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Over time the importance of Foreign Direct Investment is elevating around the world. It not only flourishes the economy with funds but also brings in other benefits like technology and expertise. Moreover, it is a capital infusion without any debt burden on the economy. The covid-19 pandemic has carried a negative economic growth rate and employment ratio in the world (World Bank indicators). Specifically, the Gross Domestic Product growth rate and employment ratio in India were reduced by 7 percent and 8 percent in 2020. In these circumstances, FDI can provide a major boost to the economy. This paper attempts to find out the impact of Covid-19 on inward Foreign Direct Investments by comparing the pre-covid-19 investments with investments during covid-19. The paper investigates the impact on a world level and BRIC nations. It further examines the impact of the pandemic on India’s inward FDI through the impact on components of FDI and the impact on sector-wise, country-wise, and region-wide distribution. The paper concludes that global investments were reduced by 34 percent and among the BRIC nations, Russia was the most affected country. In India, the correlation between inward FDI and covid-19 is positive and significant. The positive growth is influenced by the covid-19 pandemic-driven investment in the drugs and pharmaceuticals sector and Facebook’s big investment in Reliance-jio. Investments from Mauritius were reduced by considerable volume but investments from the U.S.A soared despite the pandemic. Except for the west zone which can be attributed to investments in Gujarat, investments in all other three zones were reduced during covid-19. The Indian investments were centralized with 82 percent of total investments in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Delhi.

Direct international investments from India have evolved over some time in terms of magnitude, sectoral and geographical composition. There has been a gradual redirection of Indian investments from resource-rich economies to economies providing tax benefits. At the same time, China’s influence on the world economy is increasing with almost 80% of countries and regions receiving investments from China. The paper investigates trends and patterns of outward FDI from two Asian economic giants, India and China from 2008 to 2018. It studies country and sector-specific divisions of FDI outflows from India and China. International investments from India and China have experienced a considerable change not only in terms of volume but sectoral and regional composition too has evolved. The paper concludes that while Indian investments are efficiency and market seeking, Chinese investments are efficiency and resource seeking. The service sector has attracted the highest investments from India. Although the share of the service sector is highest in China’s outward FDI in terms of activities, manufacturing activities has the highest share

Antibiotics is a class of drug that plays an eminent role in combating the deadly infections caused by harmful pathogenic organisms. However, irrational use of these antibiotics leads to multidrug resistance in bacterial species which in turn contributes to the morbidity and mortality worldwide, due to which they are referred to as superbugs. Thus, multidrug resistance is known as the resistance of a microorganism to different initially sensitive antibiotics. Though research has led to the development of new antibiotics and its derivatives, the development of new antibiotics is challenged at every step due to the emergence of microbial resistance. The emergence of drug resistance resulted due to the presence of Drug Resistant Plasmid, transposon, antibiotic resistant cassette and further the resistant phenotype can be transferred from resistant to a sensitive microorganism making sensitive organism resistant. Some bacteria acquire the property of being Multi Drug Resistant due to the presence of efflux transporter proteins which can expel antibiotics in a nonspecific manner and overcoming such medical emergencies is the demand of the era. Thus, the lack of novel antibiotics has created the need for certain technological tools to combat this deadly phenomenon. Among them, anti-microbial peptide, anti-virulence compounds, phage therapy, nanotechnology and CRISPR-Cas system are the most commonly used techniques to combat multidrug resistance. The present review highlights different multidrug resistance tools such as the application of Phage therapy, use of nanotechnology, CRISPR-Cas system and antimicrobial peptides together, their working mechanism, utility, efficacy, credibility and relevance along with the modifications needed in the techniques for improvisation.

As the world inches towards 2030, there is barely a precious decade left towards achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Given the socio-economic fragility of the economies proven during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it becomes imperative to strive maximum in order to achieve a harmony between economic, environmental and social progress in these economies. With 17.7% of share in the total world population, India has a very high degree of responsibility towards achievement of world SDGs. The spill over score for India is 98.8 which implies that India is in a strong position to create very positive spillover effects to other countries. With a federal structure comprising of 28 states and 8 UTs, the progress made by the Indian economy will depend on the progress made by these states and UTs. In this context the current article is an attempt to understand the extent of progress made in India towards achieving the various sustainable development goals. The analysis of the progress made on the various SDG goals is done at two levels: Global Level and State level. At a global level, a comparison is done on the progress of SDGs made in India with other developed and developing economies respectively. To do the comparison the economies have been ranked on the basis of their progress in SDG goal achievement based on UN reports and their per capita incomes. This comparison is done to understand whether wealthier nations are faring better in the achievement of SDGs. An important finding from this table is that the countries with highest per capita income do not necessarily have the highest rankings. This finding could have very meaningful implications on policy making and resource mobilization for the various goals in under developed and developing economies, including India. Further the analysis progress on various SDGs is done at a state level for India. This analysis is done to understand which states are doing good in terms of goal achievement and which states are lagging behind. The state level analysis can also point out to the best practices that are in practice and which can be adapted by other lagging states. The analysis is done based on the Global Sustainable Development Report as well as the Sustainable Development Report prepared by NITI Ayog, Government of India. As the Central government as well as the State governments along with various stakeholders make efforts towards achieving these goals, a macro level analysis of the progress made on these goals can help in course correction at the correct time and thus optimize precious time and resources.

Context Severe forms of growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) are characterized by extreme short stature, dysmorphism, and metabolic anomalies. Objective This work aims to identify the genetic cause of growth failure in 3 “classical” GHI individuals. Methods A novel intronic growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) variant was identified, and in vitro splicing assays confirmed aberrant splicing. A 6Ω pseudoexon GHR vector and patient fibroblast analysis assessed the consequences of the novel pseudoexon inclusion and the impact on GHR function. Results We identified a novel homozygous intronic GHR variant (g.5:42700940T > G, c.618+836T > G), 44 bp downstream of the previously recognized intronic 6Ψ GHR pseudoexon mutation in the index patient. Two siblings also harbored the novel intronic 6Ω pseudoexon GHR variant in compound heterozygosity with the known GHR c.181C > T (R43X) mutation. In vitro splicing analysis confirmed inclusion of a 151-bp mutant 6Ω pseudoexon not identified in wild-type constructs. Inclusion of the 6Ω pseudoexon causes a frameshift resulting in a nonfunctional truncated GHR lacking the transmembrane and intracellular domains. The truncated 6Ω pseudoexon protein demonstrated extracellular accumulation and diminished activation of STAT5B signaling following GH stimulation. Conclusion Novel GHR 6Ω pseudoexon inclusion results in loss of GHR function consistent with a severe GHI phenotype. This represents a novel mechanism of Laron syndrome and is the first deep intronic variant identified causing severe postnatal growth failure. The 2 kindreds originate from the same town in Campania, Southern Italy, implying common ancestry. Our findings highlight the importance of studying variation in deep intronic regions as a cause of monogenic disorders.

Drug resistance is a threat to civilization, which results from over-prescription and irrational use of antibiotics. This has led to an increased demand for novel leads of herbal origin to overcome drug resistance. The present work involves the screening of various antibiotics against isolated Staphylococcus sp. from Hospital Effluent and the Minimum Inhibitory concentration for antibiotics namely Vancomycin, Erythromycin and Oxacillin were found to be 7.33+0.6 µg/ml 25.33+0.6 µg/ml and 27.33+0.6 µg/ml respectively whereas Minimum bactericidal concentration of Vancomycin, Erythromycin and oxacillin was found to be 180µg/ml; 146.67 + 0.3 µg/ml and 96.66 + 0.6 µg/ml respectively. Thus, the isolated bacteria were proved to be Multi-Drug Resistant. Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz) is given potential importance in Ayurveda for its properties to cure and prevent diseases. Terminalia chebula Retz is often known as “King of Medicines” and enlisted in Ayurveda for its extraordinary therapeutic contribution. The proved Multi-Drug Resistant bacteria was further subjected to a crude extract of Haritaki. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for Terminalia chebula was found to be 1.33 +0.3 mg/ml and thus proved to be exhibiting potential anti-bacterial activity against isolated Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus sp.

Two different Coagulase negative staphylococcal environmental isolates BP/SU1(Staphylococcus epidermidis; MTCC accession number:9538) and BP/SU2 (Staphylococcus haemolyticus; MTCC accession number:5731) show a tendency to propagate in the biofilm mode specially on low surface energy mediums. In this study we have co-related the biofilm formation of the two species on polystyrene tissue culture plates with the quantity of utilizable sugar present in the culture medium. The dispersal of the same biofilms with common dispersing agents like NaIO4, DNase, and proteolytic enzymes has also been studied. Results indicate that though polysaccharides undoubtedly enhance the biofilm formation for both the species, their role as biofilm - material adhesive agents are minimal for these two strains.

The presence of Hard Exudates in retinal images is one of the significant indications of Diabetic Retinopathy disease. Early detection of Hard Exudates obviously prevents the vision loss very effec...

Background Mucoadhesive polymers are applicable for improving the delivery of drug by prolonging the residence time and time of contact of the dosage form with the mucous membrane. Mucoadhesion may be defined as a process where the polymer substance gets adhered either to the biological substrate or synthetic or to a natural macromolecule, or to the mucus membrane. The natural polymers can be studied to determine whether they possess some mucoadhesive properties as several excipients derived from plants have proved their potential in the field of conventional or novel dosage form. The present work aims at determination of physical properties of polysaccharides from fruit pulp of Ziziphus mauritiana L. (ZM gum) and Artocarpus heterophyllus L. (AH gum), such as mucoadhesive strength (shear stress determination), swelling index, pH, viscosity, angle of repose, Carr’s index, density, and its comparative study with synthetic polymers Carbopol 934 and HPMC and also to study its FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra analysis. Result The most important properties such as mucoadhesive strength of ZM gum (3% w/v) and AH gum (3%) was found to be comparable with HPMC (3% w/v) and Carbopol 934 (3% w/v); also, the swelling index of the isolated gums were also found comparable with both HPMC and Carbopol 934. Falling sphere method is conducted in which the time taken by the sphere to move 50 divisions to the bottom for 3% w/v ZM gum solution was 10.14 s and for AH gum was 10.13 s which is comparable to HPMC and Carbopol 934. The FTIR & 1H NMR spectra showed typical characteristic signals of polysaccharides and presence of typical sugar residues. Conclusion From the study, it can be concluded that ZM and AH gum has potential to be better than Carbopol 934 and HPMC in respect of mucoadhesive strength and also it has the potential to replace some synthetic mucoadhesive polymers and polysaccharides.

Recent days, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a principal cause of incurable blindness to the diabetic patients. Manual screening of DR is time-consuming and resource demanding activity. Thus, today, setup of the reliable automated screening is an open issue for the researchers. In that concern, the automated analysis of retinal images, preprocessing stage plays a vital role. The overall success of screening operation is dependent on it completely. Preprocessing the retinal image prior to screening is a common task as noisy image degrades the screening performance. This paper reviews the different DR screening methods and points out the vastly used preprocessing scheme on that field. Finally, it indicates the most effective preprocessing scheme for DR screening as per the data analysis.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular symptom where retina is affected by fluid leaks of the fragile blood vessels. Clinically, retinal Hemorrhages are one of the earliest indications of diabetic retinopathy disease. In this contrast, the Hemorrhage count is used to indicate the severity of this disease. The early detection of retinal Hemorrhages obviously prevents the incurable blindness of the DR patients. But, retinal Hemorrhage detection is still a challenging task. Highly reliable, accurate, platform independent retinal Hemorrhage detection method is still an open field. In this research article, we have reviewed the principal methodologies which are used to diagnose the retinal Hemorrhages under the diabetic retinopathy screening operations. This review article helps the researchers to develop a high quality retinal Hemorrhage screening method in future.

Objective Copy number variation (CNV) has been associated with idiopathic short stature, small for gestational age and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). It has not been extensively investigated in growth hormone insensitivity (GHI; short stature, IGF-1 deficiency and normal/high GH) or previously in IGF-1 insensitivity (short stature, high/normal GH and IGF-1). Design and methods Array comparative genomic hybridisation was performed with ~60 000 probe oligonucleotide array in GHI (n = 53) and IGF-1 insensitivity (n = 10) subjects. Published literature, mouse models, DECIPHER CNV tracks, growth associated GWAS loci and pathway enrichment analyses were used to identify key biological pathways/novel candidate growth genes within the CNV regions. Results Both cohorts were enriched for class 3–5 CNVs (7/53 (13%) GHI and 3/10 (30%) IGF-1 insensitivity patients). Interestingly, 6/10 (60%) CNV subjects had diagnostic/associated clinical features of SRS. 5/10 subjects (50%) had CNVs previously reported in suspected SRS: 1q21 (n = 2), 12q14 (n = 1) deletions and Xp22 (n = 1), Xq26 (n = 1) duplications. A novel 15q11 deletion, previously associated with growth failure but not SRS/GHI was identified. Bioinformatic analysis identified 45 novel candidate growth genes, 15 being associated with growth in GWAS. The WNT canonical pathway was enriched in the GHI cohort and CLOCK was identified as an upstream regulator in the IGF-1 insensitivity cohorts. Conclusions Our cohort was enriched for low frequency CNVs. Our study emphasises the importance of CNV testing in GHI and IGF-1 insensitivity patients, particularly GHI subjects with SRS features. Functional experimental evidence is now required to validate the novel candidate growth genes, interactions and biological pathways identified.

GH insensitivity (GHI) presents in childhood with growth failure and in its severe form is associated with extreme short stature and dysmorphic and metabolic abnormalities. In recent years, the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of GHI and other overlapping short stature syndromes have rapidly expanded. This can be attributed to advancing genetic techniques and a greater awareness of this group of disorders. We review this important spectrum of defects, which present with phenotypes at the milder end of the GHI continuum. We discuss their clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics. The objective of this review is to clarify the definition, identification, and investigation of this clinically relevant group of growth defects. We also review the therapeutic challenges of mild GHI.

A recent trend in problem formulation in image segmentation is to employ the multi-objective optimization (MOO) methods. The decision-making MOOs are the collection of realistic complex optimization problems, where the objective functions are usually conflicting. Image segmentation is the clustering of pixels applying definite criteria. It is one of the crucial parts in image processing. This chapter provides a comprehensive survey on MOO encompassing image segmentation problems. Here, the segmentation models are categorized by the problem formulation with a relevant optimization scheme. The survey also provides the latest direction and challenges of MOO in image segmentation procedure.

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of vision loss in young adults. Current National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines require that all children aged ≥12 years with diabetes are offered retinal screening annually. A local 2009–2010 audit identified that 57% underwent screening but only 16% had results documented with the paediatric diabetes service, highlighting areas for improvement. In 2011, the paediatric diabetes service formulated a standard operating procedure with the eye screening programme to improve referrals, screening and data collection. We undertook a retrospective analysis of paediatric diabetes patients aged ≥12, attending a large paediatric diabetes service from April 2012 to April 2013. Out of an eligible 268, evidence of referral was available for 259 and nine had no data. A total of 241 (90%) had results recorded for submission to the National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA). The remaining 18 had screening but paediatric services had no recorded data. In all, 256 attended screening and three patients did not attend, thus giving a 96% screening rate (256/268). Of 251 with gradable images, 18 patients (7.2%) had retinopathy. Those with retinopathy had higher HbA1c (85mmol/mol) than those without (73mmol/mol); p=0.011. No correlation was found with age of diagnosis or duration of diabetes. Improvements in screening rates from 57% to 96%, recording rates from 16% to 90% and a 96% local screening rate compared to a 49.7% national screening rate (NPDA 2012–2013) clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of collaboration between services and of a structured clinical pathway. The findings also confirm retinopathy is more prevalent in children with diabetes with poor glycaemic control, underlining the importance of improving glycaemic control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons.

The paper challenges the traditional concept of evolution of urban areas wherein, the process of urbanization witnesses economic transformation along with associated socio-cultural changes. India in the last decade has witnessed a huge increase in growth of such non-farm based economy driven urban areas where, the socio-cultural aspects are still rural. These urban areas, evolving from large villages, are defined as ‘census towns’ by the Census of India, and are widely referred to as ‘rurban’ areas in the domain of research. The new aspects of urbanism that these rurban areas portray, completely washes away the stereotyped perception about an urban society in India. The rurban society not only brings in new faces to urbanism, but upheld the challenges towards their acknowledgement and inclusion in the existing urban society. Through case illustration of few census towns, the paper attempts to apathetically understand the difference rurban society makes to themselves and to urban societies, when they grow only economically sans basic necessities and sociocultural amenities. The paper concludes to stir a thought among the readers, and expand scope for further research on, nurturing and developing the rurban society in India with necessary policy attentions.

An 84-year-old gentleman underwent uneventful femtolaser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) with an arcuate keratotomy (AK) in the left eye. On the 18th post-operative day, a corneal infiltrate developed involving the AK. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the organism isolated on culture. The infiltrate resolved with topical fortified vancomycin and amikacin eyedrops, and the patient regained a visual acuity of 6/6 after 12 weeks. This is the first case from south-east Asia reported in the literature of an infective infiltrate along a femtosecond laser AK. We propose strict peri-operative recommendations to be followed to prevent and treat such infections.

Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency and the most common cause of anemia worldwide. Several hemoglobin disorders have also been found to modify the morbidity and mortality of a population. It has been established that coexistence of a and â thalassaemia with abnormal HbS and E may modify the level of haemoglobin in blood. Tribal communities in India constitute the largest tribal population in the world. The present study is the first to report on the interaction of Haemoglobinop athies and Iron deficiency in the development anemias in the tribal population Eastern India. Methods: A total of 450 unrelated subjects of some tribal groups of two states of Eastern India were randomly selected for the study. Blood was collected from the subjects after obtaining consents. Prevalence of anemia was screened followed by tests for hemoglobin disorders and iron study of selected cases. Beta thalassaemia mutations were screened in selected cases. Age and sex matched control groups were chosen for the study. HbE was the most common haemoglobinopathy among the studied groups of the North- east. Prevalence of Beta thalassaemia (1.6%) is almost nil in the tribal groups. HbE in homozygous states, sometimes in heterozygous states induced anameia among the Mishings, Deoris and Ahoms, but not in Sonowals. Iron deficiency anemia was pronounced among the females of Mishings and Sonowals. Incidence of hemoglobin disorders is very low among the Santhal (1.12%) and this group was the victim of iron deficiency anemias.

Background: Gene–environment interaction is an important aspect in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). The mutation (677C-T) of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene results in a decrease of the enzyme activity that leads to mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Elevated plasma level of homocysteine has been recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A case–control study was designed to assess whether the prevalence of some MTHFR gene polymorphisms have any role in the development of CAD. Materials and Methods: The study included unrelated 217 cases with CAD and 255 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. MTHFR genotypes were identifi ed by seeing the presence or absence of 677C->T mutation obtained by PCR followed by Hinf1 restriction digestion. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to fi nd association between studied genotypes and lifestyle as well as biochemical risk factors. Results: The T allele was found to be associated with the disease. Signifi cant associations were found with smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and family history of CAD. Conclusion: The results indicate that MTHFR 677C-T polymorphism has signifi cant association with CADs in the population of eastern India. Key words: Allele, case–control, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, multiple logistic regression, polymorphism.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of tobacco require activation by phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome-P4501A1 (CYP1A1) to become an ultimate carcinogen, which are subjected to detoxification by phase II enzymes, especially glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). A study was designed to find whether genetic predisposition are risk modifiers of oral pathologies. The study included 102 cases with Oral Cancers (OCs), 68 cases with nonmalignant pathologies, 100 cases as control group. GSTM1 null genotype was associated with increased risk of OCs but not with benign pathologies. Deleted GSTT1 was associated with all pathologies. Both m1m2 and m2m2 polymorphisms of CYP1A1 were associated with oral pathologies.

Individual cancer susceptibility is the result of several host factors, including differences in lifestyle habits and genetic susceptibility. There is a correlation between CYP1A1 polymorphism (MspI) and oral cancer susceptibility. Individuals carrying the deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 are at high risk of developing oral cancers. In the present study on healthy tribal and nontribal individuals of Assam, we found that the genetic variation of GSST polymorphisms is evident (p = 0.20) with differential dose of toxic exposure. Prevalence of different polymorphic alleles of CYP1A1 also proves the same result. A mini-case-control study with very small sample size showed no marked increase in the risk of developing oral cancer as the frequencies of the studied GST genotypes did not show any statistical significance. But GSTT1-null genotypes were found to have higher risk of developing leukoplakia (OR 1.94, 95% CI 2.61-18.54). CYP1A1 genotype m2 allele was also not found to be associated with the risk of developing leukoplakias in the population.

Oral cancer is a lifestyle-related cancer, with tobacco as a primary factor. Progression of oral cancer develops over several years from the stage of leukoplakia, erythroplakia, etc. A micronucleus test was applied to oral mucosal cells, considering them as the target site for carcinogens and cytogenetic damage. The test has been established as a reliable biomarker for differential prevalence of MN indices among oral cancers, pre-cancers, non-malignant oral pathologies, and healthy controls for the first time. Buccal scrapings were collected from 63 patients with cancer and pre-cancerous lesions, 42 with non-malignant oral problems, and 100 healthy controls. The analysis revealed that MN frequencies in cancer and pre-cancerous cases were 4-fold elevated (p < 0.001) and 3.87-fold (p < 0.002) elevated for other non-malignant pathologies. Significant associations between use of tobacco in various forms and development of oral pathologies are also established. The relative cancer risk for smoking healthy controls with a definite MN frequency was also found to be significant. The results indicate the validity of the MN test as a cytogenetic marker for the development of several oral pathologies.

In the present investigation the solubility of hemoglobin in aqueous buffer solution in presence of ammonium sulfate at different system pH has been studied. The conjugate effects of ultrafiltration and ionic strength in both salting-in and -out regions at pH 6.8 on separation characteristics of hemoglobin present in aqueous buffer medium have also been investigated. The ultrafiltration experiments have been carried out using a 100 000 molecular weight cut-off regenerated cellulose membrane. A second-order polynomial equation has been proposed to predict the change of solubility of hemoglobin in the salting-in region at different system pH. A deterministic model has also been presented to predict permeate and gel concentration with time during ultrafiltration. The simulated results have been compared with the experimental observation. A good agreement indicates the validity of the proposed equation.

With several studies reporting improved glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy, its use over the years has increased. The majority of studies report comparisons of baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and post-CSII HbA1c. Due to the high cost of CSII, many guidelines advocate close monitoring of diabetes control while on CSII, and recommend that CSII is discontinued if there is no sustainable change in glycaemic control. The aims of this study were: to assess outcomes in diabetes control on patients within our specialist diabetes clinic on CSII therapy; and to establish whether there was a difference in outcomes based on whether comparisons were made between measurements from baseline (just before starting CSII) or from 12 months prior to starting CSII. We compared HbA1c, body mass index standard deviation scores, episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemia over 24 months – from 12 months before commencing on CSII to 12 months into CSII. While the HbA1c 12 months after commencing CSII (8.3% [67mmol/mol]) improved significantly from the point CSII was commenced (9.2% [77mmol/mol]; p=0.007), the mean HbA1c 12 months post-CSII did not differ significantly from the HbA1c 12 months pre-CSII (8.6% [70mmol/mol]) nor from the overall clinic HbA1c (8.4% [68mmol/mol]). There were no significant changes in the other parameters. In conclusion, comparing baseline HbA1c levels to post-CSII HbA1c readings does not give an accurate assessment of outcome when establishing the role of CSII in diabetes control. We recommend that consideration be given to overall clinic averages, and to HbA1c readings in the longer interval pre-CSII. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.

The adsorption behaviour of immobilised tannin towards 14 different proteins including albumins, globulins, schleroproteins, phosphoproteins, chromoproteins, glycoproteins and some enzymes has been studied. pH and protein concentration have been varied in the range of 4–7 and 0.05–1.0 mg/ml respectively. For most of the proteins under present investigation bell-shaped curves are obtained when the adsorption selectivity of immobilised tannin at a protein concentration of 0.25 mg/ml is plotted against pH. A paraboloc equation is proposed to explain this behaviour. For two proteins, namely, concanavalin A (a globulin) and gelatin (a schleroprotein) the combined effect of bulk phase protein concentration and pH on adsorption selectivity have been mathematically described by coupling a parabolic function with the conventional Langmuir isotherm. The simulated results have been compared with the experimental observations.