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This study investigated the structure and functional properties including in vitro hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and immunoenhancing activities of water-soluble mulberry leaf polysaccharides (MLP) from Morus abla L. cv. Longsang 1. The results showed that the yield of MLP was (16.16 ± 0.30) mg/g with sugar content of (57.16 ± 4.00)% and uronic acid content of (30.97 ± 2.06)%. The molecular mass distribution of MLP, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), was mainly concentrated at 21.74 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that MLP mainly contained glucose, rhamnose, galactose, xylose, uronic acid (including glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid and mannuronic acid), and mannose, with a molar ratio of 59.17:22.31:10.44:2.65:2.28:1.07. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that MLP was a pyranose with intertwined branches and helical aggregation. MLP inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase with concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) of 1.81 mg/mL and 2.91 mg/mL, respectively, and its inhibitory activities were 49.17% and 37.80% as high as those of acarbose, respectively. MLP scavenged 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2, 2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical, and hydroxyl radical with EC50 of 0.54, 0.60 and 1.77 mg/mL, respectively, and the radical scavenging capacities were 4.77%, 38.03%, and 19.94% as high as those of ascorbic acid, respectively. When applied to RAW264.7 mouse macrophages, MLP increased the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β and enhanced macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis, thereby exerting an immunoenhancing effect. The research results can provide experimental data for the application and functional evaluation of mulberry leaves grown in cold regions.

Summary: This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro adhesive and immunoregulative effects of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L3 after subjected to yoghurt stress. The W/O/W microencapsulated L. plantarum L3 was prepared and dropped into fresh milk with commercial starters (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). The yoghurt was prepared and stored at 4 °C for 21 days. The effects of yoghurt storage and simulated gastrointestinal treatment on the in vitro adhesive and immunomodulatory activities of L. plantarum L3 were investigated. Results showed that the hydrophobicity, auto‐aggregation and biofilm synthesis ability of L. plantarum L3 were improved after yoghurt storage but in a storage time‐dependent manner. The maximum coaggregation coefficients with S. aureus and E. coli were higher than 20%. L. plantarum L3 increased the viability and phagocytosis of mouse RAW264.7 cells, whereas the secretion of NO and proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS was significantly reduced. In conclusion, yoghurt was a promising vehicle for delivering W/O/W L. plantarum L3 to the intestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to characterise water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) microcapsules loading Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L3 in a simulated fermentation and storage process for yoghurt, providing support for their potential application in complex fermented milk systems. The encapsulating efficiency of microencapsulated L. plantarum L3 with modified pectin was 96.79%, the aerobic plate count was 7.83 log cfu/g after simulated gastrointestinal treatment. The microencapsulated L. plantarum L3 delayed the post‐acidification of MRS medium. The cell‐free supernatant produced during the MRS storage period had a bacteriostatic effect. W/O/W microcapsules showed great prospects for application as a probiotics carrier in dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To study the effects ofLactobacillus Plantarumcell wall peptidoglycan (LPG) microspheres on mouse intestinal flora changes, peptidoglycan recognitions protein (PGRP) and cytokines expression levels. Method:Plate counting was used for enumeration of the intestinal flora. Real-time PCR was used for quantification PGRP in different tissues. Cytokines content were determined by ELISA kits. Result:The mouse administered orally with LPG microspheres showed significantly higher number ofLactobacillusandBifidobacteriumin caecum contents (p < 0.01). The amount of PGRP expression in different organs was highest in LPG microspheres-treated group. IL-4, 12, IFN-γ, TNF-α contents in serum from LPG microspheres-treated mouse were significantly higher than those in normal saline-treated group (p < 0.01). Conclusions:This study shows that the LPG microspheres can regulate intestinal flora imbalance and improve systemic immunity, improve both Th1 and Th2 immune response, which provide some basis for the use of LPG as potential adjuvants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: To evaluate the protective effects of microencapsulation onLactobacillus delbrueckiiby random, parallel experimental design.Materials and methods: Lincomycin hydrochloride-induced intestinal malfunction mouse model was successfully established; then theL. delbrueckiimicrocapsule was given to the mouse. The clinical behaviour, number of intestinal flora, mucous IgA content in small intestine, IgG and IL-2 level in peripheral blood were monitored. The histological sections were also prepared.Results: TheL. delbrueckiimicrocapsule could have more probiotic effects as indicated by higherbifidobacteriumnumber in cecal contents. The sIgA content in microcapsule treated group was significantly higher than that in non-encapsulatedL. delbrueckiitreated group (p < 0.05). Intestine pathological damage of theL. delbrueckiimicrocapsule-treated group showed obvious restoration.Conclusion: TheL. delbrueckiimicrocapsules could relieve the intestinal tissue pathological damage and play an important role in curing antibiotic-induced intestinal flora dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, peptidoglycan microspheres were evaluated for their toxicity and adjuvant effects after oral administration to mice. The liver and spleen indexes, CD cell content in peripheral blood and spleen, and immunoglobulin content in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry and indirect ELISA, respectively. Peptidoglycan microspheres with a loading capacity of 46.41 ± 0.83 g/100 g were prepared. In vivo tests showed that peptidoglycan microspheres revealed an immuno-enhancing profile as indicated by the slow increase of IgG content in peripheral blood compared with that of the untreated peptidoglycan group. In conclusion, peptidoglycan microspheres may be used as a new oral adjuvant in the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to prepare bactericidal films developed from soy protein isolate (SPI) based film-forming dispersions (FFDs) for use in the food and medical fields. The FFD and films were prepared after the incorporation of different concentrations of AgNO3 as a bactericidal agent. The transparency, tensile strength, and antimicrobial features were evaluated. Structural characterizations were also performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy analysis. Results showed that the opacity of these FFD was greatly decreased after the incorporation of AgNO3. The SPI-5 film has the largest tensile strength ( P < 0.05) compared with that of the other ones. Micro structural imaging analysis showed an increase in the surface irregularities with the addition of AgNO3. The minimum inhibitory concentration of AgNO3 was 336 μg/mL FFD for both Escherichia coli ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The SPI-AgNO3 films developed from the FFD with the minimal AgNO3 concentration at 336 μg/mL FFD also showed bactericidal effects for both the strains. These results may prove promising for the use of SPI-AgNO3 films in the food or medical industries. Practical Application: The films prepared in this study are biodegradable and will be used in medical and food fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]