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Background: Cyberloafing exists extensively in online learning and impairs learning, yet little is known about how course-related factors affect it. The community of inquiry framework maintains that learning is affected by teaching presence, according to which, we assume that teaching presence impacts cyberloafing, which is mediated by social presence, cognitive presence, and lack of attention, and moderated by normative influence. Aims: This study examined the effect of teaching presence on cyberloafing and its underlying mechanisms -- the mediating roles of social presence, cognitive presence and lack of attention, and the moderating roles of normative influence. Sample: Participants were 814 university students who were taking video-centric asynchronous online courses. Methods: Self-report instruments were adopted, and data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results: Teaching presence was negatively associated with cyberloafing. Social presence (positively), cognitive presence (negatively), and lack of attention (negatively) mediated the relation, respectively. Social presence, cognitive presence and lack of attention were also serial mediators of the association (i.e., teaching presence [right arrow] social presence [right arrow] cognitive presence [right arrow] cyberloafing; teaching presence [right arrow] cognitive presence [right arrow] lack of attention [right arrow] cyberloafing; teaching presence [right arrow] social presence [right arrow] cognitive presence [right arrow] lack of attention [right arrow] cyberloafing), and these sequential mediating effects were negative. Moreover, normative influence could aggravate the negative effect of cognitive presence on lack of attention, the positive effect of social presence on cyberloafing, and the positive effect of lack of attention on cyberloafing. Conclusions Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for learning and teaching are discussed.

Self-expansion is a common phenomenon in social life, and it may provide a new and integrated perspective to examine Internet use and its influences. In current information era, Internet has become an indispensable component of our daily lives, but there have been limited attempts to measure its influence from a self-expansion perspective. This study aims to develop and validate a scale measuring Internet self-expansion. Firstly, a semi-structured interview was conducted to generate the initial items. Exploratory factor analysis was then conducted on the initial 23 items using a sample of 565 participants. The results identified three dimensions: the acquisition of new experiences and perspectives; a sense of personal growth and new identities; and raising competence and resources. The three-factor model with 16-item, was then subjected to confirmatory factor analysis using a second sample of 686 participants. The results showed a good model fit. Finally, criterion validity and reliability were examined using a third sample of 351 participants. The results revealed that the score of Internet self-expansion was significantly correlated with that of Inclusion of Other in Self scale and Internet Use Intensity measure, indicating a good criteria validity. The scale of Internet self-expansion also demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Taken together, the findings suggest that the proposed scale is a reliable and valid measure which can be used to assess Internet self-expansion., Author(s): Gengfeng Niu [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Yuping Wang [sup.3] , Zhanxing Li [sup.3] , Zongkui Zhou [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.4] , Xiaoli Ni [sup.3] , Xiaojun Sun [sup.1] [sup.2] [...]

Deuteron separation energy is not only the basis for validating the nuclear mass models and nucleon-nucleon interaction potential, but also can determine the stability of a nuclide to certain extent. Bayesian neural network (BNN) approach, which has strong predictive power and can naturally give theoretical errors of predicted values, had been successfully applied to study the different kinds of separations except the deuteron separation. In this paper, several typical nuclear mass models, such as macroscopic model BW2, macroscopic-microscopic model WS4, and microscopic model HFB-31, are chosen to study the deuteron separation energy combining BNN approach. The root-mean-square deviations of these models are partly reduced. In addition, the inclusion of physical parameters related to the pair and shell effects in the input layer can further improve the theoretical accuracy for the deuteron separation energy. The results show that the theoretical predictions are more reliable as more physical features of BNN approach are included.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of social anxiety, self-concept clarity, self-esteem and adolescents' mobile phone dependence, and aimed to clarify the role of self-concept clarity and self-esteem in social anxiety and adolescents' mobile phone dependence. It was hypothesized that social anxiety would affect the adolescents' mobile phone dependence through the mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-esteem. A total of 1210 adolescents, in which 567 (47.2%) boys and 634 (52.8%) girls, completed the Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use, Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, Self-concept Clarity Scale, and Self-esteem Scale. Results revealed that social anxiety significantly predicted adolescents' mobile phone dependence not only directly, but also through the mediation of self-concept clarity, the mediation of self-esteem, and serial mediation of self-concept clarity and self-esteem. Findings of the present study can clarify how social anxiety affects adolescents' mobile phone dependence and enrich theories about mobile phone dependence, which also can help to establish the intervention or protection of adolescents' mobile phone dependence., Author(s): Fanchang Kong [sup.1] , Ningning Lan [sup.1] , Haibo Zhang [sup.1] , Xiaojun Sun [sup.1] , Yan Zhang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411407.7, 0000 0004 1760 2614, Key Laboratory [...]