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Purpose To explore the relationship of ethnicity and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) for women who underwent cesarean delivery (CD) and examine the risk factors for PPH in distinct ethnic groups in China. Methods We conducted case-control studies with the maternity data from the 11,778 CD cases, in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Initially, multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the disparity of race-ethnicity on the risk of PPH in ethnic Han, Uygur, Hui and Kazakh. Then, we performed case-control studies within two major ethnic groups, identifying the specific risk factors for PPH. Results Ethnic Uygur were associated with a statistically significant increased odds [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 2.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-3.33] of PPH compared with ethnic Han. For subgroup analyses, in Uygur subgroup, general anesthesia (aOR 7.78; 95% CI 2.31-26.20); placenta previa (aOR 11.18; 95% CI 3.09-40.45); prenatal anemia (aOR 4.84; 95% CI 2.44-9.60); emergency surgery (aOR 4.22; 95% CI 1.95-9.13) were independently associated with PPH. In Han subgroup, general anesthesia (aOR 5.70; 95% CI 1.89-17.26); placenta previa (aOR 20.08; 95% CI 6.35-63.46); multiple pregnancy (aOR 7.21; 95% CI 1.61-32.37); body mass index (aOR 1.19; 95% CI 1.07-1.31) were the risk factors to PPH. Conclusion Uygur have more tendency to PPH compared to Han, and risk factors for PPH in Uygur and Han groups may differ. Knowing these differences may be meaningful when planning interventions and resources for high-risk patients undergoing cesarean delivery, and we need more research aimed at risk factors for PPH., Author(s): Yu Wang [sup.1], Hexin Gao [sup.2], Tuvshin Bao [sup.3], Lijuan Yang [sup.2], Guifeng Ding [sup.2], Demu Ba [sup.4], Shujun Sun [sup.1], Yun Lin [sup.1], Shanglong Yao [sup.1] Author Affiliations: [...]

We used the latest database of Chinese industrial enterprises to make an empirical test of the relationship between the SO2 emissions trading pilot (ETP) policy implemented in 2007 and enterprise performance based on a difference-in-difference (DID) method since the ETP policy tends to be a “quasi-natural experiment.” The empirical results show that the ETP policy has a significant promotion effect on enterprise performance, which provides evidence supporting the “Porter hypothesis” in China. Heterogeneous regression results show that ETP policies play a vital role in promoting development in heavily polluting industries, state-owned enterprises, and central regions. The test results of the mechanism demonstrate that the ETP policy has two mechanisms to affect enterprise performance: “improving the total factor productivity of the enterprise” and “increasing the extra cost of the enterprise.” There are two policy implications of our research: first, government departments should strive to explore and implement relevant market-based environmental regulations and policies; second, government departments should vigorously support small and medium-sized enterprises and backward areas in the west while focusing on heavily polluting industries and making the best use of environmental regulations in pollution control, which are the key points for China to win the defense of the blue sky.