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Background:Orientia tsutsugamushi is a zoonotic intracellular pathogen that requires parasitism in eukaryotic cells to reproduce. In recent years, tsutsugamushi disease reported in many places nationwide has crossed the Yangtze River, continuously, spreading to the North China. Now this phenomenon has aroused people's attention. Materials and Methods: In this study, meta-analysis was used to analyze the infection of rodents (vectors) in China, to clarify the transmission rule of O. tsutsugamushi. Results: This study included literature from six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wanfang, CNKI, and VIP). A total of 55 articles were included in the study from 610 retrieved articles. The total infection rate of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents was 5.5% (1206/20,620, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0553–0.0617). The prevalence of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents before 2013 (7.73%, 95% CI: 4.11–12.37) was higher than after 2013 (2.11%, 95% CI: 0.64–4.41). O. tsutsugamushi spread among a variety of rodents, among which Rattus losea (13.3%, 95% CI: 4.33–26.26), Rattus tanezumi (5.69%, 95% CI: 1.37–12.72), and Apodemus agrarius (5.32%, 95% CI: 2.26–9.58) infection rate was higher. Kawasaki (8.32%, 95% CI: 1.42–20.17), Karp (7.36%, 95% CI: 2.62–14.22), Kato (2.54%, 95% CI: 0.08–8.28), and Gilliam (2.13%, 95% CI: 0.42–5.09) were the main prevalent genotypes in China. The prevalence of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents was seasonal, increasing gradually in summer (2.39%, 95% CI: 0.46–5.77), peaking in autumn (4.59%, 95% CI: 1.15–10.16), and then declining. The positive rate of immunofluorescence assay (25.07%, 95% CI: 8.44–46.88) was the highest among the detection methods, and it was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Based on the subgroup of geographical factors and climatic factors, the probability of O. tsutsugamushi infection in rodents was the highest when the temperature >19℃ (8.20%, 95% CI: 1.22–20.52), the altitude <100 millimeters (7.23%, 95% CI: 3.45–12.26), the precipitation >700 millimeters (12.22%, 95% CI: 6.45–19.50), and the humidity 60–70% (7.80%, 95% CI: 4.17–12.44). Conclusions: Studies have shown that rodents carrying O. tsutsugamushi are common. People should prevent and control rodents in life and monitor rodents carrying O. tsutsugamushi for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orientia tsutsugamushi is a zoonotic intracellular pathogen that requires parasitism in eukaryotic cells to reproduce. In recent years, tsutsugamushi disease reported in many places nationwide has crossed the Yangtze River, continuously, spreading to the North China. Now this phenomenon has aroused people's attention. Materials and Methods: In this study, meta-analysis was used to analyze the infection of rodents (vectors) in China, to clarify the transmission rule of O. tsutsugamushi . Results: This study included literature from six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wanfang, CNKI, and VIP). A total of 55 articles were included in the study from 610 retrieved articles. The total infection rate of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents was 5.5% (1206/20,620, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0553-0.0617). The prevalence of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents before 2013 (7.73%, 95% CI: 4.11-12.37) was higher than after 2013 (2.11%, 95% CI: 0.64-4.41). O. tsutsugamushi spread among a variety of rodents, among which Rattus losea (13.3%, 95% CI: 4.33-26.26), Rattus tanezumi (5.69%, 95% CI: 1.37-12.72), and Apodemus agrarius (5.32%, 95% CI: 2.26-9.58) infection rate was higher. Kawasaki (8.32%, 95% CI: 1.42-20.17), Karp (7.36%, 95% CI: 2.62-14.22), Kato (2.54%, 95% CI: 0.08-8.28), and Gilliam (2.13%, 95% CI: 0.42-5.09) were the main prevalent genotypes in China. The prevalence of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents was seasonal, increasing gradually in summer (2.39%, 95% CI: 0.46-5.77), peaking in autumn (4.59%, 95% CI: 1.15-10.16), and then declining. The positive rate of immunofluorescence assay (25.07%, 95% CI: 8.44-46.88) was the highest among the detection methods, and it was statistically significant ( p  < 0.05). Based on the subgroup of geographical factors and climatic factors, the probability of O. tsutsugamushi infection in rodents was the highest when the temperature >19℃ (8.20%, 95% CI: 1.22-20.52), the altitude <100 millimeters (7.23%, 95% CI: 3.45-12.26), the precipitation >700 millimeters (12.22%, 95% CI: 6.45-19.50), and the humidity 60-70% (7.80%, 95% CI: 4.17-12.44). Conclusions: Studies have shown that rodents carrying O. tsutsugamushi are common. People should prevent and control rodents in life and monitor rodents carrying O. tsutsugamushi for a long time.

Toxoplasma gondii is one of protozoan parasites resulting in zoonosis, which can infect nearly all of warm-blooded hosts, including humans and raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ). However, related reports on prevalence and genetic characterization of T. gondii strains in raccoon dogs were few in China. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence and genetic characterization of T. gondii strains in domestic raccoon dogs from Jilin, Liaoning, and Hebei provinces, northern China. During April 2016 to November 2017, a total of 337 tissue samples collected from domestic raccoon dogs were detected with B1 gene using a nested PCR. And the positive samples were genotyped at 11 genetic markers (SAG1, 5'-and 3'-SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, c22-8, c29-2, and Apico) using multilocus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technology. Sixteen out of 337 sika deer (4.75%) were positive with B1 gene by nest PCR. Furthermore, four positive DNA samples were completely typed through further being genotyped, in which three samples were identified as ToxoDB Genotype #9, and one sample was confirmed as ToxoDB Genotype #10. The results of molecular detection not only revealed the existence of T. gondii in domestic raccoon dogs in Jilin, Liaoning, and Hebei for the first time, but also provided the information of genetic diversity. This study also indicated that ToxoDB Genotype #9 as a kind of potential reservoir for T. gondii transmission, may be main genotype in domestic raccoon dogs in China, posing a risk of infection in human health.