecalis and E. coli and its bactericidal activity was at 50%, 25% and 50% respectively. PEG 1000 was effective against S. mutans and E. coli at 25%. Hence propylene glycol was effective on more number of organisms of which E. faecalis is a known resistant species. PEG 1000 was bactericidal at a lower concentration but was effective on two organisms only.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the existing knowledge, attitude, and practices of “oral health care” in the prevention of early childhood caries (ECCs) among parents of children in Belagavi city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka. Institutional Ethical Clearance was obtained. The study was conducted during the month of April 2014 to October 2014 after taking prior informed consent from the 218 parents. Inclusion criteria were parents getting their children treated for dental caries and who were willing to participate. Parents who could not read and write were excluded from the study. The self-administered, close-ended questionnaire was written in English. It was then translated in local languages, i.e. Kannada and Marathi, and a pilot study was conducted on 10 parents to check for its feasibility and any changes if required were done. Results: The response rate was 100% as all 218 parents completed the questionnaire. Of 218 parents, 116 were mothers and 102 were fathers. The overall mean knowledge score was 69.5%. The overall mean attitude score was 53.5%. The overall attitude toward prevention of ECC was not in accordance to knowledge. The overall mean of “good” practices and “bad” practices score was 33.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Good knowledge and attitude toward oral health do not necessarily produce good practices.

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the relative antimicrobial effectiveness of these endodontic medicaments and various vehicles using an agar well diffusion assay. Materials and methods Double Antibiotic Paste(DAP), modified DAP, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate and their combination with four vehicles namely Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG), Propylene glycol (PG), combinations of PG with PEG and lastly Glycerine were tested using agar well diffusion assay. The minimum bactericidal concentration was noted against four standard strains of organisms ie Streptococcus mutans ATCC( American Type Culture Collection) 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12598, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 35550 and Eschericia coli ATCC 25922. Successful endodontic therapy depends upon thorough disinfection of root canals. In some refractory cases, routine endodontic therapy is not sufficient, so intracanal medicaments are used for proper disinfection of canals. Issues of resistance, limited spectrum of activity and lack of antifungal properties, the hunt for the ideal intracanal medicament continues. In this regard, the vehicles used to form the pastes play a supportive role by forming the appropriate consistency for placement and may dramatically influence their chemical characteristics like their solubility and diffusion. Thus, inorder to use safer and equally effective intracanal medicaments, Chlorhexidine gluconate is being unveiled in this study. Results The difference between the four vehicles when combined with the same endodontic medicament studied above is nonsignificant (NS) except against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Propylene glycol is significantly effective than Glycerine when used with DAP ie C+M medicament combination. (p = 0.029). Conclusion 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and modified DAP can definitely replace DAP and triple antibiotic paste as end-odontic medicaments with chlorhexidine having an added advantage of bactericidal action, substantivity, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and lesser chances of developing resistance. How to cite this article Nalawade TM, Bhat KG, Sogi S. Antimicrobial Activity of Endodontic Medicaments and Vehicles using Agar Well Diffusion Method on Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(4):335-341.

One of the most common developmental defects seen in south India is cleft lip and palate. Among them a few are associated with lip pits and termed as Vander Woude's syndrome. The early diagnosis of this rare syndrome is very necessary followed by a multidisciplinary approach. It is also necessary to differentiate this syndrome from the other syndromes which may present similar features. A case report of the same is presented here requiring a multidisciplinary approach for a functional and esthetically pleasing outcome.

This research paper primarily focuses on the importance of use of xylitol among school children. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the salivary and dental plaque pH changes after consumption of sugared and sugar-free (xylitol) chewing gums in children. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 school children were selected for this study and were divided into two equal groups and given both chewing gums for the experiment. Results: Children consuming the sugar-free (xylitol) chewing gum showed a marked increase in the pH of saliva and plaque when compared to their counterpart. All these values had a significant difference of P ≤ 0.0001. Conclusion: Xylitol is a safe all-natural sweetener which helps to reduce tooth decay. It plays a unique role in preventive strategies for better health.

Aim: This study compared the microleakage of light cure glass ionomer and flowable compomer as pit and fissure sealant, with and without tooth preparation. Materials and Methods: One hundred premolars that were extracted for orthodontic purpose were used. After adequate storage and surface debridement, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups. In Group I and III, the occlusal surfaces were left intact, while in Group II and Group IV, tooth surfaces were prepared. Teeth in Group I and Group II were sealed with Light cure glass ionomer, whereas flowable compomer was used to seal teeth in Group III and IV. The sealed teeth were then immersed in dye. Subsequently, buccolingual sections were made and each section was examined under stereomicroscope for microleakage followed by scoring. Results: In group I, microleakage score ranged from 2 to 4 with mean of 3.64 (±0.757), while in group II the range was observed to be 1-4 with mean of 2.88 (±1.236). Group III recorded a range of 0-4 with the mean of 2.20 (±1.443) while 0-2 and 0.60 (±0.707) being the range and mean observed, respectively, for group IV. Conclusion: Flowable compomer placed after tooth preparation showed better penetration and less marginal leakage than the light cure glass ionomer.

Odontomas are the most common type of odontogenic tumors and generally they are asymptomatic. They may interfere with the eruption of the teeth. This is a case report of an 11-year-old male, in which there was a failure of eruption of a primary cuspid and a permanent lateral incisor. A calcified mass was seen in the radiograph and diagnosed as composite compound odontoma, following which it was enucleated. The canine and lateral incisor completely erupted after 1.5 years. This case report indicates that early diagnosis and treatment ensures better prognosis.