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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as an important food and fuel crop is undergone breeding for novel types, and its expansion into the new environments is necessary, however the efforts become complicated for breeders as well as agronomists to select for the best performing genotype in a particular environment due to unexpected, but significant genotype x environment interaction. This study was performed to thoroughly analyse the trade-offs between the agronomic performance and stability of sorghum genotypes produced under agro ecological conditions of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Three sorghum lines i.e., G1 (S14), G2 (S22) and G3 (Jowar-86) were evaluated under eight environments which were formed by combining two sites of varying soil conditions (saline and normal soil) and were sown at four different sowing dates in order to determine the yield performance. Furthermore, AMMI analysis and GGE (generation×gene×environment) interactions were performed to identify the most stable variety for semi-arid environment. The results revealed that soil conditions significantly affect the grain yield of sorghum. The highest yield was obtained in E4 (1799 kg ha -1) under normal soil conditions and the best performing line was identified as G1. While under saline/problematic conditions E3 gave mean yield of 1530 kg ha-1 while line G1 gave 1505 kg ha-1 of yield. As far as the AMMI and GGE analysis is concerned, significant value for scores of PCAs were obtained as PC1 (61.3%) and PC2 (38.7%) while GGE analysis also gave significantly different scores for PC1 and PC2 as 86.8 and 13.2% respectively. The genotype G1 had low PC1 scores (1.59) as compared to G2 and G3 and thus it was identified as most stable genotype. The environment (E3) and (E4) were highly correlated to each and (E6), (E8) were discriminatory environments for all tested genotypes.

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is the commonest gynecological emergencies. If not treated timely, it places major morbidity upon future fertility and family. Ectopic pregnancy presents a major health problem for women of childbearing age. The increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy has been partially attributed to improved ability in making an earlier diagnosis. Anything that hampers the migration of the embryo to the endometrial cavity could predispose women to ectopic gestation. The most logical explanation for the increasing frequency of EPs is previous pelvic infection; however, most patients presenting with an EP have no identifiable risk factor. Objective: To determine the frequency of fertility outcome (intrauterine pregnancy and extrauterine pregnancy) in patients having history of ectopic pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A total of 92 patients having history of ectopic pregnancy were included in the study in a consecutive manner and assessed for fertility outcome in terms of extrauterine or intrauterine pregnancy. The study utilized descriptive cross sectional study design. The study settings was department of gynecology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. The study duration was from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2020. Results: The mean age of the sample was 30.3 + 6.1 years. The mean parity of the sample was 2.1 + 1.5, mean BMI was 26.4 + 3.5kg/m2 and mean gestational age at presentation was 6.7 + 2.1 weeks. With regards to fertility outcome, 39.1% women had extrauterine pregnancy and 60.9% had intrauterine pregnancy. Extrauterine pregnancy though less than intrauterine is still a significant problem in the study’s population with previous history of ectopic pregnancy. Recommendation: The study recommend more research projects particularly interventional studies for proper management of ectopic pregnancy and reduce the burden of extrauterine pregnancies so that even with history of ectopic pregnancy, term delivery can be assured.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is testing the strength of the strongest medical management in the globe. In developing countries, this contagious disease is quickly spreading in the midst of various endemic medical conditions like HIV, tuberculosis, jungle fever, lack of healthy sustenance, and incessant episodes of rampant contaminations. This happens especially in a setting of frail healthcare systems which may scarcely adapt to the previously mentioned existing medical challenges. Purpose: The objective of this research is to examine the impacts of pandemic of COVID-19 on the stillbirth rates. Methodology: Study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology Unit Gynae C Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from 1st January 2019 to 31st August 2020. This comparative cross sectional study was carried out at using non probability consecutive sampling technique. Findings: A large number of patients admitted with the diagnosis of stillbirth during 2019 and 2020 were multiparas 57% and 62% respectively. Booking status was 64% during 2019 and dropped to 52% in pandemic year 2020.Percentages of stillbirth due to abruption, placenta previa, gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), type II diabetes, malpresentation, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR),obstructed labor, eclampsia, postdates and unknown causes in 2019 and 2020 have been given in the table.

Background: Acute kidney damage in pregnancy is an unusual but serious complication of pregnancy. Among developed countries, PR-AKI has decreased from 4% to 4.4%. PR-AKI is quite widespread in underdeveloped countries. In impoverished nations like Pakistan, the actual incidence of obstetrics-related AKI and its change are unknown. This research aims to measure acute kidney damage during pregnancy in our setting. Objective: Acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by pregnancy is often documented. To diagnose pregnancy- related AKI. Methods: the study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Bacha khan medical college sawabi from 24 June to 24 June 2020. Eighty-seven samples size were included in the study using sequential sample after the areas and (OPD) through A single center study design. The serum creatinine levels were used to diagnose acute renal damage during pregnancy. SPSS version 2.2 for the purpose of data analysis. A mean and standard deviation were determined. for continuous variables such as gestational period, age, and birth weight. Variables like AKI had their frequencies and percentages assessed. The results were then broken down by factors like gestational age and length of pregnancy to determine whether there were any impact modifiers. The significance level was set at P 0.05. Results: The average age of the investigated population was 24 years 2. years old. The pregnancy lasted an average of 3 months, with a standard deviation of 5.112. Acute kidney damage (AKI) was found in only 4% of the 87 individuals investigated, compared to 93% of the patients without AKI. Conclusion: Pregnancy-related acute renal damage was shown to be 7 percent common in our setting, according to the results of our research. Keywords: Creatinine Levels, Pregnancy, Acute Kidney Injury

Background The prevalence of fetal macrosomia varies worldwide. Its trend has increased over the past decades in many developed nations. It is associated with various maternal and fetal complications. The information regarding the frequency of fetal macrosomia among non-diabetic women is limited in resource-limited countries such as Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the number of fetal macrosomia cases among non-diabetic women. Methodology This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 119 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. All pregnant women aged 15 to 45 years who had singleton pregnancies with any parity or gravida and a gestational age of ≥37 weeks were included in the study. Pregnant women with underlying chronic systemic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension, renal or cardiac disorders, and sickle cell anemia were excluded from the study. Women who did not consent to participate and those with a gestational age of ≥42 weeks at the time of delivery were also excluded from our study. Based on a 5.2% prevalence of fetal macrosomia in the general population, the sample size was calculated using the World Health Organization calculator at a confidence interval of 95%, absolute precision of 0.05 with anticipated population proportion, and a 4% margin of error. The required sample size was calculated at 119. The chi-square test was applied. P-values of ≤0.05 were considered significant. Results Out of 119 participants, fetal macrosomia among non-diabetic women was seen in 10 (8.4%) cases. The mean age of patients in our study was 29.80 ± 4.33 years. The mean gestational age was 36.05 ± 1.31 weeks, whereas the mean body mass index of participants was 29.17 ± 2.36 kg/m

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of manual vacuum aspiration and conventional evacuation and curettage in early pregnancy loss. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Place and Duration: Study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from 1st January 2019 to 31st August 2020. Methods patients were early pregnancy loss (12 weeks or lesser gestational age) were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups by lottery method. Group A were the patients who had conventional evacuation and curettage treatment. Group B were patient in which MVA was used. Patient’s demographics were recorded after taking written consent. Gestational age was calculated from first day of last menstrual cycle and by ultrasound. Cervical ripening was done by (misoprostol 400mcg) two hours before procedure. Procedure was carried out under aseptic measures. Complete uterine evacuation by either procedure was assessed by ultrasound after procedure and complications were noted data was analysed by SPSS. Results: mean age in Group A was 29 years with SD ± 8.65 while mean age in Group B mean age was 30 years with SD ±7.62. Group B (Manual Vacuum Aspiration) was effective in 96% patients while Group A(Conventional Evacuation and Curettage) was effective in 89% patients. complications were fewer in MVA as compared to conventional evacuation and curettage.

Women are the backbone of agricultural workforce in all over the world. Pakistani women play an important role in agricultural production. Women covers about 43% of the agricultural labor force generally, therefore women become the cause of development of the countries. But this segment is failing in many parts of the several countries because women, who are commonly an important resource in agriculture and the rural economy, face health problems that decrease their outputs. To find out the socio-economic characteristics of the farm working women as well as the health problems faced by them during on-going farm activities along with the factors which accelerate poor health of farm working women and to give some suggestions to maintain their health in working day, a sample of 160 farm workers females were selected through multistage sampling technique and were interviewed from the rural areas of Tehsil Dera Ghazi Khan. Univariate (frequency distribution and percentage) and Bivariate analysis (Chi square and Gamma Statistics) was carried out. A great majority (90.6%) faced the health problems in last season. A huge majority (95.6%) of the respondents faced the problem of work load; (socio economic stress) physical injuries/sickness (60.0%); mental diseases (95.7%); pesticides related health troubles (93.8%), and asthma (78.8%). Highly significant association was found between uses of pesticide vs health problem. Although most of the females were young, illiterate and working as tenants living with hand to mouth. They were working for economic support of their family so were in socio-economic and mental stress and were also facing physical and reproductive health problems. There is need of full awareness about taking of healthy diet for better health and decrease mental stress among the rural female farm workers. Trainings about health safety measures and nutrition education or medical system should be provided to them through health personnel and social reformers so that they perform their on-farm activities in better way and play positive role in agriculture sector for socio-economic up-lifting at domestic and national level.

Levels of Mo, As, Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb were determined in a vegetable commonly consumed in Pakistan. Samples were collected from three different sites (Ratokala, Phularwan, and Mailowal) supplied with three different water sources. Mo and Pb in water and Mo and As in C. sativum were higher than the suggested standards at the international level. Lower bioconcentration factor and pollution load index were seen at Site-I than at other sites. A positive association was found between the rhizosphere metals and those of the vegetable at all three sites. Enrichment factor at three sites ranged from 0.28 to 10.39. The highest value of daily intake of metals was found for Fe (0.245 mg/kg/day) and of the health risk index for As (70.41) at the wastewater inundated site. It is inferred that uptake of Mo, As, Cu, Ni, and Pb through C. sativum represents a high health danger to the individuals using this vegetable.

Accumulation of different metals and metalloids was assessed in two vegetables radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) irrigated with domestic wastewater in the peri-urban areas of Khushab City, Pakistan. In general, the metal and metalloid concentrations in radish and spinach were higher at site-II treated with sewage water than those found at site-I treated with canal water. In case of radish at both sites the levels of metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, and Pb) were below the permissible level except those of Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, and Pb. At both sites, the transfer factor ranged from 0.047–228.3 mg kg−1 with Cr having the highest transfer factor. The metal pollution index in soil was in the following order: As > Fe > Ni > Zn > Cd > Mo > Se > Co > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cu, respectively. While in case of spinach at both sites, the concentrations of metals and metalloids in vegetable samples irrigated with canal and sewage water were observed below the permissible leve...

Dietary exposure to heavy metals (viz., Ni, As, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, and Pb) has been recognized as a potential hazard to human health. This study investigates the level of contamination at two different sites in Pakistan, one irrigated with canal water (Site-I) and the other with urban wastewater (Site-II). At Site-II, irrigation with wastewater resulted in a significant increase in heavy metals and metalloids in soil and a subsequent build-up in two vegetables selected for study (Solanum tuberosum [potato] and Pisum sativum [pea]). Results showed that mean concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in soil at Site-I were lower than those of Site-II. Mean concentrations of As and Cd in soil at both sites and for both vegetables were found above maximum permissible levels, while for both vegetables As at both sites and Cd, Mo, and Pb exceeded the suggested maximum levels for vegetables. High levels of some metals in the soils and vegetables could be due to unnecessary use of fert...

High levels of heavy metals in the vegetables are seriously influencing the ecosystem as well as causing many health glitches. Due to many factors like, discharge of untreated industrial effluent, mine tailing, fertilizer application and irrigation with different water sources, the levels of heavy metals increased in soils which further transferred in biological systems. The present study was designed to access bioconcentration of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, and Pb in soils and vegetables (carrots) irrigated with wastewater in Punjab, Pakistan. Result of the study showed that at both study sites concentrations of As and Cd were above the permissible maximum limits (PML). Similarly, concentrations of Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, and Pb in the vegetable samples of both study sites were higher than maximum permissible limits. Overall, the accumulation of metals (Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, and Pb) observed in carrots as well as in the soil was beyond the permissible limit that may cause human health disorders for their consumers.

Ovarian tumours are one of the major health problems confronting the general practitioners in general and gynaecologists in particular. Ovarian tumours may either be asymptomatic, found on the routine ultrasound examination or symptoms may be vague till the patient has an acute emergency like torsion or rupture of a benign cyst. The worst is late presentation of a malignant ovarian tumour. There is marked variation in the presentation of the tumour as well as in histological types. This study was undertaken to analyse modes of presentation and various histopathological patterns of ovarian tumours.This study was conducted from 1st January, 2002 to 31st December, 2002, in Gynaecology 'A' Unit, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH) Peshawar. After admitting patients with ovarian tumours a detailed case history was taken followed by thorough clinical examination. All the relevant details were recorded using the questionnaire. Patients were investigated after performing various surgical procedures; the specimens of ovarian tumours were subjected to Histopathological examination in the histopathology section, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar.Amongst the total numbers of 5732 gynaecological admissions during study period the total numbers of ovarian tumours were sixty-eight. Out of which benign ovarian tumours were 61 (89.71%) and malignant ovarian tumours were 7 (10.29%) There were no tumours with borderline malignancy. The commonest histological pattern observed in the study was epithelial tumours (76.5%) including both benign and malignant tumours. The commonest benign tumour was serous cyst adenoma (24%) followed by mature cystic teratoma (18%). Common malignant ovarian tumours were granulosa cell tumours and Endometriod carcinoma (each 28.5%).Epithelial tumours are the commonest variety of ovarian tumours followed by Germ cell tumours. The histological type of ovarian tumour correlates with the prognosis of the tumour.