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The anhydrous proton conductivity of Im@IEF-11 resulting from the integration of imidazole and porous IEF-11 has been investigated, and the highest proton conductive value can reach up to 7.64 × 10−2 S cm−1. Furthermore, IEF-11 is also developed to reduce CO2 due to its reasonable structure and suitable energy band, and its CO formation rate is 31.86 μmol g−1 h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) provide an ideal platform for loading various guests owing to their available space, and can be developed as a class of multifunctional materials. Herein, we cover the design and synthesis of two kinds of exchanged frameworks with multifunctional applications based on H3ImDC and In(NO3)3·2H2O through guest exchange inside the framework. The guest ammonium ion (NH4+) and [Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+ (Rubpy) are selected to exchange the dimethylammonium cation (Me2NH2+) encapsulated within In-MOF, giving birth to two kinds of new MOFs, named NH4+@In-MOF and Rubpy@In-MOF respectively. The proton conduction of NH4+@In-MOF and the CO2 photoreduction of Rubpy@In-MOF are investigated. Under different test conditions, the proton conductive behaviors of NH4+@In-MOF are evaluated and the best proton conductive value can reach up to 9.81 × 10−3 S cm−1. Compared to the original In-MOF, Rubpy@In-MOF exhibits a significantly enhanced CO2 photoreduction performance under a pure CO2 atmosphere. Furthermore, its photocatalytic activity is retained even under a 10% CO2 gas atmosphere, displaying a synergistic effect between Rubpy and In-MOF24 within Rubpy@In-MOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anhydrous proton conductivity of Im@IEF-11 resulting from the integration of imidazole and porous IEF-11 has been investigated, and the highest proton conductive value can reach up to 7.64 × 10 -2 S cm -1 . Furthermore, IEF-11 is also developed to reduce CO 2 due to its reasonable structure and suitable energy band, and its CO formation rate is 31.86 μmol g -1 h -1 .

The photoreduction deposition method is employed to fabricate a family of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-modified polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework ( NENU-5 ) photocatalysts, named Ag/NENU-5 . The title photocatalysts, Ag/NENU-5 , can be used for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 and are observed to efficiently reduce CO 2 into CO, in which the highest reduction rate is 22.28 μmol g -1 h -1 , 3 times greater than that of NENU-5 . Photocatalytic reduction performances of CO 2 have been extremely improved after the incorporation of Ag NPs as the cocatalyst. The enhancement of the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 has been attributed to the synergistic effects of Ag NPs and NENU-5 , inhibiting the charge recombination during the photocatalytic process and increasing the reaction active sites. Furthermore, the influence of Ag NPs on the photocatalytic activity has also been investigated. The experimental results clearly reveal that the size of Ag NPs could exert a main effect on the photocatalytic activity, and the reasonable size of Ag NPs is able to enhance the photocatalytic reduction activity toward CO 2 significantly.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide an ideal platform for loading various guests owing to their available space, and can be developed as a class of multifunctional materials. Herein, we cover the design and synthesis of two kinds of exchanged frameworks with multifunctional applications based on H 3 ImDC and In(NO 3 ) 3 ·2H 2 O through guest exchange inside the framework. The guest ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) and [Ru(2,2'-bipyridine) 3 ] 2+ (Rubpy) are selected to exchange the dimethylammonium cation (Me 2 NH 2 + ) encapsulated within In-MOF , giving birth to two kinds of new MOFs, named NH 4 + @In-MOF and Rubpy@In-MOF respectively. The proton conduction of NH 4 + @In-MOF and the CO 2 photoreduction of Rubpy@In-MOF are investigated. Under different test conditions, the proton conductive behaviors of NH 4 + @In-MOF are evaluated and the best proton conductive value can reach up to 9.81 × 10 -3 S cm -1 . Compared to the original In-MOF , Rubpy@In-MOF exhibits a significantly enhanced CO 2 photoreduction performance under a pure CO 2 atmosphere. Furthermore, its photocatalytic activity is retained even under a 10% CO 2 gas atmosphere, displaying a synergistic effect between Rubpy and In-MOF24 within Rubpy@In-MOF .

It is a promising strategy to prepare composite photocatalysts based on MOFs and semiconductors for enhancing photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). A family of binary composite photocatalysts ( CdS@UiO-66-NH 2 ) with different CdS contents have been designed and synthesized, which have been explored for photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 . CdS@UiO-66-NH 2 can efficiently convert CO 2 into CO under visible light irradiation via the solid-gas mode in the absence of sacrificial agents and photosensitizers. The generation rate of CO can reach up to 280.5 μmol g -1 h -1 , which is 2.13-fold and 2.9-fold improvements over the pristine CdS and UiO-66-NH 2 , respectively, and the selectivity for CO is very high. Furthermore, this kind of photocatalysts can still maintain great photocatalytic activity in CO 2 /N 2 mixed atmosphere with different CO 2 concentrations. The outstanding performances of CdS@UiO-66-NH 2 may be attributed to the existence of the direct Z-scheme heterojunction, which possesses the enhanced separation and migration of photo-generated charge carriers between UiO-66-NH 2 and CdS, available specific surface areas and improved visible light absorption ability as well as abundant reaction active sites. This case reveals that MOF-based composite photocatalysts exhibit promising potential applications in the field of CO 2 conversion.

Photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) provides an effective perspective for solving the energy crisis and environmental problems. Herein, two types of composite photocatalysts (TiO 2 /ZIF-8) based on ZIF-8 and TiO 2 have been designed and synthesized with the help of the grinding method and the solid-synthesis method. Both composite photocatalysts are employed for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 . In composite photocatalysts prepared by the grinding method, ZIF-8 particles are distributed on the surface of TiO 2 , and provide extra available spaces for storing CO 2 , which is beneficial for improving their photoreduction performances. As a result, an enhanced CO formation rate of 21.74 μmol g -1 h -1 with a high selectivity of 99% is obtained for this family of composite photocatalysts via the solid-gas mode without photosensitizers and sacrificial agents. For comparison, the other family of composite photocatalysts synthesized via the solid-synthesis method possesses structures similar to ZIF-8, where TiO 2 is encapsulated inside the framework of ZIF-8. This structural feature obstructs the contact between the active sites of TiO 2 and CO 2 , and leads to lower activities. The best CO formation rate of this family is only 10.67 μmol g -1 h -1 with 90% selectivity. Both the structural features of the two families of photocatalysts are described to explain their differences in photoreduction performances. The experimental finding reveals that different synthetic approaches indeed result in diversified structures and varied photocatalytic performances. This work affords a new scalable and efficient approach for the rational design of efficient photocatalysts in the area of artificial photosynthesis., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) selectively cleaves synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and results in inhibition of the fusion of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters with the presynaptic membrane to undergo exocytosis and release. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BTX-A inhibited the pyloric smooth muscle contractility induced by acetylcholine (ACh) after BTX-A-mediated cleavage of SNAP-25 antagonized by toosendanin (TSN). Three groups of rat pyloric muscle strips were studied in vitro. All strips were allowed to equilibrate for 52 min under a basal loading tension of 1 g in Krebs solution and spontaneous contractile waves were recorded as their own controls before adding each drug. According to experimental protocols, 100 μM ACh, 1 μM atropine, 29.6 μM TSN and 10 U/ml BTX-A was added, respectively. BTX-A directly inhibited pyloric spontaneous contraction and ACh-induced contractile response. Addition of 10 U/ml BTX-A still inhibited pyloric smooth muscle contractility following incubation of TSN, while subsequent administration of 100 μM ACh had no effect. BTX-A inhibits pyloric smooth muscle contractility in our study suggesting BTX-A inhibits not only ACh release from cholinergic nerves but also muscarinic cholinergic muscular transmission.