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IntroductionThe deep-sea environment is always characterized by high hydrostatic pressure, fluctuating temperatures, heavy metals, darkness, and others. The Vesicomyidae inhabit cold seep zones, hydrothermal vents, and other chemically reduced environments.MethodsTo enhance the understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of clams in extreme environments, a comprehensive proteomic study was conducted on the cold seep clam Archivesica marissinica and shallow water clam Ruditapes philippinarum.ResultsA total of 4,557 proteins were identified from the comparative groups. The Gene Ontology results indicated that the differentially expressed proteins (DEP) for the comparative group Rpgill vs. Amgill were enriched in the nitrogen compound metabolic process, and others. The comparative analysis for Amfoot vs. Amgill and Ammantle vs. Amgill revealed significant enrichment of the differential proteins that were involved in metal ion transport, divalent inorganic cation transport, and so on. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis for the comparative group Rpgill vs. Amgill was significantly enriched in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, lysosome, and others. The proteins that exhibited differential expression in the cold seep clam’ different tissues were also enriched in important pathways, such as lysosome, fatty acid degradation, nitrogen metabolism.DiscussionThe further analysis identified crucial response proteins involved in various biological pathways. For example, the pattern recognition receptors, such as galectin and peptidoglycan recognition protein, participated in recognition of symbiotic microorganisms. The lysosome pathway members, such as cathepsin and saposins, were engaged in the degradation process of symbiont proteins during symbiont digestion. Profilin and gelsolin from actin cytoskeleton pathway might be pressure-related proteins. Furthermore, carbonic anhydrases from nitrogen metabolism KEGG pathway provide inorganic carbon for symbiotic bacteria. Additionally, Mn superoxide dismutase plays a role in the scavenging of superoxide anion radicals and antioxidant activity. Then, arginine kinases facilitate the low temperature adaptation of deep-sea shellfish with its cold adaptation characters. These findings offer novel perspectives on the proteins that are implicated in A. marisica’s response to cold seep environments, thereby contributing to the understanding of deep-sea biological adaptation and the preservation of deep-sea ecosystems.

In recent years, blockchain technology has attracted substantial interest for its capability to transform supply chain management and finance. This paper employs evolutionary game theory to investigate the application of blockchain in mitigating financial risks within supply chains, taking into account the technology’s maturity and the risk preferences of financial institutions. By modeling interactions among financial institutions, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and core enterprises within the accounts receivable financing framework, this study evaluates blockchain’s impact on their decision-making and its efficacy in risk reduction. Our findings suggest the transformative potential of blockchain in mitigating financial risks, solving information asymmetry, and enhancing collaboration between financial entities and SMEs. Additionally, we integrate smart contracts into supply chain finance, proposing pragmatic procedures for their deployment in real-world contexts. Via a detailed examination of blockchain’s maturity and financial institutions’ risk preferences, this research demonstrates the primary determinants of strategic decisions in supply chain finance and underscores how blockchain technology fosters system stability using risk mitigation. Our innovative contribution lies in the design of smart contracts for the ARF process, rooted in blockchain’s core attributes of security, transparency, and immutability, thereby ensuring efficient operation and cost reduction in supply chain finance.