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BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create an interactive three-dimensional (3D) world, which gives users a sense of spatial presence. In nursing education, VR has been used to help optimize teaching and learning processes. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in nursing education in the areas of knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. MethodsWe conducted a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of VR in nursing education based on the Cochrane methodology. An electronic literature search using the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), up to December 2019 was conducted to identify studies that reported the effectiveness of VR on knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. The study selection and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the selected studies was determined using the Cochrane criteria for risk-of-bias assessment. ResultsA total of 12 studies, including 821 participants, were selected for the final analysis. We found that VR was more effective than the control conditions in improving knowledge (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.75, P

Objective: To analyze document features and current research status of applying proteomics technology in acupuncture and moxibustion research, thereby further providing reference for further research and development in this area., Methods: CNKI, Wangfang Data, CBM, PubMed, and Medline were included. Retrieved were literatures involving applying proteomics technology in acupunc- ture and moxibustion from January 2004 to December 2015. Document features and current research features were statistically analyzed using bibliometrics., Results: Totally 91 articles were included, 60 from journals, 8 conference theses, and 23 dissertations. The 60 articles were published in 47 kinds of journals, and 56 of them were published in core journals. Theories of acupuncture and moxibustion (correlated with meridians, zang-fu organs) and mechanism research were hotspots, involving 19 kinds of disease models (dominated as gastric mucosal lesion, cerebral ischemia, and spinal cord injury). Two- dimensional gel based electrophoresis technology was used in 51 articles (69. 86%)., Conclusions: Proteomics technology has been widely applied in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion research. It could promote researches on meridians and zang-fu organs correlated theories and mechanisms. The depth and breadth of the study is worth further widening.

Objective: To preliminarily study the essence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients of cold-dampness arthralgia spasm syndrome (CDASS) at the protein expression level., Methods: Totally 24 RA patients were recruited from Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine from July 2009 to September 2010. They were assigned to the CDASS group and the dampness-heat arthralgia spasm syndrome (DHASS) group according to Chinese medicine syndrome typing, 12 in each group. The normal control group consisted of 12 healthy volunteers from the Health Examination Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. The serum proteins were compared between the CDASS group and the normal control group/the DHASS group respectively using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The common differential protein spots of CDASS were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The SwissProt database was inquired using Mascot Software to identify differential proteins., Results: There were 81 differential protein spots between the CDASS group and the normal control group. There were 45 differential protein spots between the CDASS group and the DHASS group. Thirteen protein spots were found to be higher or lower in protein expression quantity of the CDASS group when compared with those of the other two groups. Nine differential protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry and database retrieval. It's suggested that these proteins were most likely to be related with inhibition of cellular events, such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and so on., Conclusion: 4.1 protein and DLC-1 protein were of potential significance in the diagnosis, prognostic markers, or treatment targets of RA patients of CDASS, which also provided evidence for further studies on the essence of CDASS.

Objective: To evaluate the cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with essential hypertension (EH) complicating with or without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)., Methods: Graded maximal exercise test on the bicycle ergometer with respiratory gas analysis were performed in 30 gender and age matched normotensive controls, 40 EH patients without LVH and 30 EH patients with LVH (LVMI>125 g/m2 in males and > 120 g/m2 in females). Metabolic equivalents (METs), oxygen uptake (VO2), oxygen uptake to body mass ratio (VO2/kg) and oxygen uptake to heart beat ratio (VO2/HR) at time of reaching anaerobic threshold (AT) and at maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured and compared., Results: METs and VO2/kg were significantly reduced in EH patients with or without LVH compared with controls [at AT, METs: 3.57 +/- 0.8 and 4.34 +/- 1.47 vs. 5.21 +/- 1.45; VO2/kg: 12.38 +/- 2.85 and 14.42 +/- 4.33 vs. 18.48 +/- 4.52, all P < 0.01; at VO2max, METs: 4.94 +/- 1.24 and 5.90 +/- 1.51 vs. 6.96 +/- 1.85; VO(2)/kg: (17.20 +/- 4.34) mlxmin(-1)xkg(-1) and (20.41 +/- 4.59) mlxmin(-1)xkg(-1) vs. (24.04 +/- 5.21) mlxmin(-1)xkg(-1), all P < 0.01]. METs and VO2/kg at both time points were also significantly reduced in EH patients with LVH compared EH patients without LVH (all P < 0.05). The lower VO2/kg in hypertensive patients was significantly correlated to higher LVMI (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity was reduced in hypertensive patients, especially in hypertensive patients with LVH.