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Pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection is an important fungal disease and represents a serious threat to pepper yield and quality. At present, the pathogenic molecular mechanism of C. gloeosporioides is not very clear. In our study, we characterized the function of C. gloeosporioides CgNis1, a homolog of Magnaporthe oryzae MoNis1. We found that the ∆Cgnis1 mutant reduced the growth rate and was defective in conidiation. Although the rate of appressorium formation was unaffected, the germ tube was found to be abnormal. CgNis1 was shown to be involved in the H2O2 stress response and maintaining cell membrane permeability. The pathogenicity assays performed in this study indicated that the deletion of CgNIS1 is associated with virulence. Our results indicate that CgNis1 is necessary for the growth, development, and pathogenicity of the fungus. This work provides an in-depth analysis of the Nis1 protein, helps to enhance studies on pathogen-related molecular mechanisms, and provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of C. gloeosporioides in peppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In order to reduce the undesirable effect of boundary layer separation and plug‐holing in a naturally ventilated tunnel with shaft for smoke extraction, a new design of baffle has been proposed in this paper. Large eddy simulation (LES) was performed with fire dynamics simulator (FDS), the influence of the angle formed by the boards (θ) and the distance between the baffle top and the shaft bottom (d) has been investigated. The simulation results show that the smoke extraction efficiency is not simply a monotonic function of the distance d or the angle θ, the influence of d and θ has been discussed, and the mechanism has been investigated. With proper configuration of the inverted V‐shaped baffle, the negative effect of plug‐holing can be eliminated, and the boundary layer separation can also be alleviated; the maximal smoke extraction efficiency is 2.04 times of that in the traditional shaft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]