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The progress in synthesis and engineering manufacture of high energy and density compound hexanitro-hexaazaisowurtzitane(HNIW or CL-20) is reviewed. The advantages,drawbacks and applications of three main approaches to the engineering manufacture of CL-20 based on hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane(HBIW) intermediate are discussed,the difficulty in developing new synthetic routes for CL-20 is also analyzed. The result shows that the synthesis and nitration efficiencies of the new isosowurtzitane precursor are low,and its cage-dimensional structure is easily broken. The developing tends on lowering CL-20 production cost is to seek new efficient catalysts and explore new synthesis routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the reliability and accuracy of Walker's model for estimating the sex of Han adults in western China by using cranium three-dimensional (3D) CT reconstruction, and to study the suitable cranial sex estimation model for Han people in western China., Methods: A total of 576 cranial CT 3D reconstructed images from Hanzhong Hospital in Shaanxi Province from 2017 to 2021 were collected. These images were divided into the experimental group with 486 samples and the validation group with 90 samples. Walker's model was used by observer 1 to estimate the sex of experimental group samples. The logistic function applicable to Han people in western China was corrected by observer 1. The 90 samples in the validation group were scored and substituted into the modified logistic function to complete the back substitution test by observer 1, 2 and 3., Results: The accuracy of sex estimation of Han adults in western China was 63.2%-77.2% by applying Walker's model. The accuracy of modified logistic function was 82.9%. The accuracy of sex estimation through back substitution test by 3 observers was 75.6%-91.1%, with a Kappa value of 0.689 ( P <0.05) for inter-observer consistency and 0.874 ( P <0.05) for intra-observer consistency., Conclusions: There are great differences in bone characteristics among people from different regions. The modified logistic function can achieve higher accuracy in Han adults in western China.

In drowning cases, it is difficult to judge whether the deceased died from drowning or throwing into the water after killed or identificate the cause of death of the decomposed corps in forensic practices. The diatom test is still considered as the important assistant evidence in drowning cases. This paper reviews research progress on technologies in recent years of forensic diatom test, and the application value of the new developing approach in the field of forensic medicine.

147 homicidal cases were studied through case status, scene investigation, and postmortem examination. Its characters were then concluded for reference of detection in homicidal scene.