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The role of knowledge graph encompasses the representation, organization, retrieval, reasoning, and application of knowledge, providing a rich and robust cognitive foundation for artificial intelligence systems and applications. When we learn new things, find out that some old information was wrong, see changes and progress happening, and adopt new technology standards, we need to update knowledge graphs. However, in some environments, the initial knowledge cannot be known. For example, we cannot have access to the full code of a software, even if we purchased it. In such circumstances, is there a way to update a knowledge graph without prior knowledge? In this paper, We are investigating whether there is a method for this situation within the framework of Dalal revision operators. We first proved that finding the optimal solution in this environment is a strongly NP-complete problem. For this purpose, we proposed two algorithms: Flaccid_search and Tight_search, which have different conditions, and we have proved that both algorithms can find the desired results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant roots play crucial roles in their response to drought conditions. However, the molecular responses in soybean roots to drought stress remain unclear. We investigated the alterations in the protein expression in the roots of a drought-resistant soybean cultivar 'Jiyu 47' during the seedling phase based on tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics analysis. The results revealed significant variations in the expression of the proteins involved in several metabolic pathways in soybean roots, including sucrose metabolism, abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism, and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter pathway. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed a coordinated expression pattern of the proteins involved in the various cellular pathways responding to drought stress in soybean. The increased production of sucrose and betaine enhanced the inhibition of the damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the tolerance of drought stress. The results of the physiological variations showed that sucrose metabolism, ABA metabolic mechanism, and the ABC transporter pathways played an important role in the antioxidant defense system in response to drought stress in soybean roots. The results of quantitative real-time PCR revealed the up-regulated expression of three genes (i.e., GmPYR1, GmHO-1, and GmSOD) involved in ABA biosynthesis and the signaling pathway. This study provides novel insights into the comprehension of the molecular pathways regulating the soybean root response to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Thayer method of instruction is a little-known active learning technique that dates back to 1817 at the U.S. Military Academy. Here we describe the implementation and statistical evaluation of an adaptation of the Thayer method in a variety of college science and math courses. All courses had five characteristics in common: (i) students were given a daily reading schedule and instructed to prepare before class, (ii) each class started with a question and answer session, (iii) class time minimized the use of lecture, (iv) class time maximized the use of active learning, and (v) students were frequently quizzed. A total of 51 sections across chemistry, biology, math, and physics taught by eight professors involving 542 students were used. Students were surveyed at the beginning and the end of the semester on their attitudes toward teaching methods using a 5-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The results show three outcomes: (i) students prefer the modified Thayer method over a traditional lecture method, (ii) students report feeling more encouraged to stay in college, and (iii) students report no difference in the amount of time that they spend on reading or working on problems. These three results are encouraging amid efforts to educate and retain STEM students. The modified Thayer method should be considered by those using or seeking to use an active learning technique. Keywords: Thayer method, active learning, interdisciplinary, INTRODUCTION Active learning approaches in higher education science courses have become increasingly popular especially since the 1990s. Evidence suggests that active learning approaches decrease the achievement gap in science, technology, [...]

Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-diketo-β-carotene) is a type of C40 carotenoid with remarkable antioxidant characteristics, showing significant application prospects in many fields. Traditionally, the astaxanthin is mainly obtained from chemical synthesis and natural acquisition, with both approaches having many limitations and not capable of meeting the growing market demand. In order to cope with these challenges, novel techniques, e.g., the innovative cell engineering strategies, have been developed to increase the astaxanthin production. In this review, we first elaborated the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin, with the key enzymes and their functions discussed in the metabolic process. Then, we summarized the conventional, non-genetic strategies to promote the production of astaxanthin, including the methods of exogenous additives, mutagenesis, and adaptive evolution. Lastly, we reviewed comprehensively the latest studies on the synthesis of astaxanthin in various recombinant microorganisms based on the concept of microbial cell factory. Furthermore, we have proposed several novel technologies for improving the astaxanthin accumulation in several model species of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

36682633 13 Chen Z., Fang X., Yuan X., Zhang Y., Li H., Zhou Y., Cui X. Overexpression of Transcription Factor GmTGA15 Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Soybean Hairy Roots and Arabidopsis Plants. The authors further verified these results using I Arabidopsis i plants, providing strong experimental evidence to support the further functional analysis of soybean TGA transcription factors under drought stress and the molecular breeding of drought-resistant crop plants. The rich genetic diversities revealed in wild soybeans of different sites provided important evidence to support the conservation of the wild soybean resources in Heilongjiang Province, suggesting the potentially significant utilization of the wild soybean resources in genetic improvement and breakthrough for soybean breeding. Our goals of organizing this Special Issue were to widely explore the advances in not only the traditional research areas, such as plant physiology, development, ecology, and bioinformatics, but also cutting-edge, modern techniques, such as the molecular, genetic, and genomic investigations of crop plants or other model plant systems, crop-sustaining rhizospheric microbes, and agricultural products, including medicinal plants in a greenhouse or field. [Extracted from the article]