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2. Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: are models of self and of other pancultural constructs?

Author

Schmitt, David P., Alcalay, Lidia, Allensworth, Melissa, Allik, Juri, Ault, Lara, Austers, Ivars, Bennett, Kevin L., Bianchi, Gabriel, Boholst, Fredrick, Cunen, Mary Ann Borg, Braeckman, Johan, Brainerd, Edwin G., Jr., Caral, Leo Gerard A., Caron, Gabrielle, Casullo, Maria Martina, Cunningham, Michael, Daibo, Ikuo, De Backer, Charlotte, De Souza, Eros, Diaz-Loving, Rolando, Diniz, Glaucia, Durkin, Kevin, Echegaray, Marcela, Eremsoy, Ekin, Euler, Harald A., Falzon, Ruth, Fisher, Maryanne L., Foley, Dolores, Fowler, Robert, Fry, Douglas P., Fry, Sirpa, Ghayur, M. Arif, Giri, Vijai N., Golden, Debra L., Grammer, Karl, Grimaldi, Liria, Halberstadt, Jamin, Haque, Shamsul, Herrera, Dora, Hertel, Janine, Hitchell, Amanda, Hoffmann, Heather, Hooper, Danica, Hradilekova, Zuzana, Hudek-Kene-Evi, Jasna, Huffcutt, Allen, Jaafar, Jas, Jankauskaite, Margarita, Kabangu-Stahel, Heidi, Kardum, Igor, Khoury, Brigitte, Kwon, Hayrran, Laidra, Kaia, Laireiter, Anton-Rupert, Lakerveld, Dustin, Lampert, Ada, Lauri, Maryanne, Lavallee, Marguerite, Lee, Suk-Jae, Leung, Luk Chung, Locke, Kenneth D., Locke, Vance, Luksik, Ivan, Magaisa, Ishmael, Marcinkeviciene, Dalia, Mata, Andre, Mata, Rui, McCarthy, Barry, Mills, Michael E., Mkhize, Nhlanhla J., Moreira, Joao, Moreira, Sergio, Moya, Miguel, Munyae, M., Noller, Patricia, Olimat, Hmoud, Opre, Adrian, Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, Nebojsa, Poels, Karolien, Popper, Miroslav, Poulimenou, Maria, P'Yatokha, Volodymyr, Raymond, Michel, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reneau, Susan E., Rivera-Aragon, Sofia, Rowatt, Wade C., Ruch, Willibald, Rus, Velko S., Safir, Marilyn P., Salas, Sonia, Sambataro, Fabio, Sandnabba, Kenneth N., Schleeter, Rachel, Schulmeyer, Marion K., Schutz, Astrid, Scrimali, Tullio, Shackelford, Todd K., Sharan, Mithila B., Shaver, Phillip R., Sichona, Francis, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, Tilahun, Sookdew, R., Speelman, Tom, Spyrou, Spyros, Sumer, H. Canan, Sumer, Nebi, Supekova, Marianna, Szlendak, Tomasz, Taylor, Robin, Timmermans, Bert, Tooke, William, Tsaousis, Ioannis, Tungaraza, F.S.K., Turner, Ashley, Vandermassen, Griet, Vanhoomissen, Tim, Van Overwalle, Frank, Vanwesenbeeck, Ine, Vasey, Paul L., Verissimo, Joao, Voracek, Martin, Wan, Wendy W.N., Wang, Ta-Wei, Weiss, Peter Ulrich, Wijaya, Andik, Woertman, Liesbeth, Youn, Gahyun, and Zupaneie, Agata

Subjects
Sex -- Research, Sex -- Psychological aspects, Sex -- Social aspects, Ethnopsychology -- Research, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completed the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), a self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies. Keywords: romantic attachment; culture; internal working models; human mating strategies

Published
2004

3. Assimilation and contrast effects in performance ratings: effects of rating the previous performance on rating subsequent performance

Author

Sumer, H. Canan and Knight, Patrick A.

Subjects
Performance appraisals -- Research, Psychology and mental health, Social sciences
Abstract

This study examined the effects of rating previous performance on ratings of subsequent performance. Participants (N=214) reviewed a performance script depicting either good or poor performance and then reviewed and rated another script depicting average subsequent performance. Approximately half of the participants rated the previous performance immediately after reviewing it, and the other half did not rate the previous performance. As expected, a Performance Level x Existence of Ratings interaction was found. When they had not rated the previous performance, raters were biased in favor of recalling behaviors consistent with their previous impressions, suggesting an assimilation effect. However, when they had rated the previous performance, raters provided ratings inconsistent with their previous ratings, suggesting a contrast effect. These effects were stronger for ratings from a behavioral expectation scale than for those from an ability rating scale. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Published
1996

8. Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-Description Across 56 Nations

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., Benet-Martínez, V., Alcalay, L., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. Martina, Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. Arif, Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. Chung, Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'Yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Speelman, T., Spyrou, S., Sumer, H. Canan, Sumer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Overwalle, F. Van, Vanwesenbeeck, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T.-W., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertman, L., Youn, G., Zupaneie, A., Sharan, M. B., Lavallée, M., Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883], Echegaray, Marcela, and Herrera, Dora

Subjects
Agreeableness, Cultural Studies, Cultura, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Culture, Big Five model, 050109 social psychology, Personality -- Case studies, Big Five personality traits and culture, Big Five, Cross-cultural psychology, Personality traits, Hierarchical structure of the Big Five, Social psychology, ddc:150, 0502 economics and business, Openness to experience, Personality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Anthropology, Big Five personality traits, Personalidad, Psicología social, media_common, 05 social sciences, Conscientiousness, personality traits, cross-cultural psychology, Big Five, Psicología / Psicología de la conducta, Facet (psychology), Ethnopsychology, Psychology, Personality assessment, 050203 business & management
Abstract

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, the BFI was translated from English into 28 languages and administered to 17,837 individuals from 56 nations. The resulting cross-cultural data set was used to address three main questions: Does the factor structure of the English BFI fully replicate across cultures? How valid are the BFI trait profiles of individual nations? And how are personality traits distributed throughout the world? The five-dimensional structure was robust across major regions of the world. Trait levels were related in predictable ways to self-esteem, sociosexuality, and national personality profiles. And people from the geographic regions of South America and East Asia were significantly different in openness from those inhabiting other world regions. The discussion focuses on limitations of the current data set and important directions for future research., peer-reviewed

Published
2007
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9. Testing Practices in the 21st Century Developments and European Psychologists' Opinions

Author

Evers, Arne, Muniz, Jose, Bartram, Dave, Boben, Dusica, Egeland, Jens, Fernandez-Hermida, Jose R., Frans, Örjan, Gintiliene, Grazina, Hagemeister, Carmen, Halama, Peter, Iliescu, Dragos, Jaworowska, Aleksandra, Jimenez, Paul, Manthouli, Marina, Matesic, Krunoslav, Schittekatte, Mark, Sumer, H. Canan, Urbanek, Tomas, Evers, Arne, Muniz, Jose, Bartram, Dave, Boben, Dusica, Egeland, Jens, Fernandez-Hermida, Jose R., Frans, Örjan, Gintiliene, Grazina, Hagemeister, Carmen, Halama, Peter, Iliescu, Dragos, Jaworowska, Aleksandra, Jimenez, Paul, Manthouli, Marina, Matesic, Krunoslav, Schittekatte, Mark, Sumer, H. Canan, and Urbanek, Tomas

Abstract

The main goal of the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations (EFPA) Standing Committee on Tests and Testing (SCTT) is the improvement of testing practices in European countries. In order to reach this goal, the SCTT carries out various actions and projects, some of which are described in this paper. To better inform its work, it decided to survey the opinions of professional psychologists on testing practices. A questionnaire of 33 items was administered to a sample of 12,606 professional psychologists from 17 European countries. The questionnaire was based on, but not identical to, one used in 2000. The new data show that the positive attitude of the respondents toward the use of tests that was obtained in 2000 has increased in most countries, with a high percentage of the surveyed psychologists using tests regularly. Five main dimensions explained 43% of the total item variance. The dimensions involve items relating to: Concern over incorrect test use, regulations on tests and testing, Internet testing, appreciation of tests, and knowledge and training relating to tests and test use. Important differences between countries were found on these five dimensions. Differences were found according to gender for four of the five dimensions and in relation to field of specialization for all five dimensions. The most commonly used tests are the classic psychometric tests of intelligence and personality: WISC, WAIS, MMPI, RAVEN, 16PF, NEO-PI-R, BDI, SCL-90. Finally, some future perspectives are discussed.

Published
2012
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14. Organizational Rationality in Public, Private and Multinational Firms in Turkey.

Author

Olmez, A. Erkin, Sumer, H. Canan, and Soysal, Muhan

Subjects
*INTERNATIONAL business enterprises, *ORGANIZATIONAL structure, *RATIONAL choice theory, *EMPLOYEES, *INDUSTRIAL efficiency
Abstract

This study investigated the organizational rationality of public, private, and multinational organizations in Turkey using a questionnaire developed based on the theories of German sociologist Max Weber. The questionnaire assessed the extent to which four dimensions of formal rationality: efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control, existed in the three types of organizations as perceived by the employees. Questionnaire data were collected from 237 respondents working in various sectors. In all four dimensions, multinational organizations were found to stay above Turkish organizations. Amongst Turkish organizations, private organizations scored higher than public organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004

15. Patterns and Universals of Mate Poaching Across 53 Nations: The Effects of Sex, Culture, and Personality on Romantically Attracting Another Person's Partner

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Angleitner, A., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. Martina, Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. Arif, Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. Chung, Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Speelman, T., Spyrou, S., Sumer, H. Canan, Sumer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Overwalle, F. Van, Vanwesenbeeck, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T.-W., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertman, L., Youn, G., Zupaneie, A., Lavallée, M., and Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883]

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Male, Sociology and Political Science, Social Psychology, Interpersonal attraction -- Case studies, media_common.quotation_subject, Sexual Behavior, Culture, Poison control, Human sexuality, Interpersonal relations -- Case studies, Interpersonal attraction, ddc:150, Mate selection, Personality, Humans, East Asia, Interpersonal Relations, media_common, Extramarital sex, Female, Love, Sexual attraction, Poaching, Gender studies, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poaching--romantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship--was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions., peer-reviewed

16. Do Employees Leave Just Because They Can? Examining the Perceived Employability-Turnover Intentions Relationship.

Author

Acikgoz Y, Sumer HC, and Sumer N

Subjects
Adult, Female, Humans, Intention, Male, Employment psychology, Personnel Turnover, Self Concept
Abstract

The relationship between perceived employability and turnover intentions seems much more complicated than what the common sense would suggest. Based on the reviewed literature, it was expected that job satisfaction, affective commitment, and perceived job security would moderate this relationship. Using a sample of working individuals from different occupations and sectors (N = 721), it was found that employees who perceived themselves as highly employable were more likely to have turnover intentions when their affective commitment was low and perceived job security was high; and the relationship was negative for employees with shorter tenures. Understanding the conditions under which perceived employability is associated with turnover intentions may help organizations design human resource policies that allow them to retain an educated and competent workforce.

Published
2016
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