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ObjectiveThis meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of bladder training by clamping on bladder urethral function in patients with indwelling urinary catheters used for different durations.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesThe UpToDate, Cochrane Library, OVID, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CINAHL and Embase were screened from 1 January 2000 to 28 February 2022.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-experimental designs comparing the efficacy of bladder training in patients with an indwelling urinary catheter by clamping or free drainage before urinary catheter removal were published in English or Chinese.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed the quality of studies. Continuous variables were analysed using mean difference and standardised mean difference (SMD) values with a 95% CI. Categorical variables were analysed using relative risk (RR) and 95% CI.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was urinary tract infection incidence, and secondary outcomes included hours to first voiding, incidence of urinary retention and recatheterisation and residual urine volume.ResultsSeventeen papers (15 RCTs and 2 quasi-RCTs) comprising 3908 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results of the meta-analysis showed that the clamping group had a significantly higher risk of urinary tract infections (RR=1.47; 95% CI 1.26 to 1.72; pConclusionsBladder training by clamping indwelling urinary catheters increases the incidence of urinary tract infection and lengthens the hours to first void in patients with indwelling urinary catheters use durations of ≤7 days compared with the free drainage. However, the effect of clamping training on patients with an indwelling urinary catheter use duration of >7 days is unclear.

As a promising non-thermal decontamination technique, γ-irradiation has been practically used to ensure microbial safety of meat and meat products, but its effects on the properties of meat have not yet been fully understood. So, this study mainly investigated the effects of different doses irradiation (0, 3, 5 and 7 kGy) on the muscle protein conformation, surface hydrophobicity, solubility, particle size, turbidity and thermal stability. The results of CD spectroscopy showed that 3 kGy disrupted the beta-sheet to form unordered structures in SP while increasing dose level recovered the ordered structures in SP, especially the increased alpha-helix content of SP after 7 kGy irradiation. In case of MP, beta-turn exhibited a dose-dependent reduction and 7 kGy irradiation resulted in a dramatic increase in beta-sheet compared with MP control (P

In order to study the distribution of selenium in surface soil and its main influencing factor, we collected 360 surface soil samples and four groups of soil profiles with 210 corresponding parent rock samples in Langao County, Shaanxi Province (a typical high-selenium area of Daba Mountain). Samples were analyzed for trace elements by using ICP-MS, ICP-OES and HG-AFS. The results show the following. (1) selenium content in surface soils of Langao County varies greatly (0.03–16.96 mg/kg). The mean selenium content in surface soils of Langao County is 0.99 mg/kg, higher than the global (0.4 mg/kg) and China (0.29 mg/kg) soil average, and 3.4 times the mean of soil selenium in China. (2) Selenium content of bedrock in Langao County also varies greatly (0.01–56.22 mg/kg), with an average selenium content of 2.02 mg/kg, which is 40 times higher than the upper crust (0.05 mg/kg). (3) Selenium content in the strata of the Late Precambrian–Early Paleozoic and its variation is an important factor affecting the spatial variation of soil selenium content. The black rock series (carbonaceous slate and silicon-bearing carbonaceous slate) of the Upper Ediacaran–Cambrian on the north side has the highest mean selenium content (> 7.92 mg/kg), and the selenium content of the surface soil in the distribution area can reach up to 16.96 mg/kg. The Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian (limestone and marl) in the south has the lowest mean selenium content (

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the natural safety high antimicrobial compounds on egg yolk protein structure and function. Three different concentrations have been evaluated from: trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, menthol or vanillin on egg yolk by measuring the antimicrobial activity, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), secondary protein structure, surface hydrophobicity, zeta-potential, foaming and color properties. Results showed that by mixing yolk with 0.1% of thymol and trans-cinnamaldehyde, the antimicrobial activity increased significantly (P

This study mainly investigated the effect of different doses irradiation (0, 3, 5 or 7kGy) on the quality changes of pork during 4°C storage by determining the irradiation off-odor intensity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), fatty acid composition, volatiles and color of the samples during whole storage. The results showed that ≥7kGy irradiation could make the samples produce obvious irradiation off-odor. However, after 7days storage irradiation off-odor was reduced. Lipid oxidation was also promoted by irradiation. Benzyl methyl sulfide was produced newly and significantly increased (P

In this study, we investigated the allelopathic interactions among five representative allelochemicals at different proportions using bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa as the test receptor. Binary or ternary mixtures of allelochemicals obtained three types of allelopathic interactions, i.e., synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. However, combinations of four or five allelochemicals only yielded antagonistic effects. Interestingly, the algal inhibition gradually increased with the tested period for all treatments. For instance, the synergistic interaction occurred with the mixture including coumarin + ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid at 80%:20%; the mixture on the 10th day showed 0.80 of algal inhibition. While the mixture comprised protocatechuic acid + stearic acid + ρ-aminobenzene-sulfonic acid at 33.3%:33.3%:33.3%, the additive interactions occurred and then the maximum algal inhibition (0.83) was acquired at the end of tested period. In conclusion, the joint effects of different allelochemicals depend on various factors such as the chemicals used, their respective proportions, the total concentration of the mixture, and the receptor species. Thus, it is necessary to consider the complexity of allelopathic interactions and the field conditions during the control and management of noxious cyanobacteria.

The present study investigated the effect of different irradiation dose (0, 3, 5 and 7 kGy) on the emulsifying properties development of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) and sacroplasmic protein (SP). The results showed that emulsifying activities of SP was significantly impaired by the increasing irradiation dose, while that of MP were only observed to be significantly improved at 3 kGy irradiation (P < .05). The increasing irradiation dose caused the increase of SP carbonyl groups and the decrease of its sulfhydryl groups (P < .05), while 3 kGy irradiation decreased the carbonyl groups of MP and increased ζ-potential significantly (P < .05). LF-NMR results revealed that the water hydration in MP structure was dose-dependent. FT-IR data displayed that irradiation caused minor change of SP in the amide I region from 1700 to 1600 cm-1, while ≥5 kGy irradiation significantly contributed to the denatured aggregated β-sheet components of MP.

This study investigated the environmental restoration effects of Ranunculus sceleratus in a sewage system microcosm trial, including the removal of pollutants and algal inhibition. We compared the removal of pollutants by R. sceleratus in a eutrophic sewage system in the presence and the absence of algae. The rate of removal without algae was 16.2–20.5% of that with algae. NH 4 + – N was removed most readily by R. sceleratus . The effects of R. sceleratus on the growth of Microcystis aeruginos a were also investigated in two allelopathic modes. The level of algal inhibition after the addition of an extract of Ranunculus scleratus was 57.1–78.9% greater than that in a co-culture test. To understand the role of allelopathy interference with algal development, we also determined the total flavonoid contents of plants, which ranged from 3.57 g to 20.19 g per plant. The cell density of Microcystis aeruginosa was negatively correlated with the total flavonoids in R. sceleratus , although aquatic macrophytes may contain other allelochemicals involved with algal inhibition in addition to flavonoid compounds. The environmental effects of R. sceleratus were significantly correlated with its growth stage (or water retention time), plant height, and biomass. This study suggests that R. sceleratus has potential for the low-effort and sustainable management of freshwaters, particularly the removal of nutrient pollutants and the reduction of excessive algal growth, which may be attributable to allelochemicals such as flavonoids. The in situ environmental restoration effects of R. sceleratus require further investigation at the ecosystem level.

The loss of phenolic antioxidants is one of the major problems associated with the food frying process. As temperature increases and heating time is prolonged, losses of both tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are significantly increased. In this work, the effect of different types of free fatty acids (FFA) and the acid value (AV) of soybean oil (SBO) on TBHQ and BHT losses during heating were systematically studied. The results showed that the higher the AV of SBO at 120 or 180 °C, the greater the TBHQ loss. The type of FFA also had an observable effect on TBHQ losses at both temperatures, whereas FFA type had no effect on BHT losses. Employing high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectra (LC–MS analysis, it was determined that esterification of TBHQ with FFA (C8:0, C18:0, C18:1) occurred at 120 or 180 °C, whereas esterification of BHT with FFA (C8:0, C18:0, C18:1) in SBO was not observed. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that esterification occurred at the 4-position of TBHQ.

Summary Novozym-435-catalysed esterification of caprylic acid, capric acid and oleic acid with glycerol for the synthesis of medium- and long-chain triglycerides (MLCT) in vacuum and solvent-free system was investigated in this study. Response surface methodology with a three-level, four-factorial design was applied to optimise the enzymatic esterification for the synthesis of MLCT. The optimum conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 90 °C, 4.80 wt% enzyme load (relative to the weight of total substrates) and substrate molar ratio (fatty acids/glycerol) of 3:1 and 12.37 h. Under above-mentioned conditions, Triglycerides (TG) yield, MLCT and the residual free fatty acids (FFA) content in the product were 93.54%, 72.19% and 4.21%, respectively. The content of caprylic acid, capric acid and long-chain fatty acids of TG was 24%, 10% and 66%, respectively. Novozym 435 in the study showed no selectivity for the different fatty acids and also could be used 14 times without obvious loss of enzyme activity.

The algicidal effects of Alternanthera philoxeroides were analyzed based on a combination of a field survey and laboratory tests, as well as testing the effects of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. In the field investigation, a phytoplankton assemblage surrounding A. philoxeroides was significantly inhibited. A. philoxeroides also exhibited strong allelopathic potential in the laboratory. In particular, aqueous extracts significantly suppressed Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Microcystis aeruginosa . Thus, it was assumed that functional allelochemicals produced by A. philoxeroides may help it to compete and combat harmful algae. We also discovered that heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cu) found in an aquatic ecosystem reduced the algicidal potential of A. philoxeroides . However, certain elements other than heavy metals, i.e., the inorganic anions F − , S 2− , Cl − , and SO 4 2 − and the metallic cations K + , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , total Fe, Zn 2+ , and total Mn, could enhance the inhibitory rate of A. philoxeroides . Based on an analyses of these relationship, we found a significant relationship between the rate of the suppression of the tested algae by the A. philoxeroides allelopathy and the concentration of metallic cations in the aquatic habitat, but not the concentration of inorganic anions.

The present study evaluated the combined effects of four typical predatory zooplankton and allelopathic aquatic macrophytes on algal control in a microcosm system. It would determine the effects of diverse species and biological restoration on the growth of harmful water-bloom microalgae in great lakes polluted by excess nutrients. It was found that the mixtures of each zooplankton and the floating plant Nymphoides peltatum had stronger inhibitory effects on harmful water-bloom microalgae than the individual species in clean or eutrophic water bodies. In addition, a community of four zooplankton types had a synergistic effect on algal inhibition. Algal suppression by the zooplankton community was enhanced significantly when the macrophyte was co-cultured in the microcosm. Furthermore, Chlorella pyrenoidosa was more susceptible than Microcystis aeruginosa when exposed to grazing by zooplankton and the allelopathic potential of the macrophyte. Algal inhibition was also weaker in eutrophic conditions compared with the control. These findings indicate that diverse species may enhance algal inhibition. Therefore, it is necessary to restore biological diversity and rebuild an ecologically balanced food chain or web to facilitate the control of harmful algal blooms in eutrophic lakes.

It is planned that the Dayanghan Wetland in China will be transformed into a national park but little is known about its current water quality and pollution status. Thus, we monitored the physical and chemical characteristics of the Dayanghan Wetland, which showed that the water quality was generally good. However, the chemical oxygen demand was more than double the reference value, which may be attributable to previous tillage for vegetable crops and other farmlands. In addition, nickel and chromium caused low-level pollution in the water bodies of the Dayanghan Wetland. The mean trophic level index and nutrient quality index were 39.1 and 2.69, respectively. Both indices suggest that the water bodies of the Dayanghan Wetland are in a mesotrophic state and that no eutrophication has occurred. The study would provide a precise report on the status of environmental quality of the water bodies of a typical pre-construction wetland for the administration and decision of the local government and the planning agent.