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Grading and classifying fruits are critical due to automated machine learning systems. In computer vision, different fruits have large complexity and similarity to identify the fruit types. In this study, we developed an efficient and reliable fruit grading system. It is very difficult to classify fruits from images with established conventional approaches. We used a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) methodology involving comparing a custom-built CNN and the VGG pre-trained models. In the research results, the VGG model accuracy is of 99.98 percent. This research proved the effectiveness of the deep model in the challenges of fruit classification and set a foundation for its application in automated grading systems.

Abstract Ecotourism is an important link between environmental conservation and poverty alleviation, as it generates income, empowers local communities, and provides educational benefits. This study focuses on the Lolab Valley in the remote Himalayan regions, emphasising its potential as one of India's premier sustainable tourism destinations. The primary goal of this study is to look into the future development of ecotourism in the area and to understand local perceptions and awareness of sustainable tourism between 2020 and 2023. To accomplish this, fieldwork was carried out that involved focus groups and semi-structured interviews, enabling a thorough investigation of the viewpoints of locals on sustainable tourism. To create a baseline understanding of the different types of tourism in the area, such as mountain, water, culinary, heritage, ethnographic, and creative tourism, the qualitative data that were gathered were examined. Based on our findings, travellers strongly favour sustainable travel over mass tourism. In particular, the option that participants preferred the most was mountain tourism (44%), followed by heritage tourism (20%), anthropological tourism (14%), water tourism (13%), and creative tourism (9%). This suggests that the community has undergone a substantial change in favour of sustainable tourism practices. This study demonstrates the significance of sustainable tourism over mass tourism and underscores the strong support of the local community for sustainable initiatives. Furthermore, it underscores the role of shared economies in mitigating poverty in the region. The Lolab Valley can make the most of its natural resources and maintain the welfare of its communities by promoting sustainable tourism.

Bioretention systems can efficiently eliminate microplastics (MPs) from stormwater and prevent their potential pollution in surface water. However, MPs dynamics in bioretention systems and their effects on microbes, plants, and organics removal are unknown. In this study, five lab-scale bioretention columns (i.e., control and four treatments) were established and filled with soil and fillers (zeolite and ceramsite). Various sorbents were utilized in columns, including biochar, kaolin and kaolin-biochar (KBC) composites for MPs adsorption. This study examines how biochar/kaolin amendment affects MPs and organics (COD and TOC) removal, plant health, and microbial community structure in bioretention systems. In the 60-day time-series column experiment, all amended columns removed over 90% of MPs compared to the control. The biochar, kaolin and their combined composite eliminated MPs by 90%, 94%, and 97%, respectively. Adding vegetation to the columns improved MPs removal. Moreover, bioretention systems were more effective in removing MPs ranging from 0.6 to 1 mm with a 71% removal rate than MPs ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 mm, resulting in a 54% removal. Organics were removed contrarily in the soil and filler layer of the bioretention system, with the soil layer removal higher due to increased microbial activity. The removal rate of total organic carbon was higher (90%) than that of chemical oxygen demand (80%). The most dominant phylum of the bacteria in the soil of treatment columns were Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota, which constituted 16‐27% and 41‐58%, respectively. While the dominant phylum in that of fillers were Bacteroidota and Firmicutes, which constituted 18‐42% and 42‐65%, respectively. The maximum microbial enrichment was observed in the biochar and KBC vegetated columns. This work advances our understanding of the complex dynamics between microplastics and organic matter in stormwater and how, individually and in combination, vegetation, biochar, and kaolin vegetation, biochar, and kaolin, individually and in combination, enhance bioretention systems' effectiveness in managing multiple pollutants.

This work intended to study differences in oil yield and co-extraction of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds of Nigella sativa L. seed oil as a function of two main extraction processes: mechanical pressing and solvent extraction, including hexane and chloroform. Next, we studied such oils’ chemical composition and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Notably, the chemical cartelization was conducted by use of HPLC. The antioxidant activity of the oils was assessed using DPPH, TAC, and FRAP assays. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against bacteria and fungi with clinical importanceT. HPLC-DAD analysis identified some bioactive compounds in the oils, including thymoquinone, carvacrol, and gallic acid. Results showed that oils extracted by different methods exhibit varying levels of antioxidant activity, with a higher concentration of antioxidant compounds in chloroform-extracted oils. Antimicrobial tests revealed significant inhibitory effects of the studied oils on the growth of bacteria and fungi. In conclusion, this research has made it possible to characterize the oils extracted from Nigella sativa L. Seeds by determining their chemical composition and biological properties, notably their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. These results contribute to a better understanding of the potential benefits of these oils for human health and open up exciting prospects for their use in various fields, notably as food additives and therapeutic agents.

A 23-year-old nonsmoking, female was sent to respiratory medicine department with suspicion of malignant intrathoracic lesion. The diagnosis was confirmed by performing Computed tomography of thorax. Suspicion for Benign posterior mediastinal schwannoma was raised as it is one of the most common posterior mediastinal mass. Complete resection of the mass was done & findings were confirmed by histopathological examination. We present here a case of posterior mediastinal schwannoma who presented with complaints of left-sided anhidrosis, headache, frequent tingling sensation & weakened hand grip for 4 years. To study the clinical presentation, course of progression, diagnosis & management of posterior mediastinal schwannoma. A case of posterior mediastinal schwannoma was studied with regular investigations, surgical management & follow-up. The patient recovered with complete resolution & uneventful postoperative period. In the list of common differential diagnoses for posterior mediastinal masses neurogenic tumors acquire the top position. Currently, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is the technique of choice for the diagnosis and treatment of benign posterior mediastinal masses as it is less invasive& has fewer complications. Survival rates for patients with benign neurogenic tumors are excellent. The benign posterior mediastinal schwannoma is completely resectable with less recurrence.

Purpose – Micro-enterprises, like any other business entity, face financing challenges. However, micro-enterprises often cannot access financial institutions as they cannot fulfill the conditions to obtain financing facilities from a formal financial institution. As such, they have to rely on family or friends for financing needs. The most critical challenge faced in this regard to Muslim micro-enterprises is finding out a way in which family and friends could give a financial helping hand without the involvement of riba (interest). At the same time, the person giving the financing can enjoy a profit. This paper aims to propose the Tawarruq Fardi Financing (TFF) model that Islamic micro-enterprises could use to fulfill their financial needs. It becomes a solution when obtaining financing from friends and family or any other third party who could be a private investor who does not want to engage in an equity relationship. Design/methodology/approach – This study adopts a qualitative research methodology, combining descriptive and content analysis using the inductive reasoning approach. Findings – The paper's outcome shows that the proposed TFF could assist Islamic micro-enterprises in obtaining Shariah-compliant financing without engaging in an equity partnership. It allows them to fulfill their financing needs bearing in mind the interest of both parties involved in the transaction. Originality/value – This research will assist Islamic micro-enterprises to find out a Shariah-compliant financing facility from family, friends and any other private investors without entering into an equity relationship. The proposed model would be a Shariah-compliant alternative to interest-free loans and engaging in an equity relationship for the sake of getting benefits for both parties involved in the transaction.

Acute parotitis is a rare condition in young infants and is characterized by swelling of the parotid gland associated with fever and pain. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative agent of this disease. Prevalence is higher in males. We describe the case of a 55-day-old Asian female infant who presented in the emergency department with complaints of fever, reluctance to feed, and irritability with unremarkable examination. During hospitalization pre-auricular edema was observed bilaterally close to the angle of the jaw along with signs of inflammation, greater on the right side. Ultrasound findings showed parotid gland enlargement and blood culture report was positive for Streptococcus pyogenes. Antibiotic treatment with injectable Vancomycin was given for 7 days and the patient had rapid recovery in terms of both symptom improvement and reduction of glandular swelling. This case illustrates the need for consideration of this disease in infants and its likelihood in both genders and emphasizes the early institution of appropriate therapy of acute parotitis for faster recovery and prevention of complications. There is much data on acute parotitis in adolescents but due to the paucity of data in young infants, there is a need to investigate further the causes and treatment of this disease in infants.

Abstract Wetland ecosystems are vital for both biodiversity and communities that depend on them. The Ligawasan Marsh in the southern part of the Philippines is one of the most threatened wetlands in the country. Apart from increasing anthropogenic development, wetlands have faced warfare-driven threats that have hindered research and conservation efforts in the area for many decades. Our study is the first to investigate the patterns of physicochemical parameters, patterns of land use cover, and the relationship between land use change and marshland environmental status. We also developed the Marshland Impact Area (MARia) index to assess the potential impact contributions of the surrounding towns. We found a strong negative correlation between dissolved oxygen (DO) and indicators of pollution such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and heavy metals. Interestingly, we observed elevated levels of phosphate and mercury at all sampling sites in the Ligawasan Marsh. Our landscape-level modelling showed that these elevated levels are associated with expanding croplands and urbanisation surrounding the marsh. We found that the potential impact contribution of cropland and urbanisation from surrounding towns of the Ligawasan Marsh varied significantly, suggesting the importance of implementing local policies to reduce land use change impacts. With the current yet remaims limited knowledge and beyond safe pollution levels in the Ligawasan Marsh, it is crucial to implement collaborative and science-based governance to integrate conservation initiatives with the priorities of global targets, such as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to Ligawasan Marsh conservation.

Abstract Background Immigrant populations, especially women, continue facing challenges in accessing quality healthcare, particularly sexual and reproductive health services (SRH). Poor cultural competent health systems contribute to communication challenges between immigrant women and healthcare providers perpetuating health disparities. This exploratory study describes these communication barriers from the perspective of Moroccan and Pakistani immigrant women and healthcare providers within the Catalan health system and its implications to ensure an equitable provision of SRH services. Methods An exploratory-descriptive qualitative study was conducted in various municipalities of Barcelona with high concentration of immigrants. Eight focus groups (N = 51) and semi-structured interviews (N = 22) with Moroccan and Pakistani immigrant women were combined with key informant interviews (N = 13) with healthcare professionals. Thematic analysis and data triangulation were performed primarily using an inductive approach. Results Language barriers and cultural differences in health needs, expectations, care-seeking behaviours and understanding of quality healthcare provision hindered the ability of immigrant women and providers to interact effectively. Limited availability of intercultural mediators and inadequate cultural competence training opportunities for health staff were also identified. Findings suggest a lack of minority representation in the Catalan health workforce and leadership roles. Conclusion This study reinforces the evidence of persistent inequities in accessing healthcare among immigrant populations by focusing on the cultural competence barriers of the Catalan health system in the provision and access to SRH services. The regularization of adequately trained intercultural mediators, quality training in cultural competence for health staff and a commitment to increase workforce diversity would contribute to improve intercultural communication between immigrant patients and providers. An urgent call to action in this direction is needed to ensure an equitable access to SRH services among immigrant women.

Linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation operators are a novel idea for the description of intuitionistic fuzzy information, where linguistic complex concepts are used to describe membership and non-membership. This can convey the hazy information more clearly, and some findings on linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation operators have been attained. Nonetheless, several linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation operators in the literature are founded on conventional operational principles, which have certain limitations when used to multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM). In this study, we presented some improved operating rules based on linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy variables (LCIFVs) and changed their features to address these issues. Next, we created a few aggregation operators, such as the enhanced linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy weighted average (LCIFWA) and the linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted averaging (LCIFOWA) operator, to fuse the decision information represented by LCIFVs. We also demonstrated that they had a few favorable qualities. We introduced many novel approaches to address the MAGDM issues in the context of the linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy environment, based on the LCIFOWA and linguistic complex intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted geometric (LCIFOWG) operators. In short, we employed few real-world scenarios to demonstrate the viability and soundness of the suggested techniques through comparison with other approaches. This unique technique has been applied to plastic waste management selection, and the results are more accurate than the previously used materials and methods.

Background and Aim: Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is a significant concern in poultry farming, leading to substantial economic losses worldwide. In Pakistan, poultry is a major component of the agricultural sector, with both broiler and egg-laying chickens playing crucial roles in meeting the country’s protein needs. Despite the importance of the poultry industry, there is limited data on prevalence and species distribution of Eimeria in different types of chickens in District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and determine the distribution of Eimeria species in broiler and egg-laying chickens in this region. Materials and Methods: Nine hundred fecal samples were collected from broiler (380) and egg-laying domestic chickens (520) in District Swabi, Pakistan. Microscopic analysis was used to identify Eimeria parasites in all samples. After microscopic examination for positive identification, Eimeria species were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Results: Microscopic examination identified Eimeria oocysts in 44.4% (400/900) of the samples. Eimeria parasite infection significantly varied based on chicken type, age, and gender (p < 0.05). The study found that broiler chickens (52.63%, 235/450), young chickens (4–6 weeks) (55.5%, 285/500), and females (52.2%, 200/380) were more infected with Eimeria spp. than egg-laying domestic chickens (38.5%, 200/520), adults (above 6 weeks) (28.8%), and males (36.7%, 165/450). PCR indicated a distribution rate of 42.5% (170/400) Eimeria tenella, 26.25% (105/400) Eimeria acervulina, 20% (80/400) Eimeria maxima, and 11.25% (45/400) Eimeria mitis. None of Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, or Eimeria praecox was found in the study. Conclusion: This study underlines the essential requirement for targeted interventions due to the prevalence and predominance of E. tenella among identified Eimeria species. Future research should focus on refined sampling strategies and investigate the clinical significance of these parasites for effective disease management in the local poultry industry.

Abstract Group action is defined to support Cayley’s claim that every group is isomorphic to a suitable subgroup of a symmetric group. Group actions have a wide range of applications, including the analysis of symmetries of geometric objects and algorithms and cryptographic systems. In 1965, Zadeh introduced the concept of fuzzy sets and provided a mathematical formulation for various concepts in this area. Since then, the concept of fuzziness has been integrated into several branches of mathematics to address the uncertainties of real-life scenarios. This article introduces the concept of group action in a fuzzy environment, termed fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -subacts. The study provide the concept of fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -orbits and fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -stabilizers and clearly outlines fuzzy permutation representations of $$\mathcal {G}$$ G and fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -morphisms. The research findings significantly contributes to the understanding of fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -congruences and fuzzy quotient $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -subacts with the help of fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -partitions. This approach not only refines the underlying theories but also opens up new possibilities for practical implementation. Thus, the study demonstrates how the more complex fuzzy theory can expand and enrich the mathematical structures of abstract algebra, making them highly applicable.

Abstract This research purpose was focused to document the traditional ethnobotanical knowledge (TEK) associated with important wild plants and indigenous communities residing in mountainous zone of District Sudhnoti of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan and to determine their conservation status with suggestions and recommendations to protect and propagate the rare and endangered wild flora of the area for sustainable use. The data regarding traditional ethnomedicines (TEMs) and phytogeography with conservation analysis of wild plants were collected via structured and semi structured interviews of 150 participants belonging to various professions and of both genders. Prior consent and permission were obtained from family heads and from all the participants, and the data were shared with all the informants through the local female translator guide. To validate the collected data, various microstatistical tools, such as the informant consensus factor (ICF), fidelity level (FL) and data matrix ranking (DMR) were used. The relative frequency of citations (RFC) and rank order of popularity (ROP) were also calculated to determine and authenticate the relative importance of TEMs which may be further studied in future research and used for drug discovery. In the present study, 150 locally important plants belonging to 69 families were documented, and the Rosaceae was the most dominant and prevalent family. The results indicated that many locally important plants have multiple uses such as food, medicine, fodder, shelter, ornamental and fuel. The TEMs obtained from these plants have been known to be useful for curing various infirmities such as flu, renal disorders, fever, malaria, cough, migraine, whooping cough, influenza, skin rashes, allergies, stomach aches, wounds and bruises, diabetes, tumours and joint pains. The ICF analysis revealed that renal calculus, malaria, fever, whooping cough, rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis were prevalent infirmities of the mountainous area. The FL analysis indicated the popularity of these plants used in various TEMs and among these Artemisia maritima and Berberis lycium were the most common. The DMR indicated that Pinus roxburghii was the most common species being used for multipurpose by the indigenous communities. The highest use value index was found for Indigofera linifolia. The relative frequency of citations was calculated to determine the importance of plants in traditional ethnomedicine, highlighting Morus nigra, Pinus wallichiana, and Rosa indica as significant species. The Jaccard index indicated a high level of novelty in the research which can be exploited for neo-drug discovery and drug development. In conclusion, this study has successfully documented the ethnobotanically and ethnomedicinally important plants in District Sudhnoti, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The findings of this research contribute to the preservation and documentation of cultural heritage, as well as provide a foundation for further studies in ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and biodiversity conservation efforts for sustainable provision of wild flora to the indigenous communities which will also assist in combating drasting climatic changes.

Background: Rescue workers, including firefighters, paramedics, and emergency responders, often face high levels of stress due to the nature of their work. This stress can be attributed to exposure to traumatic events, long working hours, and the pressure to make critical decisions in emergencies. Social support plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of occupational stress and hence helps in maintaining a good quality of life. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between occupational stress, social support, and quality of life among rescue workers and to determine the moderating role of social support in the relationship between occupational stress and quality of life among rescue workers. Methods: A purposive sample of 170 young adults with an age range of 22-30 years (M = 31.7, SD = 5.05) were taken from different Rescue Stations in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Occupational Stress Inventory, Pro-Quality of Life Scale, and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale were used to assess the sample. Pearson product-moment correlation and moderation through multiple hierarchical regression analyses were run to test the hypotheses. Results: Results showed a positive relationship between occupational stress, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress among rescue workers. Further, it is found that compassion satisfaction is positive, and burnout and secondary traumatic stress domains of quality of life are negatively related to social support. Moreover, occupational stress negatively predicted the burnout and secondary traumatic stress domains of quality of life indicating higher occupational stress linked with higher burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The results also showed a significant positive interaction effect of occupational stress and support from significant others in predicting secondary traumatic stress among rescue workers. Conclusion: The study will contribute to the field of emergency services in depth. The findings will help the rescue administration to improve the quality of life of rescue workers.

The number of multi-drug-resistant bacteria has increased over the last few decades, which has caused a detrimental impact on public health worldwide. In resolving antibiotic resistance development among different bacterial communities, new antimicrobial agents and nanoparticle-based strategies need to be designed foreseeing the slow discovery of new functioning antibiotics. Advanced research studies have revealed the significant disinfection potential of two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D NMs) to be severed as effective antibacterial agents due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review covers the current research progress of 2D NMs-based antibacterial strategies based on an inclusive explanation of 2D NMs' impact as antibacterial agents, including a detailed introduction to each possible well-known antibacterial mechanism. The impact of the physicochemical properties of 2D NMs on their antibacterial activities has been deliberated while explaining the toxic effects of 2D NMs and discussing their biomedical significance, dysbiosis, and cellular nanotoxicity. Adding to the challenges, we also discussed the major issues regarding the current quality and availability of nanotoxicity data. However, smart advancements are required to fabricate biocompatible 2D antibacterial NMs and exploit their potential to combat bacterial resistance clinically.

Objective: To evaluate the role of preoperative bathing with chlorhexidine solution in reducing surgical site infections among women undergoing obstetric and gynecological operative procedures. Results: Surgical site infection rate (SSI) was significantly low in preoperative bathing with chlorhexidine group 1 (0.32%) as compared to non-bathing group 2 (1.89%). The clinical characteristics like diabetes, emergency and previous surgery patients showed statistically significant SSI rate in patients who did not take bath as compared to bath group. Conclusion: Our study showed that chlorhexidine pre-operative bath is safe for SSI prevention. however further research analysis is required for its role in clean surgery before implementing it in health policy especially in developing countries.

Introduction: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a chronic, severe, recurrent and bilateral seasonal allergic conjunctivitis causing vision threatening complications for which drugs like topical corticosteroids and cyclosporine are required for severe inflammation. Aims &Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of topical cyclosporine, dexamethasone and loteprednol in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore from 1st December 2019 to 30th June 2020. Materials & Methods: A randomized controlled trial in which one hundred and fifty patients of VKC (vernal keratoconjunctivitis) were enrolled in which 50 were from cyclosporine group, 50 were from dexamethasone group and 50 were from loteprednol group. Detailed ocular and systemic histories were recorded followed by ocular examination including recording of visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, slit lamp examination of anterior segment and fundoscopy. Results: The mean ages of the patients were 18.12±7.76 years, 17.02±7.22 years and 17.50±7.22 years in cyclosporine, dexamethasone and loteprednol groups respectively. At 1st week, in cyclosporine, dexamethasone and loteprednol groups the mean intraocular pressures of patients were 16.09±1.44 mmHg, 16.39±1.37 mmHg and 16.69±1.46 mmHg respectively (P=0.114). Similarly at 6th months follow-up in cyclosporine, dexamethasone and loteprednol groups, the mean intraocular pressure of patients was 16.09±1.44 mmHg, 17.26±1.13 mmHg and 16.67±1.44 mmHg respectively (P=0.000). Posterior subcapsular opacity of lens was observed in one case in dexamethasone group while in both other groups no posterior subcapsular opacity of lens occurred. Conclusion: Cyclosporine is a safe and effective drug as compared to dexamethasone and loteprednol in treating vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Background Acacia nilotica is a multipurpose plant known for its remedial properties but the antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activity of its pods remained unexplored. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activity of n-hexane (ANPH) and methanol (ANPM) extracts of pods to scientifically validate their medicinal claims. Methods After the pharmacognostic evaluation of pods, in vitro tests were carried out to estimate phenolic and flavonoid content and antimicrobial potential. In vivo experiments involved testing of both extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg) paracetamol (PCM)-induced hepatotoxicity model in rats. The molecular docking studies explored insights into the potential binding capabilities of the ligands with the specific target proteins. Results ANPH and ANPM were enriched with phenols and flavonoids and showed antimicrobial effects. In the hepatoprotective test, the rats chronically treated with extracts had a dose-dependent hepatoprotection as markers of liver functionality were notably reduced ( P < 0.05). The in silico studies revealed strong binding interactions of ergost-5-en-3-ol and oxiranyl methyl ester 9-octadecenoic acid with target proteins for antibacterial activity and hepatoprotective activity, respectively. Conclusion The antimicrobial and hepatoprotective potential of pods might be due to their phenols and flavonoids. The Pyrogallol, Ergost-5-en-3-and 9-octadecenoic acid might be bringing these remedial benefits through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Nowadays, waste discharge and contaminants in drinking water have emerged as a significant global problem. Therefore, it is necessary to remove these pollutants from the water and photocatalysis is the best technique for this purpose. The co-precipitation technique was employed to produce NiMn2O4 and ZnMn2O4 and a photocatalyst containing NiMn2O4/ZnMn2O4 heterostructure nanocomposite. Various analytical techniques have been ascribed to examine the physical, morphological and optical features of the fabricated catalysts. XRD diffraction peak patterns were utilized to confirm the presence of cubic NiMn2O4, tetragonal ZnMn2O4 and NiMn2O4/ZnMn2O4 phases in a nanocomposite. In photodegradation tests, the nanocomposite catalyst outperformed the individual catalysts. After 60 minutes of visible light exposure, this nanocomposite catalyst eliminated the methylene blue (MB) dye, attaining substantially higher degradation rates than pure NiMn2O4 (66%) and ZnMn2O4 (77%). The nanocomposite catalyst was highly effective against methylene blue (MB) dye with a degradation efficiency of 92%.

AbstractA productive and positive workplace culture is essential to gaining positive organizational work outcomes. At the same time, counterproductive work behaviour in Punjab has been observed as a prevailing negative behaviour that hinders positive workplace behaviour. Counterproductive work behaviour works against organizational goals and is considered one of the negative sides of organizational behaviour. The current research tested the influence of abusive supervision on counterproductive work behaviour with the mediating role of Transactional and relational psychological contract breach. However, this research has also tested Resilience as a moderator-mediator between abusive supervision and the two forms of psychological contract breach. The hypothesized associations among variables were tested through the primary quantitative research method. Convenience sampling under non-probability sampling approach was implemented. Data was collected from 350 Punjab civil secretaries’ employees. Three hundred twelve screened and cleaned data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Results declared that Abusive supervision significantly impacts counterproductive work behavior, whereas the mediation moderation of Relational psychological contract breach among all variables has resulted in being insignificant. The mediation of Relational psychological contract breach between Abusive supervision and counterproductive work behavior was significant, while the mediation of Transactional psychological contract breach between Abusive supervision and counterproductive work behavior was insignificant. Resilience resulted as an insignificant mediator moderator in this model The research holds various theoretical and practical implications, and the research limitations have also been addressed.

AbstractWith the presence of negative organizational behaviors, not only is the employee’s productivity and job satisfaction affected, but the entire organizational performance of employees also declines. Workplace ostracism affects employees’ psychological well-being by fostering exhaustion of their emotional, psychological, and material resources, significantly influencing counterproductive work behavior. The present research also addresses the emerging negative workplace behaviors by studying the mediation of transactional and relational psychological contract breaches. The research has adopted a ‘quantitative research design’ followed by a survey approach to collect data from Pakistan’s healthcare sector employees. 420 questionnaires were disbursed among employees, of which 350 were received back, and 332 questionnaires were finalized after data cleaning and screening. Smart-Pls was used to analyze data and assess the association among different variables. Different tests were performed including the descriptive summary, validity (convergent and discriminant), model fitness and path analysis. Results indicated that WOC significantly impacts CWB. RPCB also significantly influences the CWB. TPCB insignificantly effects CWB and WOC significantly influences RPCB and TPCB. Mediation of TPS has been insignificant, whereas the mediation of RPS has resulted as significant. The present research holds considerable theoretical and practical importance as it provides practical insights to the managerial bodies of the healthcare sector in Pakistan to make strategies for vanishing such counterproductive work behaviors of employees that damage the morale and mental peace of other workers. The limitations of this research have also been addressed in the last section.

Climate change poses significant challenges to the Himalayas, a region characterised by its fragile ecosystems and vulnerable communities dependent on environmental resources. Accurate climate data are crucial for understanding regional climatic variations and assessing climate change impacts, particularly in areas with limited observational networks. This study represents a pioneering effort in evaluating climatic fluctuations in the Jhelum basin, located in the North Western Himalayas, by utilising a diverse range of gridded meteorological datasets (APHRODITE, CHIRPS, CRU, and IMDAA) alongside observed climate data from the Indian Meteorological Department. The primary goal is to identify the most effective gridded climate data product for regions with limited data and to explore the potential of combining gridded data sets with observed data to understand climatic variability. Findings indicate a consistent upward trend in temperature across all datasets, with varying rates of increase. CRU records a rise of 1 °C in Tmax and 1.6 °C in Tmin, while APHRODITE shows a Tmean increase of approximately 1 °C. IMDAA reports increases in Tmax and Tmin. Observed mean annual Tmax and Tmin show net increases of 1 °C and 0.6 °C, respectively. Regarding precipitation, all datasets except IMDAA exhibit an increasing trend, contrary to observed data, which decreases from 1266 mm to 1068 mm over 40 years. CHIRPS, CRU, and APHRODITE display increasing trends, while IMDAA aligns closely with observed data but tends to overestimate precipitation by about 30%. Our research identifies IMDAA as the most suitable gridded climate data for the Jhelum basin in the North-western Himalayas. Despite some discrepancies in precipitation trends, IMDAA closely aligns with observed data, providing valuable insights for scholars and policymakers navigating climate data uncertainties in complex environments. Our findings contribute to informed decision-making and effective climate change mitigation strategies in the region.

Malaria is a significant public health challenge in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), with a high prevalence and mortality rate, particularly among children under five years old. This study examines the impact of malaria in eastern DR Congo, where armed conflict and humanitarian crises have resulted in overcrowded refugee and internally displaced persons (IDP) camps, exacerbating malaria transmission. Malnutrition, limited access to healthcare, and poor living conditions makes children under the age of five particularly vulnerable. Despite attempts by organizations such as the World Health Organization and various non-governmental organizations to supply insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs, implementation in refugee camps is impeded by war, resource constraints, and insufficient healthcare facilities. A focused elimination approach that includes integrated vector control, enhanced diagnostic access, healthcare professional training, and community engagement is critical. Surveillance and research are critical for determining malaria prevalence and resistance patterns. Effective malaria treatment in refugee camps necessitates broad strategies to protect vulnerable children and lower disease burdens.

The impact of nickel (Ni) metal toxicity, on public health was assessed analyzing forage samples (Acacia nilotica, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Capparis decidua and Medicago sativa), soils and blood samples of cow, buffalo and sheep (blood plasma, fecal, and hair) collected from three different agro-ecological zones and analyzed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that nickel values differed in soil samples ranging from 4.49 to 9 to 25 mg/kg, in forages from 3.78 to 9.53 mg/kg and in animal samples from 0.65 to 2.42 mg/kg. Nickel concentration, in soil and forage samples, was below the permitted limits. Soil with the minimum nickel level was found under C. decidua while the maximum concentration was reached under the A. nilotica. Among the animals, nickel was maximum in buffaloes that grazed on the Z. mays fodder. Ni was more accumulated in feces than other body tissues. The sheep and buffaloes showed high vulnerability to Ni pollution due to the highest contamination levels at site II and III. Bioconcentration factor, pollution load index and enrichment factor were found to be higher in buffaloes than cows, respectively. The daily intake and health risk index ranged from 0.0056 to 0.0184 mg/kg/day and 0.186–0.614 mg/kg/day respectively. In short, the results of this study evidenced that Nickel-containing fertilizers should never not be used to grow forage species. Government should to lessen the toxic metal accessibility to animals. Although general values were lower than the admitted limit, nickel can be accumulated and the consume of food containing nickel can increase health risks. General monitoring of soil and vegetation pollution load, as well as the use of other non-conventional water like canal water for forage irrigation could be a sustainable solution to decrease the access of nickel in the food chain.

Introduction: There is a necessity of Pakistani (Urdu) translation and validation of Breast self-examination (BSE) self-efficacy scale to access high- risk women confidence in doing self-examination of breast as screening measures. The study aim is to translate and validate breast self-examination self-efficacy scale in Pakistani high-risk women. Methodology: The 12 items BSE Self-Efficacy scale was translated and validated by using Brislin (1970) and Sperber (2004) methodology. Psychometric properties of Pakistan version BSE Self-Efficacy scale were assessed among 120 women from oncology department of the tertiary care hospital in Pakistan selected with simple random sampling. CFA (Confirmatory factor analysis) was done for measuring the construct validity and reliability was assessed by Cronbach alpha coefficient. Demographics characteristics were analysed by descriptive statistics with SPSS and Mplus software was used for CFA. Results: The translated version showed semantic equivalence to the original English version. CFA results indicated that all 12 items were consistent with a unidimensional scale (χ2=464.3, p > .05, df=54, RMSEA =.025, CFI=.965, TLI=.913, SRMR=.062), Cronbach’s α value .96, demonstrating high reliability. Conclusion: The twelve-item BSE self-efficacy scale Pakistani version established appropriate translation, validity and reliability in measuring confidence of doing BSE.

BackgroundChildhood obesity is a significant public health issue with far-reaching implications. The World Health Organization reported that in 2020, around 38 million children under five were overweight or obese globally, and in 2016, 340 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 were affected. In Pakistan, the situation is alarming; 66.9% of school-going children in Punjab were overweight, and 5.8% were obese in 2022. This study explores mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding childhood obesity in Pakistan and identifies factors contributing to this epidemic. Maternal perspectives are crucial as they significantly influence children’s dietary habits, physical activity, and attitudes toward food and body image.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2023 to January 2024 at four medical centers: Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College Hospitals Karachi, Baqai Medical University Karachi, and Nishtar Medical University Multan. The study included 191 mothers with children aged 5 to 15 years. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceptions of childhood obesity. IBM-SPSS version 26.0 was used for data analysis, employing statistical tests like Kruskal-Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, Spearman, or Kendall Tau correlation to examine associations.ResultsAmong the 191 mothers, 48.7% had education beyond intermediate, and 86.9% were housewives. The children’s BMI distribution showed that 27.7% were obese and 21.5% overweight. Mothers had moderate knowledge (60.5%) about childhood obesity; 75.4% recognized its long-term health risks, and 62.8% associated it with diabetes. Attitudes were generally positive, with a 78.5% average score. Most mothers (73.8%) believed obesity could be controlled and had healthy practices (70.1% average score). However, 96.9% reported witnessing stigmatization of obese children, and 79.6% felt pressured by relatives about their child’s weight.ConclusionThe findings indicate that while Pakistani mothers have moderate knowledge and positive attitudes toward childhood obesity, their practices are influenced by educational and socioeconomic factors. Addressing these disparities, enhancing public health initiatives, and mitigating stigmatization could improve childhood obesity management in Pakistan.

Abstract This study investigates the influence of small control cylinders on the fluid dynamics around a square cylinder using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Varying the gaps (L) between the main and control cylinders from 0 to 6, four distinct flow regimes are identified: the solo body regime (SBR), shear layer reattachment (SLR), suppressed fully developed flow (SFDF), and intermittent shedding (IS). The presence of control cylinders results in significant reductions in flow-induced forces, with drag coefficient (CD) and root mean square values of drag and lift coefficients (CD rms and CL rms ) decreasing by approximately 31%, 90%, and 81%, respectively. The SFDF flow regime exhibits the lowest fluid forces compared to other regimes. The effects of tiny control cylinders on the fluid flow characteristics of a square cylinder are examined using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) in this research work. The gaps (L) between the main and control cylinders are varied in the range from 0 to 6. The size of each control cylinder is equal to one-fifth of the primary cylinder. According to the findings, there are four distinct flow regimes as the gap spacing varies: solo body regime (SBR), shear layer reattachment (SLR), suppressed fully developed flow (SFDF), and intermittent shedding (IS) for gap spacing ranges 0 ≤ L ≤ 0.2, 0.3 ≤ L ≤ 0.9, 1 ≤ L ≤ 3, and 3.2 ≤ L ≤ 6, respectively. Additionally, it has been noted that the amplitude of variable lift force is reduced when the gap separation between the main and control cylinders is increased. When compared to solo cylinder values, it is found that the presence of small control cylinders in the flow field results in a considerable reduction of flow-induced forces. The SFDF flow regime was determined to have the lowest fluid forces compared to the other flow regimes studied. Our findings highlight the efficacy of small control cylinders in mitigating flow-induced forces and controlling flow characteristics. The LBM proves to be a valuable computational technique for such fluid flow problems.

Introduction: Children who are born with disability, more so intellectual disability are dependant on their parents for their daily needs. The presence of disabled child in the family adds to the caregiver burden which may read to emotional distress manifesting as anger, depression, stigma, etc. The study aimed to assess both the positive and negative impacts of having a disabled child in the family on caregivers. Methodology: The present, cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of Jammu district using simple random sampling, two health zones out of eight were selected for the conduct of the study. All the disabled children were identified and their parents were interviewed using National Institute of Mental Health-Disability Impact Scale Scale after taking an informed consent from them (IECGJ)(NO: IEC/GMC/2019/892). Results: During the course of the study, a total of 101 caregivers of disabled children were interviewed. Both negative and positive impact on the caregivers was found to be in close approximation to the tune of 15%–16%. Among the negative impacts, financial burden was the most dominant domain followed by physical care of the child and caregiver health being affected. Conclusion: It would be pertinent to conclude that we need to empower the caregivers as an important step for the inclusion of these special children in the society. In this context, few recommendations have been discussed in the present study.

Proper nitrogen management in crops is crucial to ensure optimal growth and yield maximization. While hyperspectral imagery is often used for nitrogen status estimation in crops, it is not feasible for real-time applications due to the complexity and high cost associated with it. Much of the research utilizing RGB data for detecting nitrogen stress in plants relies on datasets obtained under laboratory settings, which limits its usability in practical applications. This study focuses on identifying nitrogen deficiency in maize crops using RGB imaging data from a publicly available dataset obtained under field conditions. We have proposed a custom-built vision transformer model for the classification of maize into three stress classes. Additionally, we have analyzed the performance of convolutional neural network models, including ResNet50, EfficientNetB0, InceptionV3, and DenseNet121, for nitrogen stress estimation. Our approach involves transfer learning with fine-tuning, adding layers tailored to our specific application. Our detailed analysis shows that while vision transformer models generalize well, they converge prematurely with a higher loss value, indicating the need for further optimization. In contrast, the fine-tuned CNN models classify the crop into stressed, non-stressed, and semi-stressed classes with higher accuracy, achieving a maximum accuracy of 97% with EfficientNetB0 as the base model. This makes our fine-tuned EfficientNetB0 model a suitable candidate for practical applications in nitrogen stress detection.

Purpose – This research aimed to investigate the mediating role of social media engagement in the relationship between differentiation-oriented content and purchase intentions. Additionally, this research studies the moderating impact of entrepreneurial social media skills in the relationship between social media engagement and purchase intentions. Design/methodology/approach – The research proposes a positivist research philosophy, deductive research approach and survey research strategy. Data were collected from followers of social media pages of small and medium businesses operating in the fields of groceries, food items, apparel and supplies in Pakistan. Respondents were selected randomly. The descriptive statistics were calculated first, followed by reliability and validity analysis as part of the measurement model. Finally, mediation and moderation analyses were run by using structural equation modeling. Findings – Results of the study confirm that differentiation-oriented content has a positive relationship with purchase intentions and social media engagement mediates this relationship. Results further confirm that the social media skills of entrepreneurs moderate the relationship between social media engagement and purchase intentions. Practical implications – From a practical point of view, this study will potentially help entrepreneurs in Pakistan unveil the undiscovered potential of social media and understand the importance of social media marketing campaigns in crisis situations. It will unlock the importance of entrepreneurial training and development to better adapt to the dynamic and vibrant world of social media. Originality/value – This is the first study that investigates the relationship between differentiation-oriented content and purchase intentions. Additionally, the current study adds to existing knowledge by proposing entrepreneurial social media skills as moderators in the relationship of social media engagement with purchase intentions.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of the caregiver role on the diet intake, physical activity and future risk of developing chronic diseases like Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in adult female cases of patients with long-term illness in Pakistan. METHODS: This hospital-based Case control study was conducted between October 2017 and March 2018 at three dialysis centers located in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The cases included female caregivers who had been looking after patients with long-term Chronic Kidney Disease for at least 6 months. The comparison group consisted of female caregivers accompanying patients with short-term conditions lasting one month or less. Data on socio-demographic factors, anthropometry, diet, and physical activity were collected. Random measurements of blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels were taken. Additionally, the Women's Diet Diversity Score (WDDS) and Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FDRS) were calculated. RESULTS: Cases (n=124) compared to controls (n=128) showed higher Diabetes risk score (2.51±0.90 vs. 2.22±1.01, p=0.048) and similar WDDS. Both groups exhibited a high prevalence of overweight (BMI >29 kg/m²) and limited fruit intake. Despite similar diet diversity, caregivers reported increased physical activity and altered household responsibilities. More than half of all participants were overweight (BMI >29kg/m2). The mean WDDS of cases and controls were 4.77±1.51 and 4.90±1.62, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that overweight and poor diet diversity was prevalent in both groups. The overall risk of chronic disease was low in both groups, however caregivers of patients with long-term illness had higher risk scores for DM than controls.

Abstract Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution raises the risk of deaths and morbidity worldwide. From 1990 to 2019, we observed the epidemiological trends and age-period-cohort effects on the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) burden attributable to ambient air pollution across Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The number of CVD deaths related to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution increased nearly fivefold in China [5.0% (95% CI 4.7, 5.2)] and India [5.7% (95% CI 5.1, 6.3)] during the study period. The age-standardized CVD deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to ambient PM pollution significantly increased in India and China but decreased in Brazil and Russia. Due to air pollution, the relative risk (RR) of premature CVD mortality (

Abstract Background This study aims to assess the long-term trends in the burden of three major gynecologic cancers(GCs) stratified by social-demographic status across the world from 1990 to 2019. To assess the trends of risk factor attributed mortality, and to examine the specific effects of age, period, cohort behind them in different regions. Methods We extracted data on the mortality, disability-adjusted life years(DALYs), and age-standardized rates(ASRs) of cervical cancer(CC), uterine cancer(UC), and ovarian cancer(OC) related to risks from 1990 to 2019, as GCs burden measures. Age-period-cohort analysis was used to analyze trends in attributable mortality rates. Results The number of deaths and DALYs for CC, UC and OC increased since 1990 worldwide, while the ASDRs decreased. Regionally, the ASDR of CC was the highest in low SDI region at 15.05(11.92, 18.46) per 100,000 in 2019, while the ASDRs of UC and OC were highest in high SDI region at 2.52(2.32,2.64), and 5.67(5.16,6.09). The risk of CC death caused by unsafe sex increased with age and then gradually stabilized, with regional differences. The period effect of CC death attributed to smoking showed a downward trend. The cohort effect of UC death attributed to high BMI decreased in each region, especially in the early period in middle, low-middle and low SDI areas. Conclusions Global secular trends of attributed mortality for the three GCs and their age, period, and cohort effects may reflect the diagnosis and treatment progress, rapid socioeconomic transitions, concomitant changes in lifestyle and behavioral patterns in different developing regions. Prevention and controllable measures should be carried out according to the epidemic status in different countries, raising awareness of risk factors to reduce future burden.

Abstract Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is the most prevalent cause of liver disease worldwide, with a single approved therapeutic. Previous research has shown that interleukin-22 (IL-22) can suppress β-cell stress, reduce local islet inflammation, restore appropriate insulin production, reverse hyperglycemia, and ameliorate insulin resistance in preclinical models of diabetes. In clinical trials long-acting forms of IL-22 have led to increased proliferation in the skin and intestine, where the IL-22RA1 receptor is highly expressed. To maximise beneficial effects whilst reducing the risk of epithelial proliferation and cancer, we designed short-acting IL-22-bispecific biologic drugs that successfully targeted the liver and pancreas. Here we show 10-fold lower doses of these bispecific biologics exceed the beneficial effects of native IL-22 in multiple preclinical models of MASH, without off-target effects. Treatment restores glycemic control, markedly reduces hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. These short-acting IL-22-bispecific targeted biologics are a promising new therapeutic approach for MASH.

Abstract The IL-22RA1 receptor is highly expressed in the pancreas, and exogenous IL-22 has been shown to reduce endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress in human pancreatic islets and promote secretion of high-quality insulin from beta-cells. However, the endogenous role of IL-22RA1 signaling on these cells remains unclear. Here, we show that antibody neutralisation of IL-22RA1 in cultured human islets leads to impaired insulin quality and increased cellular stress. Through the generation of mice lacking IL-22ra1 specifically on pancreatic alpha- or beta-cells, we demonstrate that ablation of murine beta-cell IL-22ra1 leads to similar decreases in insulin secretion, quality and islet regeneration, whilst increasing islet cellular stress, inflammation and MHC II expression. These changes in insulin secretion led to impaired glucose tolerance, a finding more pronounced in female animals compared to males. Our findings attribute a regulatory role for endogenous pancreatic beta-cell IL-22ra1 in insulin secretion, islet regeneration, inflammation/cellular stress and appropriate systemic metabolic regulation.

Aims: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus cause many nosocomial, and community-acquired infections, burdening healthcare systems globally. The aim of the current study was to identify the potent inhibitors of MRSA strains as first step towards drug discovery against MRSA related infections. Methods and Results: Clioquinol derivatives 1–10 were evaluated against MRSA strains, using microplate alamar blue assay (MABA). Among them compounds 1–3, and 6–8 were found to be active with MIC values within the range of 61.08–213.58 µM. Compounds 1, and 7 were found highly potent with MIC values of 64.04 and 61.08 µM, respectively. Both these compounds also showed non-covalent interactions with active site key residues of topoisomerase IV enzyme in molecular docking studies. Mechanisms of action of the most active compounds 1, and 7 were further studied through AFM, and fluorescence microscopy. It was observed that compounds 1, and 7 caused a massive destruction in shape, and greatly reduced the size and number of viable cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed a significant rise in DiBAC4(3) fluorescence, and a non-significant rise in PI fluorescence indicating increased bacterial membrane depolarization of treated cells. Most importantly the clioquinol derivatives 1, and 7 did not cause any hemolytic effect. Moreover, all the compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic to BJ (Human fibroblast) normal cell line. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that clioquinol derivatives 1, and 7 possess highly potent antibacterial activity against three MDR, and one sensitive strains of S. aureus. Significance and impact of the study: Clioquinol derivatives 1, and 7 could be further studied as potential antibacterial agents.

This work investigated the photochemical degradation of malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye used as a coloring agent, fungicide, and antiseptic. UV photolysis was ineffective in the removal of MG as only 12.35% degradation of MG (10 mg/L) was achieved after 60 min of irradiation. In contrast, 100.00% degradation of MG (10 mg/L) was observed after 60 min of irradiation in the presence of 10 mM H2O2 by UV/H2O2 at pH 6.0. Similarly, complete removal (100.00%) of MG was observed at 30 min of the reaction time by UV/H2O2/Fe2+ employing [MG]0 = 10 mg/L, [H2O2]0 = 10 mM, [Fe2+]0 = 2.5 mg/L, and [pH]0 = 3.0. For the UV/H2O2 process, the degradation efficiency was higher at pH 6.0 than at pH 3.0 as the kobs values were 0.0873 and 0.0690 min−1, respectively. However, UV/H2O2/Fe2+ showed higher reactivity at pH 3.0 than at pH 6.0. Chloride and nitrate ions slightly inhibited the removal efficiency of MG by both UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Fe2+ processes. Moreover, three degradation products (DPs) of MG, (i) 4-dimethylamino-benzophenone (DABP), (ii) 4-amino-benzophenone (ABP), and (iii) 4-dimethylamino-phenol (DAP), were identified by GC-MS during the UV/H2O2 treatment. These DPs were found to demonstrate higher aquatic toxicity than the parent MG, suggesting that researchers should focus on the removal of target pollutants as well as their DPs. Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate that both UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Fe2+ processes could be implemented to alleviate the harmful environmental impacts of dye and textile industries.

Abstract BackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neoplasms are leading causes of mortality worldwide. ObjectiveThis study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the mortality burden and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to CVDs and neoplasms in Western Europe, investigate associated risk factors, and identify regional disparities. Additionally, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in promoting healthier lives in the region. MethodsThe study collected data on mortality and DALYs due to CVDs and cancers from 24 Western European countries using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The analysis explored age, sex, and country-specific patterns, as well as risk factors contributing to these deaths. Additionally, the study examined time trends by calculating the annual percent change in mortality rates from 1990 to 2021 by region and cause. ResultsIn 2021, CVDs and neoplasms accounted for 27.8% and 27.1% of total deaths in Western Europe, with age-standardized death rates of 106.8 and 125.8 per 100,000, respectively. The top two CVDs in this region were ischemic heart disease and stroke, with age-standardized death rates of 47.27 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 50.42-41.45) and 27.06 (95% UI 29.17-23.00), respectively. Similarly, the top two neoplasms were lung cancer and colorectal cancer, with age-standardized death rates of 26.4 (95% UI 27.69-24.47) and 15.1 (95% UI 16.25-13.53), respectively. Between 1990 and 2021, CVD mortality rates decreased by 61.9%, while cancer rates decreased by 28.27%. Finland had the highest CVD burden (39.5%), and Monaco had the highest rate of cancer-related deaths (34.8%). Gender differences were observed, with males experiencing a higher burden of both CVDs and cancer. Older individuals were also more at risk. Smoking had a stronger impact on CVD mortality and DALYs in males, while a higher Human Development Index was associated with increased cancer deaths and DALYs in females. ConclusionsThe study findings highlight the substantial burden of NCDs, particularly CVDs and cancer, in Western Europe. This underscores the critical need for targeted interventions and effective implementation of the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs to achieve the goal of ensuring healthy lives for all.

Objectives: One of the largest health concerns, postpartum depression (PPD), has detrimental effects on new mothers, their child, and their family. Investigating under-researched risk factors for postpartum depression in Asian women is the goal of this review of the literature. Methods: The literature was searched using a number of electronic research databases. This review included studies that meet the following requirements: (a) they evaluated risk variables; (b) they were conducted in Asian countries using quantitative or qualitative methods; and (c) they were published in English in peer-reviewed journals between 2007 and 2023. A total of 90 studies from 14 different countries were reviewed, compiled, and synthesized. Results: In Asian countries, where rates ranged from 0.82 % to 93 %, South Korea and Japan had the lowest and highest rates of postpartum depression, respectively. The risk factors for postpartum depression were divided into five main categories: biological/physical (e.g., ABO blood group, oxytocin level), psychological (e.g., antenatal depression, body dissatisfaction, child care stress), obstetric/pediatric (e.g., loss of baby, abortions, pain), socio-demographic (e.g., low social support, poverty, loss of autonomy), and cultural (e.g., gender preference). Conclusion: This phenomenon is prevalent in Asian cultures as it is in European Countries. The repercussions of untreated postpartum depression can lead to long-term psychological and developmental issues in children and strain the familial bonds essential for a nurturing environment. Moreover, understanding the specific risk factors faced by Asian women can pave the way for culturally sensitive interventions and support systems designed to address and mitigate these challenges effectively.

Natural phytocompounds extensively used in several therapeutic regimes, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications and their nanoparticles have become extremely essential in field of nanotechnology to treat various types of cancer. The main objective of this study demonstrates the antitumor activities of pure terpene compound 2-carene and its nanoemulsion against in vitro and in vivo breast cancer model. In silico and molecular dynamic simulation study was performed against breast cancer receptors to evaluate anticancer activity of 2-carene. Nanoemulsions were prepared by isolating monoterpenoid compound from Catharanthus roseus essential oil and anti-cancer effects of 2-carene mediated nanoemulsion were evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis explicated 2-carene was the active terpene compound and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to confirm structural identification of this compound. Nanoemulsion was characterized by characteristic techniques of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, size determination and dynamic light scattering. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, apoptosis and histopathological examination were used to identify bioactive qualities of prepared nanoemulsion formulation. Effective cytotoxicity of nanoemulsion was observed 54.31% against MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. Tumor features and apoptotic activity was also assessed and the results of study strongly revealed that bio-synthesized nanoemulsion show significant apoptotic and anti-tumor potential against DMBA induced breast cancer. The antioxidant enzymes and serum inflammatory markers were significantly improved by nanoemulsion treatment in cancer induced rat model. In histopathological evaluation, the nanoemulsion formulations markedly show signs of improvement in cancer induced tissues. Results demonstrated that 2-carene and its synthesized nanoemulsion exhibit remarkable anticancer potential against DMBA induced cancer.

Background This study aimed to update systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the diagnostic accuracy of postnatal clinical scoring (PCS) methods and foot length (FL) measurement for assessing gestational age (GA) and birth weight in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition, the quality of reference standards, including antenatal ultrasound (A-US), last menstrual period (LMP), PCS and newborn weighing scales, was also evaluated.Methods Studies from LMICs published between January 2000 and February 2024 were searched, using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Scopus. Studies that compared PCS and/or FL with LMP and/or A-US to estimate GA or used calibrated newborn weighing scales for birthweight estimation were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-II tool and evaluated the quality of the reference standards. When sufficient data were available, pooled estimates were calculated using random-effects models.Results A total of 50 studies were included. A-US was a reasonable tool for GA assessment if conducted by physicians using fetal biometry and the Hadlock method for GA estimation. LMP was reasonable when women had regular cycles, knew their LMP, were not using contraceptives and LMP data were collected by healthcare providers. When A-US was used as the reference standard, PCS methods estimated GA with a precision of ±2.8 to ±3.2 weeks. FL measurement

Lactose intolerance is a gastrointestinal condition in which lactase enzyme is unable to hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose. It is manifested by diarrhea, flatulence, cramping, borborygmi, and abdominal discomfort following lactose ingestion. Adverse effects also include bone decay, fractures, and osteoporosis. The development of condition due to genetic, or environmental factors could be diagnosed by hydrogen breath test, lactose tolerance test, intestinal biopsies, and genetic tests. Frequently employed traditional therapeutic approaches include lactase supplements, lactose free products, non-dairy alternatives, and probiotics. With increase in demand of more efficient diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for lactose intolerance advanced nanotechnology-based diagnostic, therapeutic, and managing approaches have been developed. Development of nanobiosensors, nano-detectors, and lactose trackers for efficient diagnosis, enzyme nanoimmobilization strategies including adsorption, encapsulation, and entrapment, delivery strategies for lactase enzyme, probiotics, and production of lactose free products had been successfully investigated under the wide umbrella of nanotechnology. This review focuses on the developments being done by the amalgamation of conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. It covers the novel nanotechnological applications discovered over the years to develop the most effective diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures to ameliorate the symptoms in lactose intolerant individuals.

IntroductionArsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an environmental contaminant that may cause hepatic injuries. As2O3-induced liver injuries are detected as an underlying cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) around the globe. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of Gardenia latifolia (GL) extracts against oxidative stress and apoptotic activity in HCC-induced rats and to explore in silico molecular docking analysis of phytocompounds of G. latifolia.MethodsThe present study was designed to investigate the hepato-protective effect of ethanol and n-hexane extract of G. latifolia. Phytochemical analysis was performed using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the identified metabolites were used for computational docking analysis. The binding potential and inhibitory effect of the identified metabolites against inflammatory markers were assessed. Fifty male albino rats were selected for the in vivo study and were randomly divided into five groups, with 10 rats in each group. Group I is the control group. Hepatotoxicity was induced in groups II, III, IV, and V with 350 mg/kg/day of As2O3. Group II was taken as positive control, Group III and IV were treated with ethanol and n-hexane extract of G. latifolia, respectively, and Group V was treated with cisplatin 3.0 mg/kg/day. At the end of treatment, different stress and liver biomarkers were also analyzed.Results and DiscussionThe quantitative phytochemical profiling revealed a high content of total flavonoid and tannins found at 5.731 ± 0.1856 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g and 86.31 ± 14.20 mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/g in G. latifolia n-hexane extract, while a significant concentration of TFC was 276.821 ± 2.19 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, in ethanolic extract. GC-MS analysis resulted in the identification of 26 metabolites in ethanol extract while 32 metabolites in n-hexane extract, respectively. Both the extracts restored the abnormal levels of stress markers (p < 0.05) in Groups III and IV, and were comparable to the comparative control group V, which was given cisplatin as the standard drug. The histopathological examination revealed the regeneration of hepatocytes, dilated sinusoidal cells, necrosis, and distorted hepatic architecture observed in arsenic trioxide hepatotoxic liver. Among the top most identified metabolites from GC-MS analysis, stigmasterol exhibited −8.3 and −7.1 kcal/mol in silico binding affinities against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin (IL-6), respectively, while Dasycarpidan-1-methanol exhibited the best binding affinities of −6.8 and −7.2 kcal/mole against matrixmetalloprotinease (MMP)-3 and heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90), respectively. 6-AH-cAMP showed the best docking score of −7.5 kcal/mol for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) macromolecule. Metabolite Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate represented drug like properties so it was further analyzed by MD simulation and stable dynamic nature of protein ligand complex was evaluated.ConclusionIn conclusion, the effective therapeutic potential of G. latifolia extracts targeted oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant activities and inhibiting inflammation and liver complications at early stages. Further research on the molecular level may further explore the anticancer potential of this plant against various types of cancers.

Abstract We investigated the relationship between self-efficacy and career development via subjective well-being of students majoring in physical education. Life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect were the componennts of subjective well-being. Participants were the 1381 adolescents with major in physical education with an age range of 18–22 years (Mage = 19.5 ± 1; females = 34.76%). Hayes PROCESS model was used to develop a multiple mediation model. The results suggest that higher self-efficacy leads to better career development. Further, a significant mediating role was played by negative and positive affect in case of the relationship between self-efficacy and career exploration, but life-satisfaction is not significant mediator. Conversely, life satisfaction and positive affect are significant mediators between self-efficacy and career adaptability but negative affect is not. The findings suggest that self-efficacy and subjective well-being benefit career development of adolescents in the physical education field.

Abstract The current state of global biodiversity is confronted with escalating threats arising from human-induced environmental changes and a growing array of unpredictable challenges. However, effective conservation efforts are often hindered by limited knowledge, especially in developing economies such as the Philippines. The limitations imposed by these shortfalls in biodiversity knowledge hamper the capacity to protect biodiversity in light of the continuing extinction crisis. Our study revealed that areas with higher conflict levels exhibited lower species richness, fewer occurrence records, and reduced forest cover. This finding provides initial evidence for the relationship between sociopolitical conflict and biodiversity in the Philippines. We posit that the security risks caused by sociopolitical conflicts could have a negative impact on conservation efforts, particularly in terms of monitoring and implementing measures to protect natural resources. The links that bind armed conflict and biodiversity conservation are multifaceted and complex issues that warrant greater scientific and political attention. Finally, we identified 10 meaningful approaches to address shortfalls in biodiversity knowledge in conflicted areas, particularly incorporating conflict-sensitive approaches, considering the geopolitical context and conflict dynamics to adapt and align their strategies with local realities for more effective conservation efforts.

Binary relations (BIRs) have many applications in computer science, graph theory, and rough set theory. This study discusses the combination of BIRs, fuzzy substructures of quantale, and rough fuzzy sets. Approximation of fuzzy subsets of quantale with the help of BIRs is introduced. In quantale, compatible and complete relations in terms of aftersets and foresets with the help of BIRs are defined. Furthermore, we use compatible and complete relations to approximate fuzzy substructures of quantale, and these approximations are interpreted by aftersets and foresets. This concept generalizes the concept of rough fuzzy quantale. Finally, using BIRs, quantale homomorphism is used to build a relationship between the approximations of fuzzy substructures of quantale and the approximations of their homomorphic images.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of Simulated Equestrian Therapy (SET) and Standard Physical Therapy (SPT) in improving gait parameters among children with Down syndrome (DS). METHODS: This single-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted at Dar-ul-Sukun Institute and Dr. Zaiuddin Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from April to August 2023. Sixty individuals, meeting the selection criteria were randomly assigned to either the treatment group (n=30) receiving SET or the control group (n=30) undergoing SPT. Nevertheless, two participants from each group either discontinued the treatment or failed to comply with the therapy and 56 participants (n=28 in each group) were included for analysis. Safety measures included recording blood pressure and heart rate before and after each session. Temporal gait parameters were assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Data was analyzed using Medcalc software. RESULTS: Temporal gait parameters were analyzed for 56 (33 males and 23 females) children with DS in both groups. Mean age of patients in SET & SPT groups was 7.89±1.7 and 8.07±0.76 years respectively. Baseline showed similar scores in both groups. At 6 weeks, SET demonstrated significant improvement in cadence (1.78 SPM to 1.35) and gait velocity (2.11 MPS to 2.79), paralleled by SPT (cadence: 2.01 to 1.32 SPM, gait velocity: 2.12 to 2.83 MPS). Between-group analysis revealed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Both SET & SPT effectively improve gait parameters in children with Down syndrome. The comparable outcomes highlight SET as a viable alternative, providing clinicians and caregivers additional options for personalized therapeutic approaches.

Abstract Bacteria adapt to selective pressure in their immediate environment in multiple ways. One mechanism involves the acquisition of independent mutations that disable or modify a key pathway, providing a signature of adaptation via convergent evolution. Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) belonging to sequence type 95 (ST95) represent a global clone frequently associated with severe human infections including acute pyelonephritis, sepsis, and neonatal meningitis. Here, we analysed a publicly available dataset of 613 ST95 genomes and identified a series of loss-of-function mutations that disrupt cellulose production or its modification in 55.3% of strains. We show the inability to produce cellulose significantly enhances ST95 invasive infection in a rat model of neonatal meningitis, leading to the disruption of intestinal barrier integrity in newborn pups and enhanced dissemination to the liver, spleen and brain. Consistent with these observations, disruption of cellulose production in ST95 augmented innate immune signalling and tissue neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of urinary tract infection. Mutations that disrupt cellulose production were also identified in other virulent ExPEC STs, Shigella and Salmonella, suggesting a correlative association with many Enterobacteriaceae that cause severe human infection. Together, our findings provide an explanation for the emergence of hypervirulent Enterobacteriaceae clones.

Abstract Background Self-care and preventive health strategies may trigger health inequities when individuals’ cultural values and health beliefs are not fully understood and considered. In the case of cervical cancer (CC) screening programs immigrant women have shown lower attendance compared with native women, which increases the risk of late diagnosis and, consequently, a lower probability of survival. HPV self-sampling for CC screening has been recently added to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of self-care interventions as a promising tool to reduce this disparity and improve screening coverage. In Catalonia, Spain, the introduction of HPV self-sampling as a part of the new population-based CC screening program, is a significant step. However, there is a lack of research addressing self-care and prevention among immigrant populations in this region. This study aims to fill this gap exploring self-care and prevention attitudes and practices among Moroccan and Pakistani women. Methods We conducted focus groups and individual interviews with 36 Moroccan and 37 Pakistani women in Barcelona, Spain. The topic guide of the focus groups included case vignettes to stimulate the discussion and a semi-structured questionnaire was used for the interviews. Results Our findings show that most Moroccan and Pakistani women do not prioritize self-care and prevention. They seek care for symptom treatment rather than disease prevention. In this sense, they reported not having the habit of doing regular check-ups and their self-care and prevention attitudes and practices seemed to be conditioned by cultural values. The implementation of an effective call and recall system could enhance the engagement of these populations with CC screening services. Conclusion This study provides evidence on how universal concepts of self-care and prevention may not aligned with more collectivist societies, emphasizing the limited applicability and motivation of global self-care interventions guidelines for individuals with different cultural backgrounds and values. Therefore, the successful implementation of CC screening programs or any other self-care intervention requires the adoption of culturally appropriate strategies.