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Remarkable progress has been made in the development of cysteine‐targeted covalent inhibitors. In kinase drug discovery, covalent inhibitors capable of targeting other nucleophilic residues (i.e. lysine, or K) have emerged in recent years. Besides a highly conserved catalytic lysine, almost all human protein kinases possess an equally conserved glutamate/aspartate (e.g. E/D) that forms a K–E/D salt bridge within the enzyme's active site. Electrophilic ynamides were previously used as effective peptide coupling reagents and to develop E/D‐targeting covalent protein inhibitors/probes. In the present study, we report the first ynamide‐based small‐molecule inhibitors capable of inducing intramolecular cross‐linking of various protein kinases, leading to subsequent irreversible inhibition of kinase activity. Our strategy took advantage of the close distance between the highly conserved catalytic K and E/D residues in a targeted kinase, thus providing a conceptually general approach to achieve irreversible kinase inhibition with high specificity and desirable cellular potency. Finally, this ynamide‐facilitated, ligand‐induced mechanism leading to intramolecular kinase cross‐linking and inhibition was unequivocally established by using recombinant ABL kinase as a representative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remarkable progress has been made in the development of cysteine‐targeted covalent inhibitors. In kinase drug discovery, covalent inhibitors capable of targeting other nucleophilic residues (i.e. lysine, or K) have emerged in recent years. Besides a highly conserved catalytic lysine, almost all human protein kinases possess an equally conserved glutamate/aspartate (e.g. E/D) that forms a K–E/D salt bridge within the enzyme's active site. Electrophilic ynamides were previously used as effective peptide coupling reagents and to develop E/D‐targeting covalent protein inhibitors/probes. In the present study, we report the first ynamide‐based small‐molecule inhibitors capable of inducing intramolecular cross‐linking of various protein kinases, leading to subsequent irreversible inhibition of kinase activity. Our strategy took advantage of the close distance between the highly conserved catalytic K and E/D residues in a targeted kinase, thus providing a conceptually general approach to achieve irreversible kinase inhibition with high specificity and desirable cellular potency. Finally, this ynamide‐facilitated, ligand‐induced mechanism leading to intramolecular kinase cross‐linking and inhibition was unequivocally established by using recombinant ABL kinase as a representative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health issue in China while temperature and humidity are well-documented predictors. However, evidence on the combined effect of temperature and humidity is still limited. It also remains unclear whether such an effect could be modified by the enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccination. Methods: Based on 320,042 reported HFMD cases during the summer months between 2012 and 2019, we conducted a study utilizing Distributed Lag Non-Linear Models (DLNM) and time-varying DLNM to examine how China's HFMD EV71 vaccine strategy would affect the correlation between meteorological conditions and HFMD risk. Results: The incidence of HFMD changed with the Discomfort Index in an arm-shaped form. The 14-day cumulative risk of HFMD exhibited a statistically significant increase during the period of 2017–2019 (following the implementation of the EV71 vaccine policy) compared to 2012–2016 (prior to the vaccine implementation). For the total population, the range of relative risk (RR) values for HFMD at the 75th, 90th, and 99th percentiles increased from 1.082–1.303 in 2012–2016 to 1.836–2.022 in 2017–2019. In the stratified analyses, Han Chinese areas show stronger relative growth, with RR values at the 75th, 90th, and 99th percentiles increased by 14.3%, 39.1%, and 134.4% post-vaccination, compared to increases of 22.7%, 41.6%, and 38.8% in minority areas. Similarly, boys showed greater increases (24.4%, 47.7%, 121.5%) compared to girls (8.1%, 28.1%, 58.3%). Additionally, the central Guizhou urban agglomeration displayed a tendency for stronger relative growth compared to other counties. Conclusions: Although the EV71 vaccine policy has been implemented, it hasn't effectively controlled the overall risk of HFMD. There's been a shift in the main viral subtypes, potentially altering population susceptibility and influencing HFMD occurrences. The modulating effects of vaccine intervention may also be influenced by factors such as race, sex, and economic level. Author summary: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is one of the most common childhood enteric infections worldwide and an important public health problem in China. In this study, we analyzed the relationships among HFMD cases, meteorological factors, and vaccine factors using time-varying distributed lag nonlinear models. We found that the susceptibility of the population may have changed after the implementation of the HFMD EV71 vaccine policy, altering the relationship between HFMD and meteorological factors. The modifying effects of vaccine interventions may be influenced by variables such as race, sex, and economic level. This provides valuable information for the prevention of the disease and policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper calcium titanate (CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 , CCTO) ceramics are receiving a great deal of attention for advanced electronic and energy storage device applications owing to their giant permittivity response and good temperature stability. However, the development and real applications of CCTO ceramics are generally restricted by their large dielectric loss and low breakdown electric field strength. In the present study, a novel type of perovskite-like Na 1/3 (Ca 1/2 Sr 1/2) 1/3 (Bi 1/2 Y 1/2) 1/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (NCSBYCTO) ceramics were designed via multiple elements strategy based on the high-entropy concept. Consequently, all the NCSBYCTO ceramics present a giant permittivity response (103∼104), good stability of temperature and frequency, and remarkable relaxation characteristics, especially the NCSBYCTO ceramic sintered at 1050 °C exhibits a relative balance between the giant permittivity of about 7.0 × 103–9.5 × 103 and the lower dielectric loss of approximately 0.043–0.294 at a frequency range of 104–106 Hz under room temperature. Furthermore, all the NCSBYCTO ceramics present an obvious nonlinear characteristic. More encouragingly, a higher breakdown field strength of around 2552.56 V/cm accompanied by a larger nonlinear coefficient of about 6.48 is achieved in the NCSBYCTO ceramic sintered at 1070 °C. A significant electrical heterogeneity structure and electron defect structure induced by the existence of mixed-valence Cu+/Cu2+ and Ti3+/Ti4+ are also found in the NCSBYCTO ceramics. The giant permittivity response, low dielectric loss and improved nonlinear properties can be considered the synergistic effect of the defect mechanism and the internal barrier layer capacitor model. This finding offers a route for designing giant permittivity ceramics with brilliant dielectric properties and nonlinear behaviors, which is expected to benefit dual-functional device applications of capacitors and varistors. [Display omitted] • A novel type of Na 1/3 (Ca 1/2 Sr 1/2) 1/3 (Bi 1/2 Y 1/2) 1/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 perovskite-like ceramics were developed via multiple elements strategy. • All the NCSBYCTO ceramics exhibit a giant permittivity response (103∼104) and good stability of temperature and frequency. • A relative balance between the giant permittivity and a lower dielectric loss is achieved in the NCSBYCTO ceramic sintered at 1050 °C. • The NCSBYCTO ceramic sintered at 1070 °C shows a higher E b of 2552.56 V/cm and a larger α of 6.48. • The electron defect mechanism and IBLC model can synergistically explain the enhanced electrical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and sensitive analysis of cancer‐associated microRNAs in living tissue is of great significance for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Herein, a hierarchical nanoprobe denoted as UCNP‐QDs‐GNPs is delicately designed, where a near‐infrared (NIR) absorptive upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) serves as the core, broad‐absorptive and bright emissive quantum dots (QDs) and emission‐quencher gold nanoparticles (GNPs) surround as satellites for microRNA imaging and image‐guided cancer therapy. Through the programmed assembly of heterobivalent DNA‐conjugated QDs with DNA‐modified GNPs and UCNPs, the well‐defined nanostructured UCNP‐QDs‐GNPs are generated with quenched fluorescence. Upon encountering the microRNA‐21 target, GNPs underwent catalytic disassembly, resulting in the concurrent recovery and amplification of fluorescence from QDs and UCNPs, which enabled sensitive imaging and quantification of microRNA‐21 within living cells. Furthermore, dithiol‐constituted aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers bonded on the surface of QDs, are effectively photosensitized by the QDs. The NIR excitation harvested by UCNPs is therefore efficiently transferred to QDs and subsequently converged on the AIE photosensitizers, boosting photodynamic activity for image‐guided therapy in deep‐seated tumors. The DNA‐programmed (de)hybridization strategy, facilitating the conversion of NIR excitation into imaging signals and photodynamic activity, offers a promising avenue for the early theranostics of malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper evaluates the machinability of brazed diamond tools for milling 3D SiC f /C-SiC composites. Defined three milling modes of fiber orientation, transverse, longitudinal, and perpendicular, and surfaces, SA (transverse and longitudinal), SB (transverse and perpendicular), and SC (longitudinal and perpendicular), are chosen to reveal factors influencing milling force and surface integrity. Besides, the removal process mechanism is analyzed through high-speed cameras. The results show that combining fiber orientations influences milling force waveform, whereas surface quality is related to fiber orientation and damage types. The lower cutting speeds obtain better surface quality on SA surfaces, while superior surface quality on SB and SC surfaces is attained with higher cutting speeds. Dominant damage modes include direct fiber breakage and matrix fragmentation. Moreover, the removal process is sequentially matrix cracking and fiber/matrix debonding, fiber breakage, and ultimate failure. Toughening mechanisms of composites containing fiber bridging and fiber pullout are observed during milling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel one‐pot deracemization method using a bifunctional chiral agent (BCA) is proposed for the first time to convert a racemate to the desired enantiomer. Specifically, chiral α, (α‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol) formed enantiospecific cocrystals with racemic dihydromyricetin, and used its own alkaline catalysis to catalyze the racemization between the (2R,3R)‐enantiomer and (2S,3S)‐enantiomer in solution, achieving a one‐pot spontaneous deracemization. This strategy was also successfully extended to the deracemization of three other racemic compound drugs: (R,S)‐carprofen, (R,S)‐indoprofen, and (R,S)‐indobufen. The one‐pot deracemization method based on the BCA strategy provides a feasible approach to address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reactions that are commonly encountered in the cocrystallization‐induced deracemization process and opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products with atom economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel one‐pot deracemization method using a bifunctional chiral agent (BCA) is proposed for the first time to convert a racemate to the desired enantiomer. Specifically, chiral α, (α‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol) formed enantiospecific cocrystals with racemic dihydromyricetin, and used its own alkaline catalysis to catalyze the racemization between the (2R,3R)‐enantiomer and (2S,3S)‐enantiomer in solution, achieving a one‐pot spontaneous deracemization. This strategy was also successfully extended to the deracemization of three other racemic compound drugs: (R,S)‐carprofen, (R,S)‐indoprofen, and (R,S)‐indobufen. The one‐pot deracemization method based on the BCA strategy provides a feasible approach to address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reactions that are commonly encountered in the cocrystallization‐induced deracemization process and opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products with atom economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early work of Wei et al. has shown that it is possible to do the computation in constant time for quantum search in quantum local adiabatic evolution framework if the system Hamiltonian has an extra enlarged factor proportional to the square-root of the size of the problem. Also in our prior work, we have shown that it is possible to apply a linear interpolating path in the system Hamiltonian to achieve an O(1) time complexity for a quantum global adiabatic computation. In this paper, we discuss the issues when implementing these two quantum algorithms on the quantum circuit model, and find that to our surprise, the time slices produced does not equal to the time complexity of the algorithm in each case. This is in contrast to the previous related results, because there these two quantities always coincide. When taking into account of the whole energy-level increase of the system compared with that of the usual quantum adiabatic evolutions and the corresponding time complexity simultaneously, we find that the time slices needed always consist of the two quantities multiplying together. This result is new, and may be hopeful to find application in designing quantum adiabatic algorithm for problems beyond quantum search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of clean energy has aroused an increased demand for advanced energy storage systems. Alkali metal‐ion batteries (AMIBs) including lithium/sodium/potassium‐ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs/PIBs) play a crucial role in these systems, and their development is closely related to the progress of electrode materials. Niobium (Nb)‐based materials exhibit distinctive features such as quasi‐2D framework, high intercalation potential, robust pseudo‐capacitance effect, and minimal volume expansion during cycles. These characteristics render them highly valuable for energy storage applications. However, the low conductivity and limited capacity of Nb‐based electrode materials significantly limit their widespread development in energy storage applications. To address these challenges, various strategies have been explored. This review primarily summarizes the recent advancements in research on Nb‐based anode materials for AMIBs over the past decade. The synthesis strategy, structure design, and material composite of Nb‐based materials are systematically discussed, and the performances of different types of batteries are also well analyzed and compared. Meanwhile, their merits in the fast‐charging realm are then highlighted. Importantly, this review presents the key issues and challenges encountered by Nb‐based anode materials in future energy storage, along with novel concepts and solutions for the research and development of next‐generation Nb‐based anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of peanut oil in the industrial sector necessitates the utilization of diverse raw materials to generate consistent batches with stable flavor profiles, thereby leading to an increased focus on understanding the correlation between raw materials and flavor characteristics. In this study, sensory evaluations, headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), odor activity value (OAV) calculations, and correlation analysis were employed to investigate the flavors and main contributing amino acids of hot-pressed oils derived from different peanut varieties. The results confirmed that the levels of alcohols, aldehydes, and heterocyclic compounds in peanut oil varied among nine different peanut varieties under identical processing conditions. The OAVs of 25 key aroma compounds, such as methylthiol, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 2,3-glutarone, exceeded a value of 1. The sensory evaluations and flavor content analysis demonstrated that pyrazines significantly influenced the flavor profile of the peanut oil. The concentrations of 11 amino acids showed a strong correlation with the levels of pyrazines. Notably, phenylalanine, lysine, glutamic acid, arginine, and isoleucine demonstrated significant associations with both pyrazine and nut flavors. These findings will provide valuable insights for enhancing the sensory attributes of peanut oil and selecting optimal raw peanuts for its production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing an ultra‐long‐lived red thermally activated delayed fluorescence carbon dots (TADF‐CDs) with time‐dependent phosphorescence colors (TDPC) in both solid and aqueous is still a challenge. Herein, a red TADF‐CDs, constructed via. a modified solid‐state pyrolysis strategy, show the phosphorescence emissions at 595, 670, and 725 nm with the afterglow lifetime longer than most of reported red TADF‐materials. In addition, the resulting CDs trigger the TDPC activity while the emission colors changed from red to green both in solid state and in aqueous suspension. The synergistic effects of boron‐hybridization in the seed CDs and the additional C═O groups generated in urea‐assisted pyrolysis, result in a stronger spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) between the 1(n, π*) and the 3(π, π*), the mitigated energy gap (ΔEST) and the non‐radiative relaxations of triplet excited states. The TDPC performance endow the resulting TADF‐CDs the usability in advance information security with enhanced‐security‐level encryption strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and mild multicomponent reaction (MCR) for the preparation of vinyl sulfone is reported, which is achieved by the hydrogenation/difunctional sulfonylation of an alkynyl ester with the corresponding N-allyl bromodifluoroacetamide, DABSO and H2O under visible light conditions without the need for any metal catalysts or additives. This transformation is the first example of a conversion using H2O as the hydrogen source to interact with DABCO to form [DABCO-H]+, which ultimately reacts with the vinyl group, with the advantage of high chemoselectivity and step economy. Notably, the method produces different sulfonylation products with the same substrate regulated by the presence or absence of H2O, which greatly reduces the cost of the chemical reaction and exhibits good functional group tolerance and substrate range. In addition, gram-scale experiments proceeded smoothly, proving the practicality of the methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient catalysts for lithium–sulfur battery cathode materials and lithium polysulfide-anchored catalysts is increasingly important for achieving high performance in lithium–sulfur batteries. Loading single-atom catalysts with graphene has the potential to greatly enhance reactivity during discharge and charging. However, it is more challenging to design the same periodic element as a cathode material at a fast and large scale. It can be predicted in advance through calculations. We will investigate the reaction mechanism of electrocatalysis, with a focus on single-atom catalysts featuring various coordination environments. Electronic structure analysis further confirms that the electrocatalytic activity originates from the chemical bond between iron and sulfur (Fe–S). This is crucial for selecting cathode materials for lithium–sulfur batteries and provides guidance for designing electrocatalysts to enhance the efficiency of lithium–sulfur batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this paper, a plasma actuator (PA), treated by the Suzen model, is introduced into film cooling, and four rows of rectangular ribs are employed in internal cooling. Combined action and individual action of film cooling and internal cooling are then investigated at four blowing ratios (M = 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1.0). Results show that (no PA, no ribs) the coolant is ejected from the film hole in a spiral form under the action of internal crossflow, and its distributions are inclined to crossflow direction. When the plasma actuator is opened (no ribs), the strength and scale of the counter-rotating vortex pairs are weakened, and the motion of coolant is accelerated, the average cooling effectiveness shows an increase of 82.4% (M = 0.25), 98.9% (M = 0.5), 33.4% (M = 0.75) and a decrease of 2.1% (M = 1.0), the spanwise cooling effectiveness is raised by 57.3–143.3% for each streamwise position, the flow coefficient is lowered by 1.8–3.2%. Ribs (no PA) interfere with the coolant flow in the internal channel, reducing the rotation degree and exit momentum of the coolant, and greatly eliminate the uneven distribution of coolant along the spanwise direction, resulting in an enhancement of 50.4–162.8% in the spanwise cooling effectiveness and of 59.2% (M = 0.25) and 79.5% (M = 0.5) in average film cooling effectiveness. The effect of combined action (PA plus ribs) is lower than those effects of individual factors, and wall average film cooling effectiveness with PA and ribs exhibits a 62.4% (M = 0.25) and 49.4% (M = 0.5) higher to PA off a case (no PA, no ribs); however, a local or global heat transfer deterioration appears at M = 0.75 and 1.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling can create great pollution to the environment. Understanding the safety, environment, technique, and regulation factors' impact on the recycling process is crucial. Due to the complexity of the relevant factors, and there is a certain degree of correlation and dependence between the factors, the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method is used to analyze the factors' degree of impact in this study. As the experts are ambiguous about some relations between the factors, it is impossible to conduct integrated evaluation. The improved DEMATEL method is proposed in this study to make up the missing relations. Further, the weights of the factors will be calculated. In the improved DEMATEL method, the numerical scale of a linguistic term set is introduced. Therefore, the numerical scale used by experts can not only be uniform and symmetrical, but can also be non-uniform symmetric, non-uniform asymmetric, etc. Finally, both reusing and recycling companies are included in this study and their factors' importance weights were analyzed with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the impact of land, sea ice, rainfall and strong wind, the wet tropospheric correction (WTC) of HY-2C (the third marine dynamic environmental monitoring satellite of China) altimeter cannot be obtained accurately by the calibration microwave radiometer (CMR) over the coastal ocean. The conducted evaluation of the HY-2C CMR WTC over the coastal ocean by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) data showed that the CMR WTC is abnormal or invalid. To solve this issue, a new method to determine the WTC of the HY-2C altimeter based on objective analysis (OA) by combining the GNSS WTC, ERA5 WTC and valid CMR WTC is developed. The OA WTC and HY-2C CMR WTC are compared to the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) WTC to validate the OA method. The results show that the RMSE of the WTC differences significantly decreases and the correlation coefficient increases. The number of available WTC data increases over the open ocean. The variances of sea level anomaly corresponding to the OA WTC in most areas are significantly smaller than those of the HY-2C CMR WTC. In general, the availability and accuracy of HY-2C altimeter data are largely enhanced with the OA WTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of nanotechnology and biomedicine, numerous gadolinium (Gd)-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents have been widely investigated. Due to the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and the complexity of biological systems, the biosafety of Gd-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents has been paid more and more attention. Herein, for the first time, we employed an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS)-based metabolomics approach to investigate the potential toxicity of Gd-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents. In this work, NaGdF4 and PEG-NaGdF4 nanoparticles were successfully constructed and selected as the representative Gd-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents for the metabolomics analysis. Based on the results of metabolomics, more metabolic biomarkers and pathways were identified in the NaGdF4 group than those in the PEG-NaGdF4 group. Careful analysis of these metabolic biomarkers and pathways suggested that NaGdF4 nanoparticles induced disturbance of pyrimidine and purine metabolism, inflammatory response, and kidney injury to a certain extent compared with PEG-NaGdF4 nanoparticles. These results indicated that Gd-based nanoparticle contrast agents modified with PEG had better biosafety. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the discovery of characteristic metabolomics biomarkers induced by nanoparticles would provide a new approach for biosafety assessment and stimulate the development of nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The symplectic approach is applied to solve the strip cross section temperature. • The mechanism of residual stress formation in hot strip rolling is studied by fiber rods model. • An analytical model for the coupling of temperature, crown and residual stress is established. • The strip critical exit crown ratio is obtained by using the residual stress analytical model. • Eliminating manifested and latent flatness defects by critical exit crown ratio of strip. Residual stress is introduced during hot-rolled strip production due to various factors, such as temperature distribution, crown change, and metal transverse flow. Excessive residual stress can cause flatness defects in the strip, while insufficient residual stress may result in deformation during subsequent cutting. To explore the mechanism of residual stress formation in hot-rolled strip and how to control it, an analytical model for the coupling of temperature, crown and residual stress is established. Firstly, based on the symplectic space Hamiltonian system, an analytical solution for the strip cross section temperature field in each inter-stand zone is obtained. Then the residual stress analytical model is derived based on the fiber rod model combined with the law of volume invariance, lateral metal flow function and high temperature stress relaxation phenomenon. Meanwhile, to verify the accuracy of the analytical model, a multi field coupled finite element model based on the measured data validation is established. The calculation results of the analytical model are in good agreement with the finite element model. Furthermore, the buckling model of strip in symplectic space Hamiltonian system is derived, and the critical buckling stress of different strip flatness defects is directly calculated. Finally, the residual stress analytical model is combined with critical buckling stress to calculate the critical exit crown ratio to keep the strip flat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallofullerenes are an important type of metallic nanomaterial with promising applications in several medical fields. Thermal ablation, including radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), is an important treatment strategy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The thermal expansion of fullerenes makes them good adjuncts to thermal ablation treatment of HCC. In this study, we used an innovative method of emulsification and cross-linking to produce CS-C60-Fe3O4 (Chitosan-C60-Fe3O4) nanoparticles, which have the advantages of uniform particle size and high bioavailability, as a kind of novel nano-pharmaceutical. The CS-C60-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by the cross-linking reaction from chitosan–acetic acid solution, Fe3O4 nanoparticles by Fe2SO4·7H2O and FeCl3·6H2O, and C60. The average particle size of CS-C60-Fe3O4 was 194.3 nm. Because CS-C60-Fe3O4 is magnetic, it can achieve specific and tissue aggregation in HCC tumor tissues. Moreover, compared with normal soluble C60 (EL35-C60), CS-C60-Fe3O4 prolonged the retention time of C60 in the blood of mice. CS-C60-Fe3O4 alone is not cytotoxic to cultured cells or tumor tissues, but when combined with thermal ablation strategies (RFA and MWA), it significantly upregulates the antitumor effects of thermal ablation on HCC tissues, that is, it acts as a sensitiser to thermal ablation. In the presence of thermal ablation, CS-C60-Fe3O4 interfered with iron metabolism in HCC cells and induced ferroptosis of HCC cells in the tumor tissues. These results not only expand our understanding of metallofullerenes but also provide additional options for the treatment of advanced HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study reported an empirical investigation that tested the collective and individual effects of morphological awareness and cognate awareness on Japanese word learning among Chinese learners of Japanese. 131 Chinese learners of Japanese participated in this study. They completed morphological awareness measurements (morpheme segmentation, morpheme analysis and homophone awareness), cognate awareness measurements that tapped into three different types of bilingual cognates, as well as two word-learning measurements (definitional knowledge and lexical inference). Drawing upon multivariate regression analysis, the study demonstrated that cognate awareness contributed to L2 Japanese word learning. Awareness of false cognates yielded stronger predictions in both outcome measurements. Regarding morphological awareness, the study indicated that morphological awareness had a unique contribution to L2 Japanese word learning above and beyond cognate awareness. More specifically, the findings underscored the importance of morpheme analysis and homophone awareness in Japanese word learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multipath effects are the most challenging error sources for the Global Navigation Satellite System receiver, affecting observation quality and positioning accuracy. Due to the non-linear and time-varying nature, multipath error is difficult to process. Previous studies used a homogeneous indicator to characterize multipath effects and only revealed the temporal or spatial correlations of the multipath, resulting in limited correction performance. In this study, we consider the code multipath to be influenced not only by the elevation and azimuth angle of certain stations to satellites but also to be related to satellite characteristics such as nadir angle. Hence, azimuth angle, elevation angle, nadir angle and carrier-to-noise power density ratio are taken as multiple indicators to characterize the multipath significantly. Then, we propose an Attention-based Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (AT-Conv-LSTM) that fully exploits the spatiotemporal correlations of multipath derived from multiple indicators. The main processing procedures using AT-Conv-LSTM are given. Finally, the AT-Conv-LSTM is applied to a station for 16 consecutive days to verify the multipath mitigation effectiveness. Compared with sidereal filtering, multipath hemispherical map (MHM) and trend-surface analysis-based MHM, the experimental results show that using AT-Conv-LSTM can decrease the root mean square error and mean absolute error values of the multipath error more than 60% and 13%, respectively. The proposed method can correct the code multipath to centimeter level, which is one order of magnitude lower than the uncorrected code multipath. Therefore, the proposed AT-Conv-LSTM network could be used as a powerful alternative tool to realize multipath reduction and will be of wide practical value in the fields of standard and high-precision positioning services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent advent of single-cell level biological understanding, a growing interest is in identifying cell states or subtypes that are homogeneous in terms of gene expression and are also enriched in certain biological conditions, including disease samples versus normal samples (condition-specific cell subtype). Despite the importance of identifying condition-specific cell subtypes, existing methods have the following limitations: since they train models separately between gene expression and the biological condition information, (1) they do not consider potential interactions between them, and (2) the weights from both types of information are not properly controlled. Also, (3) they do not consider non-linear relationships in the gene expression and the biological condition. To address the limitations and accurately identify such condition-specific cell subtypes, we develop scDeepJointClust, the first method that jointly trains both types of information via a deep neural network. scDeepJointClust incorporates results from the power of state-of-the-art gene-expression-based clustering methods as an input, incorporating their sophistication and accuracy. We evaluated scDeepJointClust on both simulation data in diverse scenarios and biological data of different diseases (melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer) and showed that scDeepJointClust outperforms existing methods in terms of sensitivity and specificity. scDeepJointClust exhibits significant promise in advancing our understanding of cellular states and their implications in complex biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor, vertical convection, and atmospheric poleward energy transport as well as their combined effects for a quasi-linear relationship between the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and surface temperature (TS). The greenhouse effect of water vapor enhances the meridional gradient of surface temperature, thereby directly contributing to a quasi-linear OLR-TS relationship. The atmospheric poleward energy transport decreases the meridional gradient of surface temperature. As a result of the poleward energy transport, tropical (high-latitude) atmosphere-surface columns emit less (more) OLR than the solar energy input at their respective locations, causing a substantial reduction of the meridional gradient of the OLR. The combined effect of reducing the meridional gradients of both OLR and surface temperature by the poleward energy transport also contributes to the quasi-linear OLR-TS relationship. Vertical convective energy transport reduces the meridional gradient of surface temperature without affecting the meridional gradient of OLR, thereby suppressing part of the reduction to the increasing rate of OLR with surface temperature by the greenhouse effect of water vapor and poleward energy transport. Because of the nature of the energy balance in the climate system, such a quasi-linear relationship is also a good approximation for the relationship between the annual-mean net downward solar energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and surface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavities and other fracture structures within energetic materials may have significant impact on their performance. The mechanism on how hot spots induced by cavity collapse affect the detonation initiation process is still not fully understood. In this work, two-dimensional simulations are conducted for heterogeneous LX-17 energetic material containing array-distributed cavities to investigate the detonation initiation process induced by the impaction of the incident shock wave (ISW), and the impacts of cavity size and volume fraction on the shock-to-detonation transition (SDT) are also evaluated. First, we fix the cavity radius to be 40 μm and the cavity volume fraction to be 12.57%, and compare the detonation initiation processes for neat and heterogeneous LX-17 energetic materials. The results indicate that cavities within LX-17 can accelerate the detonation initiation, i.e., shortening the initiation distance and time. Then, the flow characteristics and incident shock wave evolutions during the cavity collapse process are analyzed. The results show that the interaction between the cavity and the incident shock wave results in the local hot spots and causes LX-17 reactant to auto-ignite, so as to accelerate the shock-to-detonation transition. Finally, the influence of the cavity size and volume fraction on the detonation initiation process is assessed. It is found that as the cavity volume fraction increases, the detonation initiation distance and time increase and even become larger than the results predicted of the neat case, i.e., the acceleration effect of cavities on the detonation initiation weakens and the cavities even inhibits the shock-to-detonation transition. When the cavity volume fraction is fixed, it is found cases of small-size cavity predict longer initiation distance and time than cases of large-size cavity. The analysis indicates that increasing cavity volume fraction corresponds to smaller density of LX-17 reactant, and the hot spot duration time is shorter for cases of small-size cavity than cases of large-size cavity. Therefore, the detonation initiation distance and time increase as the cavity volume fraction increases and the cavity size decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognate awareness is the ability to recognise cognate relationships in languages, which requires activation of vocabulary knowledge in both languages. Different types of cognates may have various degrees of contributions to vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. Few studies have explored the role of different cognate types in vocabulary knowledge and reading across languages, especially in the L3 learner population. To this end, the present study examined the role of different facets of cognate awareness in L3 vocabulary and reading acquisition. Chinese college students of L2 English and L3 French (N = 121) participated in the study, all of whom had learned L2 English for over nine years and L3 French for at least one semester in classrooms. They were required to complete a researcher-developed English-French cognate test, a French vocabulary test and a French reading test. The English-French cognate test contained three types of cognates (same, similar, and false types). The French vocabulary test consisted of a vocabulary size subtest and a Word Associates subtest to measure breadth and depth knowledge. Results of path analysis revealed indirect effects of two types of cognate awareness (similar and false types) on L3 French reading comprehension via the mediation of vocabulary knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically tests the effect of stock risk warning of listed companies on the risk of stock price crash of non-warning companies in the same industry and its mechanism in the Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2021 as samples. The research results show that the risk warning information has a capital market governance effect on peer companies, that is, the new risk warning information in an industry will alleviate the risk of stock price crash of peer companies. This conclusion remains robust after a series of robustness and endogeneity tests. The mediating mechanism test shows that the idiosyncratic information content of the stock price mediates the process of risk warning information affecting the risk of stock price crash of peer companies. The heterogeneity test shows that the governance effect of risk warning information on the risk of stock price crash of peer companies is more significant when the problem of company agency is more serious, the competitive market position is lower, or the differences in opinion among investors are smaller. This study provides empirical evidence for the necessity of the existence of the risk warning system. Additionally, it provides a reference for the capital market risk supervision of similar transition economies such as China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both arrangement and modification of dimples have significant effects on flow and heat transfer performance and the local high-temperature spots (hot spots) risk on the channel walls, which could potentially cause irretrievable damages to the high-power heat source, due to the negative effect on heat transfer of low velocity "dead zone" in the wake region for traditional dimples. To this end, the narrow rectangular channel with elliptic dimples with different rotated angles ranging from 0° to 90° are firstly systematically studied to explore the mechanism of balance of average and local heat transfer performance and flow resistance to figure out the most appropriate rotated angle. In order to further minimize the hot spot risk, novel dimples with streamwise/inclined slit are proposed and numerically studied to explore the dissipation of recirculation region or low velocity "dead zone" through the slit inducing a stream of flow from the front region to the wake region. In evaluation of the hot spot risk, the new indicator of high temperature probability (HTP) is proposed as a critical indicator. Compared to the channel with traditional dimples, slit can effectively reduce local high temperature and pressure loss by inducing a stream of flow from the front region to the wake region. Compared with the streamwise slit, the inclined slit performs better both in heat transfer performance and HTP. Compared with the smooth channel, the average heat transfer coefficient of the channel with inclined slit dimples with rotated angle of 75° can be the improved by up to 14%, the maximum temperature of the channel wall can be decreased by up to 6.78 K and HTP of the channel wall can be decreased by up to 14.21%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the solvability of multistage pseudomonotone stochastic variational inequalities (SVIs). On the one hand, some known solvability results of pseudomonotone deterministic variational inequalities cannot be directly extended to multistage pseudomonotone SVIs, so we construct the isomorphism between both and then establish theoretical results on the existence, convexity, boundedness and compactness of the solution set for multistage pseudomonotone SVIs via such an isomorphism. On the other hand, there does not exist a special algorithm for solving the multistage pseudomonotone SVIs so far, so we propose some sufficient conditions on the elicitability of multistage pseudomonotone SVIs, which opens the door for applying Rockafellar's elicited progressive hedging algorithm to solve such SVIs. Numerical results on solving a two-stage stochastic market optimization problem and randomly generated two-stage pseudomonotone linear complementarity problems are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon fully convolutional networks (FCNs), deep learning-based salient object detection (SOD) methods achieve gratifying performance in many vision tasks, including surface defect detection. However, most existing FCN-based methods still suffer from the coarse object edge predictions. The state-of-the-art methods employ intricate feature aggregation techniques to refine boundaries, but they are often too computational cost to deploy in the real application. This paper proposes a semantics guided detection paradigm for salient object detection. Guided atrous pyramid module is first applied on the top feature to segment complete salient semantics. Query context modules are further used to build relation maps between saliency and structural information from the top-down pathway. These two modules allow the semantic features to flow throughout the decoder phase, yielding detail enriched saliency predictions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods on surface defect detection and SOD benchmarks. In addition, this method can detect at 27 FPS in a fully convolutional fashion without any post-processing, which has the potential for real-time detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current status of research on convective heat transfer and thermal economy of hybrid Nano fluids in heat exchangers is reviewed. The influencing factors and variation mechanisms of convective heat transfer performance parameters" total heat transfer coefficient, convective heat transfer coefficient, Nu number) are introduced. The thermal economy" thermal efficiency, entropy production, fire use loos and second law efficiency) of mixed Nano fluids in heat exchanger applications is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pomegranate-like nanosphere structure of CeO2 was prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal method, and the novel CeO2 structure was printed on a TiO2 film to form a scattering layer, which constituted the composite structure of a photoanode in a thin film optoelectronic device. Then ZnCuInSe quantum dots, a ZnS passivation layer and a CuS counter electrode were prepared, and these parts were assembled into quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. By changing the thickness of the scattering layer film in the photoanode, the quantum dots were adsorbed on TiO2 more effectively. By using the special ball-core structure, light was scattered so that the photoanode used the light many times, which effectively increased the efficiency of photoelectron production. After electrochemical testing of the device, it was found that the photoconversion efficiencies of the TiO2 transparent layer and the CeO2 scattering layer composite photoanode were greater than that of a single TiO2 photoanode without a scattering layer. The results showed that when the thickness of the scattered layer was 10 ± 1 μm, the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) was obtained, which was 20% higher than that seen with TiO2 alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine fishes have been increasingly threatened by the global proliferation of both small dams and large hydropower projects to meet the soaring water, energy and food demands from growing human populations and urbanisation. However, empirical evidence of the direct effects on a specific species before and after dam construction and operation is rare. Causes of population decline vary among species and, although little known, they are of great importance for successful environmental flow regulation.We monitored the hydroenvironment and population dynamics of a Schizothoracinae fish (Schizothorax lissolabiatus) for 9 years before and after dam (i.e., Dahuaqiao) construction in the upper Mekong River to understand fish response processes and the underlying mechanisms. Optimal hydroenvironmental conditions for key reproduction stages (e.g., pre‐spawning, hatching and post‐hatching) were reconstructed using daily increment analysis of larval otoliths and hydroenvironmental data.The flow regime was substantially disrupted by the dam, and water temperature was only slightly changed. The disappearance of young of the year from downstream after dam operation indicates that the changed hydroenvironment caused recruitment failure in S. lissolabiatus. By matching optimal hydroenvironmental conditions for S. lissolabiatus reproduction with the monitored hydroenvironmental data series before and after dam operation, we found that changes in thermal regime alone caused narrowing of the reproduction window by an average of 41%, whereas flow‐regime change alone narrowed it by 96% and it was narrowed by 98% for thermal and flow changes combined.This study shows that the altered flow regime, but not the thermal regime, was the primary driver of the recruitment failure of S. lissolabiatus. The findings highlight the importance of prioritising flow‐regime management to improve recruitment success for S. lissolabiatus and to favour the persistence of other imperilled Schizothoracinae fishes and native species in dammed rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the impulsive synchronisation of linear complex dynamical networks (CDNs) with time delay on time scales by a method of pinning impulsive control. We use the time scales theory and the Lyapunov method to derive a synchronisation criterion. We find that we can achieve the synchronisation of CDNs through only controlling a small number of nodes and the modelling framework here can enrich the models of continuous/discrete-time CDNs. In the end, we give some numerical simulations to demonstrate the feasibility of the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Based on the fiber rods model, the formation mechanism of residual stress caused by temperature and phase transformation is studied. • An analytical model is established to calculate the residual stresses at different run-out table cooling stages. • Based on symplectic space Hamiltonian system, the mathematical relationship between residual stress and flatness is solved directly. • The edge wave defects in strip run-out table cooling process are calculated directly by using the analytical model. The residual stress formed in the run-out table cooling stage of hot-rolled strip has a great influence on flatness and subsequent cutting. Based on the fiber rods model, the formation mechanism of residual stress induced by incompatible deformation caused by temperature and phase transformation is studied in this paper. Meanwhile, the present study makes a first attempt to establishing the analytical model for calculating residual stresses at different run-out table cooling stages. Moreover, in order to further investigate the relationship between residual stress and flatness defects, a strip buckling model is introduced. The traditional buckling equilibrium equation of Lagrange system is introduced into the Hamiltonian system of symplectic space, and the mathematical relationship between residual stress and strip flatness is obtained directly without assuming stress and deflection function. Then the strip flatness is calculated by using this mathematical relationship and residual stress analytical model. Furthermore, to verify the accuracy of the analytical model, a multi-field coupled finite element model based on the validation of the measured data is established. Finally, the distribution of residual stress calculated by the analytical model and the finite element model is basically consistent. The analytical model calculated that the strip would have edge wave defects during run-out table cooling, which is highly consistent with the results of finite element model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lattice thermal conductivity of carbon materials is particularly interesting because it can vary within a range spanning five orders of magnitude depending on the atomic configuration. Herein, we systematically study the lattice thermal conductivity and phonon transport properties of pentadiamond, a new three-dimensional carbon allotrope consisting of pentagonal carbon rings. Based on first-principles calculations and an iterative solution to the linearized Boltzmann transport equation, the intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity (kl) is found to be 490.88 W/mK at room temperature, much lower than 2664.93 W/mK of diamond. A detailed analysis of both harmonic and anharmonic properties reveals that the low kl of pentadiamond essentially originates from its large phonon phase space, short phonon relaxation time resulting from strong overlap between the acoustic and low-lying optical phonon branches, and the low phonon group velocity. The distinct thermal transport behavior exhibited in pentadiamond further shows the diversity and complexity in lattice thermal conductivity of carbon allotropes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heritable condition related to brain development that affects a person's perception and socialization with others. Here, we examined variability in the brain morphology in ASD children and adolescent individuals at the level of brain cortical structural profiles and the level of each brain regional measure. Methods: We selected brain structural MRI data in 600 ASDs and 729 normal controls (NCs) from Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE). The personalized estimate of similarity between gray matter volume (GMV) profiles of an individual to that of others in the same group was assessed by using the person-based similarity index (PBSI). Regional contributions to PBSI score were utilized for brain age gap estimation (BrainAGE) prediction model establishment, including support vector regression (SVR), relevance vector regression (RVR), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The association between BrainAGE prediction in ASD and clinical performance was investigated. We further explored the related inter‐regional profiles of gene expression from the Allen Human Brain Atlas with variability differences in the brain morphology between groups. Results: The PBSI score of GMV was negatively related to age regardless of the sample group, and the PBSI score was significantly lower in ASDs than in NCs. The regional contributions to the PBSI score of 126 brain regions in ASDs showed significant differences compared to NCs. RVR model achieved the best performance for predicting brain age. Higher inter-individual brain morphology variability was related to increased brain age, specific to communication symptoms. A total of 430 genes belonging to various pathways were identified as associated with brain cortical morphometric variation. The pathways, including short-term memory, regulation of system process, and regulation of nervous system process, were dominated mainly by gene sets for manno midbrain neurotypes. Limitations: There is a sample mismatch between the gene expression data and brain imaging data from ABIDE. A larger sample size can contribute to the model training of BrainAGE and the validation of the results. Conclusions: ASD has personalized heterogeneity brain morphology. The brain age gap estimation and transcription-neuroimaging associations derived from this trait are replenished in an additional direction to boost the understanding of the ASD brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A baffled-type thermochemical reactor (BTR) for high-efficient hydrogen production by methanol steam reforming (MSR) based on the novel concept of methanol-based solar-driven hydrogen station is proposed and numerically investigated in terms of geometric and operating conditions with a multi-physics coupled model. It is found that the radius of heat-exchanging tube shows a significant impact on hydrogen yield (Y H 2 ) whereas the radius of heat-exchanging tube array shows little effect. Both the inlet velocity (V in,HTF) and temperature (T in,HTF) of heat transfer fluid (HTF) affect the reactor performance by influencing the heat transfer inside BTR. Excessively higher V in,HTF and higher T in,HTF would promote the side reaction of methanol decomposition (MD) against the main reaction of MSR, which finally decreases Y H 2 . Moreover, it is also found that for each gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) there is a corresponding optimal value of V in, HTF to maximize Y H 2 . Based on this, an optimal operating curve has been obtained via data-fitting, where Y H 2 decreases while the hydrogen production rate (R H 2 ) increases nonlinearly against GHSV , and the corresponding maximal values of 97.84% and 1.66 mol h−1 have been achieved separately. The results suggest that the practical operating conditions should follow the optimal operating curve with the compromise between Y H 2 and R H 2 . Finally, based on the performance evaluation against the traditional tubular reactor, the hydrogen yield of BTR is up to 1.79% higher than that of the tubular reactor due to (30.44%) more uniform temperature distribution, (15.30%) longer contact time and (7.46%) higher thermal-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency. • A novel concept of methanol-based solar-driven hydrogen station is proposed. • A baffled-type reactor for MSR is comprehensively studied with multiphysics model. • The optimal operating curve that practice should follow is obtained via data-fitting. • Y H 2 , max = 97.84 % or r H 2 , max = 1.66 mol h − 1 could be achieved separately with compromise. • BTR is advantageous in temperature uniformity, catalyst usage and energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many biological processes are regulated through dynamic protein phosphorylation. Monitoring disease‐relevant phosphorylation events in circulating biofluids is highly appealing but also technically challenging. We introduce here a functionally tunable material and a strategy, extracellular vesicles to phosphoproteins (EVTOP), which achieves one‐pot extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation, extraction, and digestion of EV proteins, and enrichment of phosphopeptides, with only a trace amount of starting biofluids. EVs are efficiently isolated by magnetic beads functionalized with TiIV ions and a membrane‐penetrating peptide, octa‐arginine R8+, which also provides the hydrophilic surface to retain EV proteins during lysis. Subsequent on‐bead digestion concurrently converts EVTOP to TiIV ion‐only surface for efficient enrichment of phosphopeptides for phosphoproteomic analyses. The streamlined, ultra‐sensitive platform enabled us to quantify 500 unique EV phosphopeptides with only a few μL of plasma and over 1200 phosphopeptides with 100 μL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We explored its clinical application of monitoring the outcome of chemotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients with a small volume of CSF, presenting a powerful tool for broad clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many biological processes are regulated through dynamic protein phosphorylation. Monitoring disease‐relevant phosphorylation events in circulating biofluids is highly appealing but also technically challenging. We introduce here a functionally tunable material and a strategy, extracellular vesicles to phosphoproteins (EVTOP), which achieves one‐pot extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation, extraction, and digestion of EV proteins, and enrichment of phosphopeptides, with only a trace amount of starting biofluids. EVs are efficiently isolated by magnetic beads functionalized with TiIV ions and a membrane‐penetrating peptide, octa‐arginine R8+, which also provides the hydrophilic surface to retain EV proteins during lysis. Subsequent on‐bead digestion concurrently converts EVTOP to TiIV ion‐only surface for efficient enrichment of phosphopeptides for phosphoproteomic analyses. The streamlined, ultra‐sensitive platform enabled us to quantify 500 unique EV phosphopeptides with only a few μL of plasma and over 1200 phosphopeptides with 100 μL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We explored its clinical application of monitoring the outcome of chemotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients with a small volume of CSF, presenting a powerful tool for broad clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The research in this paper helps to understand the difference between the Eulerian method and the Lagrangian method in describing the performance of Pelton turbine buckets, so as to improve the design level and design efficiency of the runner. Design/methodology/approach: This paper used DualSPHysics to calculate the unsteady flow of the Pelton turbine runner bucket and compared it with the mesh-based method to explore the difference between mesh-based and particle-based methods in torque curves, jet flow patterns and pressure characteristics. Findings: It is noted that the particle-based method is challenging to compare with the mesh-based method concerning accuracy. In addition to better describing the free water film, the particle method also captures many droplets near the water film, but it cannot well describe the negative pressure region on the bucket back and the resulting jet interference after cutting off the jet. Compared with the mesh-based method, the pressure measurement points obtained by the particle-based method generally have shorter periods and violent fluctuations, and the pressure value of some points is underestimated. Originality/value: This paper helped to calculate the unsteady characteristics of the Pelton turbine by Fluent, CFX and DualSPHysics; exploration jet flow pattern differences between the mesh and meshfree methods; prediction of the flow interference between the bucket back and the jet and the pressure curve of SPH usually has a shorter period and violent fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, based on the finite‐element calculation method, a high‐sensitivity infrared absorption sensor is designed with ZnSe as the substrate, Mo as the waveguide layer and periodic grating, and Ge as the thin film. The absorption performance of the structure is not sensitive to the polarization of the incident light when the transverse‐magnetic light wave is perpendicular to the structure. The thickness of the Ge thin film and the width of the grating column are the main factors for determining its absorption and sensing performance. The optimized structure is sensitive to the refractive index on the grating. Herein, a correspondence between the refractive index change and the position of the peak of the absorbance spectrum is established. When this structure is used as a refractive index sensor, the sensitivity can reach 2300 nm RIU−1 with a high figure of merit of 37.09. In addition, temperature sensing in ethanol shows that the waveguide can quantify the solution temperature by resonance. It is demonstrated in the results that the grating absorber has great potential applications in biomedical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between thyroid hormone sensitivity and thyroid cancer is unknown, and we aimed to investigate the association between sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in Chinese patients with thyroid nodules (TNs). Methods: A total of 1,998 patients undergoing thyroid surgery due to TNs from Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital were included in this study. We evaluated central sensitivity to thyroid hormones, such as thyroid stimulating hormone index (TSHI), TSH T4 resistance index (TT4RI), thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI), and parametric thyroid feedback quantile-based Index (PTFQI). Peripheral sensitivity to thyroid hormone was evaluated by FT3 to FT4 ratio. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices and PTC risk. Results: The results showed that central indices of thyroid hormone sensitivity, including TSHI, TT4RI, TFQI, and PTFQI, were positively associated with PTC risk. For each SD increase in TSHI, TT4RI, TFQI, and PTFQI, the odds ratios (OR, 95% CI) of PTC were 1.31 (1.18–1.46), 1.01 (1.01–1.02), 1.94 (1.45–2.60), and 1.82 (1.41–2.34), respectively. On the other hand, the association between peripheral sensitivity to thyroid hormone and PTC was significantly negative. For each SD increase in FT3/FT4 ratio, the OR (95% CI) of PTC was 0.18 (0.03–0.96), and a negative correlation was found between FT3/FT4 ratio and TNM staging of PTC. Conclusions: Sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices could be used as new indicators for predicting PTC in Chinese patients with TNs. Future researches are still needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predictors of immune tolerance induction (ITI) outcomes in hemophilia A (HA) patients with the same F8 genetic background have not yet been evaluated, although the F8 genotype is strongly associated with ITI response. This study aims to explore the predictors of ITI outcomes in the same F8 genetic background by focusing on intron 22 inversion (Inv22) patients with high-responding inhibitors. HA children with Inv22 and high-responding inhibitors who received low-dose ITI therapy over 24 months were included in this study. ITI outcomes were centrally assessed at the 24th month of treatment. The predictive ability of clinical variables to identify ITI success was determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the predictor of ITI outcomes was analyzed on the multivariable Cox model. Among the 32 patients investigated, 23 (71.9 %) achieved success. In univariate analysis, interval time from inhibitor diagnosis to ITI start (interval-time) was significantly associated with ITI success (P = 0.001); however, inhibitor titers showed no significance (P > 0.05). The interval-time demonstrated a good predictive value for ITI success with the area under the ROC curve of 0.855 (P = 0.002), and the cutoff value was 25.8 months (sensitivity, 87.0 %; specificity, 88.9 %). In the multivariable Cox model which considered success rate and time to success, interval-time was the only independent predictor (<25.8 months vs. ≥25.8 months, P = 0.002). The interval-time was first identified as a unique predictor of ITI outcomes in HA patients with high-responding inhibitors under the same F8 genetic background (Inv22). An interval-time of <25.8 months was associated with increased ITI success and reduced time to success. • Predictor of ITI outcomes in the same F8 gene background is unclear. • Inv22 children with high-responding inhibitors were included and analyzed. • Interval time from inhibitor diagnosis to ITI start (interval-time) was first identified as a unique predictor of ITI outcomes. • Interval-time of <25.8 months was associated with improved ITI outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the United States has experienced changing patterns of extreme temperature. Although much progress has been made, delineating the change in synoptic surface temperature variability (SSTV) and understanding its potential causes remain to be pursued. In this study, we seek to provide a quantitative description of the change in SSTV in the past seven decades across the US and its potential relevant physical factors. To achieve this goal, we develop a spatiotemporally local analysis method based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition that bypasses the stationary assumption and makes it possible to continuously track the change in SSTV in the spatiotemporal domain. We have found that the change in SSTV across the US is spatially inhomogeneous and temporally non-uniform. The change in the SSTV amplitude ranges from −36% to 39% across the continental United States, Northern Mexico, and surrounding oceans. Higher altitudes and surrounding regions generally see an increase in variability, while elsewhere over land, a reduction is observed, creating a three-band zonal structure across the continental United States. Generally, increases in variability are observed in the subtropics. The shape of the spatiotemporal evolution of SSTV implies that the topography of the United States may play an important role in altering synoptic-scale variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several epidemiological studies have reported the protective role of caffeine on health outcomes; however, it remained debatable on caffeine consumption and brain amyloid positivity. Objective: We aimed to determine the relationship between caffeine consumption and brain amyloid pathology in cognitively normal older adults. Methods: The dataset used for analysis in this cross-sectional study was selected from the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's (A4) Study. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association between caffeine consumption and amyloid positivity using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: In total, 4,394 participants were included in the final analysis. No significant association between caffeine consumption and amyloid positivity was observed in the whole participants (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.78–1.14; p = 0.558). Subgroup analysis showed that caffeine intake was significantly associated with decreased amyloid positivity in males (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54–0.97; p = 0.032) but not in females (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.90–1.46; p = 0.280), and the association between caffeine and amyloid positivity was not affected by age or APOE genotypes. In addition, different levels of caffeine were not associated with amyloid positivity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that caffeine consumption was not significantly associated with amyloid positivity in the whole sample. However, caffeine consumption may be inversely associated with amyloid positivity among males but not females. More studies are needed to explore the mechanisms underlying caffeine consumption and brain amyloid positivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient methods for the detection of T4 DNA ligase is extremely important for public health. The present work demonstrates the integration of engineerable oxidase nanozyme of LaMnO3.26 nanomaterials for the colorimetric detection of T4 DNA ligase. Specifically, the LaMnO3.26 nanomaterials exhibited oxidase-like activity, oxidizing o-phenylenediamine (OPD), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to their corresponding oxidation products, which featured maximum absorption wavelengths at 450, 417 and 650 nm, respectively, while pyrophosphate ion (PPi) caused an obvious decrease in the oxidase-like activity of LaMnO3.26 through its surface coordination with the surface-exposed Mn element and induced aggregation of the nanozyme. Attributed to the PPi regulated oxidase nanozyme activity, LaMnO3.26 served as a colorimetric probe for the quantitative detection of T4 DNA ligase assisted by a hyperbranched amplification reaction for signal amplification. The T4 DNA ligase was detected with a linear range of 4.8 × 10−3 to 6.0 U mL−1, achieving a detection limit of 1.6 × 10−3 U mL−1. The outcome indicated that the developed nanozyme might be extended to a broad range of practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shorter interval-time from inhibitor detection to starting immune tolerance induction (ITI) might predict better ITI outcomes for severe Hemophilia A (SHA) patients with high-risk-inhibitors. However, the prediction-impact of interval-time for these patients on low-dose ITI strategy remained unclear. To explore the relationship between interval-time and low-dose ITI outcomes in Chinese SHA children with high-risk-inhibitors. This was a single-center, retrospective study on SHA children with high-risk-inhibitors (each with immediate pre-ITI inhibitor titer>10 Bethesda Units/mL) undergoing low-dose ITI strategy for ≥24 months. ITI outcomes and their predictive factors were evaluated at the 24th month treatment for each patient. The predictive ability of interval-time on ITI success was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Among 47 patients investigated, 34 (72.3 %) achieved success. Independent predictor for ITI-outcome on multivariate analysis included the interval-time (p = 0.007) and peak inhibitor-titer (p = 0.011). Shorter interval-time predicted ITI success [cut-off value = 22.3 months, area under ROC-curve (AUC) = 0.701] and early-ITI success within 12 month (cut-off value = 9.4 months AUC = 0.704). Linear regression analysis suggested each month interval-time delay delayed success by 0.1552 month. Unlike the interval-time, peak inhibitor-titer had no success-predictive value in high-peak inhibitor-titer patients on ITI with immunosuppressants. Interval-time represented a strong predictive value for outcomes in our low-dose ITI strategy for SHA patients with high-risk-inhibitors. Shorter interval-time was associated with higher success rate and earlier success achievement. The respective interval-time cut-off values were 22.3 months for ITI success and 9.4 months for early-success. • The interval-time is the time from inhibitor detection to starting ITI. • Interval-time for predicting low-dose ITI outcomes remained unclear, for high-risk-inhibitors patients. • Interval-time had a strong predictive value for outcomes in our low-dose ITI strategy. • Interval-time cut-off values were 22.3 for success and 9.4 months for early-success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year-to-year varying annual evolutions of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) have an important downward impact on the weather and climate from winter to summer and thus potential implications for seasonal forecasts. This study constructs a parametric elliptic orbit model for capturing the annual evolutions of mass-weighted zonal momentum at 60° N (MU) and total air mass above the isentropic surface of 400 K (M) over the latitude band of 60–90° N from 1 July 1979 to 30 June 2021. The elliptic orbit model naturally connects two time series of a nonlinear oscillator. As a result, the observed coupling relationship between MU and M associated with SPV as well as its interannual variations can be well reconstructed by a limited number of parameters of the elliptic orbit model. The findings of this study may pave a new way for short-time climate forecasts of the annual evolutions of SPV, including its temporal evolutions over winter seasons as well as the spring and fall seasons, and timings of the sudden stratospheric warming events by constructing its elliptic orbit in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-frequency magnetic fields exert a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth and have been developed as a therapeutic modality. However, the effect of a low-frequency magnetic field on the interaction between cells is still poorly understood. This study aimed to preliminarily evaluate the direct effect of magnetic field ditectely on cultured cells and indirect effect mediated by cell-environment (conditioned medium). 293 T cells, Hepg2 cells, A549 cells have been cultured at 37 ± 0.18 °C in presence of an extremely low-frequency magnetic field of 20 Hz, 5-mT. The adherent tumor cells were more sensitive to magnetic field inhibition in the original environment (conditioned medium) with adherence inhibition rate for Hepg2 and A549 estimated at 18% and 30% respectively. The inhibition effect was suppressed when the suspended cells separated or clump density at a low density. The nontumor cell lines showed no inhibitory effect on exposure to a low-frequency magnetic field. The intracellular ion fluorescence (IIF) showed that the magnetic field significantly altered the membrane potential, indicating hyperpolarization of the adherent cells (ΔIIF 293 T cells: − 25%, ΔIIF Hepg2 cells: − 20% and ΔIIF A549 cells: − 13%) and depolarization of the suspended cells (ΔIIF Raji cells: + 9%). In addition, the conditioned media collected after magnetic field exposure acted on unexposed tumor cells and caused inhibition. Our findings might provide a basis for the mechanism of magnetic field interaction between cells and cell environment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]