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2. Participatory mapping of ecosystem services across a gradient of agricultural intensification in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Author

Mathys, A.S., van Vianen, J., Rowland, D., Narulita, S., Palomo, I., Pascual, U., Sutherland, I.J., Ahammad, R., and Sunderland, T.

Subjects
AGROFORESTRY, ECOSYSTEM services, AGRICULTURAL intensification, LAND cover, LAND use, SECONDARY forests, FORESTS & forestry, DEVELOPING countries, TUNDRAS
Abstract

Agrarian change affects the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ES) by reducing the extent of natural ecosystems. Agricultural intensification can lead to changes in land covers and livelihood opportunities and it remains unclear how such changes align or misalign with the desires of local communities. Using participatry mapping, we assessed ES uses and desires of Indigenous people and local communities provided by different land cover types along a gradient of agricultural intensification (forest subsistence, agroforestry mosaic, and monoculture and market-dependence) in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We found that mapped ES use diversity was highest in the forest-dependent zone and lowest near monoculture agricultural systems. The expressed ES uses and desires varied greatly among land cover types amidst loss of old-growth forest and greater reliance on secondary forest and shrub land. The spatial analysis showed that high priority areas of ES use was related to access in the landscape, demonstrating the importance of attending to place-based social values in ES assessments. From this study, we call for a people-centric spatial modelling approach to address the divergence of social and cultural ES values associated with land covers under different intensification contexts. Participatory mapping clarifies the ES desires of local communities, which state policy often fails to address. We recommend a place specific management strategy to reduce ES trade-offs of specific land use practices, which are currently apparent with agrarian change in Indonesia and relevant for other tropical developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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3. Connected Conservation: Rethinking conservation for a telecoupled world

Author

Carmenta, R., Barlow, J., Bastos Lima, M.G., Berenguer, E., Choiruzzad, S., Estrada-Carmona, N., França, F., Kallis, G., Killick, E., Lees, A., Martin, A., Pascual, U., Pettorelli, N., Reed, J., Rodriguez, I., Steward, A.M., Sunderland, T., Vira, B., Zaehringer, J.G., and Hicks, C.

Subjects
local communities (IP&LCs), Governance, Indigenous people, Tropical forests, SDG 1 - No Poverty, Justice, IPBES, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, Biocultural, Indigenous people and local communities (IP&LCs), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

The convergence of the biodiversity and climate crises, widening of wealth inequality, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic underscore the urgent need to mobilize change to secure sustainable futures. Centres of tropical biodiversity are a major focus of conservation efforts, delivered in predominantly site-level interventions often incorporating alternative-livelihood provision or poverty-alleviation components. Yet, a focus on site-level intervention is ill-equipped to address the disproportionate role of (often distant) wealth in biodiversity collapse. Further these approaches often attempt to ‘resolve’ local economic poverty in order to safeguard biodiversity in a seemingly virtuous act, potentially overlooking local communities as the living locus of solutions to the biodiversity crisis. We offer Connected Conservation: a dual-branched conservation model that commands novel actions to tackle distant wealth-related drivers of biodiversity decline, while enhancing site-level conservation to empower biodiversity stewards. We synthesize diverse literatures to outline the need for this shift in conservation practice. We identify three dominant negative flows arising in centres of wealth that disproportionately undermine biodiversity, and highlight the three key positive, though marginalized, flows that enhance biodiversity and exist within biocultural centres. Connected Conservation works to amplify the positive flows, and diminish the negative flows, and thereby orientates towards desired states with justice at the centre. We identify connected conservation actions that can be applied and replicated to address the telecoupled, wealth-related reality of biodiversity collapse while empowering contemporary biodiversity stewards. The approach calls for conservation to extend its collaborations across sectors in order to deliver to transformative change. © 2023 The Authors RC is grateful to the support of the Frank Jackson Foundation that enabled this work.

Published
2023

6. Connected Conservation:Rethinking conservation for a telecoupled world

Author

Carmenta, R., Barlow, J., Bastos Lima, M.G., Berenguer, E., Choiruzzad, S., Estrada-Carmona, N., França, F., Kallis, G., Killick, E., Lees, A., Martin, A., Pascual, U., Pettorelli, N., Reed, J., Rodriguez, I., Steward, A.M., Sunderland, T., Vira, B., Zaehringer, J.G., Hicks, C., Carmenta, R., Barlow, J., Bastos Lima, M.G., Berenguer, E., Choiruzzad, S., Estrada-Carmona, N., França, F., Kallis, G., Killick, E., Lees, A., Martin, A., Pascual, U., Pettorelli, N., Reed, J., Rodriguez, I., Steward, A.M., Sunderland, T., Vira, B., Zaehringer, J.G., and Hicks, C.

Abstract

The convergence of the biodiversity and climate crises, widening of wealth inequality, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic underscore the urgent need to mobilize change to secure sustainable futures. Centres of tropical biodiversity are a major focus of conservation efforts, delivered in predominantly site-level interventions often incorporating alternative-livelihood provision or poverty-alleviation components. Yet, a focus on site-level intervention is ill-equipped to address the disproportionate role of (often distant) wealth in biodiversity collapse. Further these approaches often attempt to ‘resolve’ local economic poverty in order to safeguard biodiversity in a seemingly virtuous act, potentially overlooking local communities as the living locus of solutions to the biodiversity crisis. We offer Connected Conservation: a dual-branched conservation model that commands novel actions to tackle distant wealth-related drivers of biodiversity decline, while enhancing site-level conservation to empower biodiversity stewards. We synthesize diverse literatures to outline the need for this shift in conservation practice. We identify three dominant negative flows arising in centres of wealth that disproportionately undermine biodiversity, and highlight the three key positive, though marginalized, flows that enhance biodiversity and exist within biocultural centres. Connected Conservation works to amplify the positive flows, and diminish the negative flows, and thereby orientates towards desired states with justice at the centre. We identify connected conservation actions that can be applied and replicated to address the telecoupled, wealth-related reality of biodiversity collapse while empowering contemporary biodiversity stewards. The approach calls for conservation to extend its collaborations across sectors in order to deliver to transformative change.

Published
2023

7. Use, value, and desire: ecosystem services under agricultural intensification in a changing landscape in West Kalimantan (Indonesia)

Author

Sutherland, I.J., Van Vianen, J., Rowland, D., Pascual, U., Mathys, A., Narulita, S., Sunderland, T., Sutherland, I.J., Van Vianen, J., Rowland, D., Pascual, U., Mathys, A., Narulita, S., and Sunderland, T.

Abstract

A fundamental challenge is to understand and navigate trade-offs between ecosystem services (ES) in dynamic landscapes and to account for interactions between local people and broad-scale drivers, such as agricultural intensification. Many analyses of ES trade-offs rely on static mapping and biophysical indicators while disregarding the multiple uses, values, and desires for ES (UVD-ES) that local people associate with their changing landscapes. Here, a participatory UVD-ES framework was applied to assess differences in the use, values, and desire of ES between three zones with different land-use intensities (with pre-frontier, frontier, and post-frontier landscapes) in West Kalimantan (Indonesia). The analysis revealed that (1) almost the full suite of ES uses has become destabilized as a result of agricultural intensification; (2) ES more closely associated with agricultural intensification were largely desired by local people yet they still valued a diversity of traditional ES, such as those derived from the provision of non-timber forest products, fish, and other ES associated with non-material aspects including those tied to traditional culture; (3) the mismatch in used ES versus valued ES increased with agricultural intensification due to a decrease in the flow of non-timber forest products, aquatic, regulating, and non-material (cultural) ES. Together, exploring UVD-ES patterns in a participatory way helped to reveal locally relevant social-ecological drivers of ES and a multidimensional perspective of ES trade-offs. Our UVD-ES framework offers an opportunity to foster participation as a way to reconnect global environmental research agendas with local and regional landscape contexts. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Published
2023

9. A call for a wider perspective on sustainable forestry

Author

Minter, T., Naito, D., and Sunderland, T.

Subjects
Ecology, Sustainable Forest Management, Geography, Planning and Development, Gender, Forestry, Benefit-Sharing, Equity, Social Auditing
Abstract

Global demand for timber is projected to grow and much of this timber will continue to be sourced from natural forests. As these forests, particularly in the tropics, tend to be inhabited by the world's most marginalized communities, the social impacts of logging require more attention within policy, practice and research. This Introduction to the Special Issue of International Forestry Review on The Social Impacts of Logging compiles evidence that the overwhelmingly negative social impacts of logging are systemic. As logging companies fail to fulfill their social obligations, and elite capture is common, the extent to which local communities benefit from logging operations is minimal, while long-term, harmful effects on livelihoods, social fabric and safety are severe. Logging operations reinforce and often exacerbate pre-existing inequities, particularly for women and Indigenous people. Weak governance, a lack of transparency and poor participation procedures partially explain this unfavourable situation. However, logging will only achieve better social outcomes if underlying power-imbalances are tackled.

Published
2023

10. Global dry forests : a prologue

Author

SUNDERLAND, T., APGAUA, D., BALDAUF, C., BLACKIE, R., COLFER, C., CUNNINGHAM, A.B., DEXTER, K., DJOUDI, H., GAUTIER, D., GUMBO, D., ICKOWITZ, A., KASSA, H., PARTHASARATHY, N., PENNINGTON, R.T., PAUMGARTEN, F., PULLA, S., SOLA, P., TNG, D., WAEBER, P., and WILMÉ, L.

Published
2015

12. Communities at the Crossroads: Forest or large-scale monoculture in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Author

Groot, W.T. de, Jong, E.B.P. de, Knippenberg, L.W.J., Sunderland, T., Yuliani, E.L., Groot, W.T. de, Jong, E.B.P. de, Knippenberg, L.W.J., Sunderland, T., and Yuliani, E.L.

Abstract

Radboud University, 30 november 2022, Promotor : Groot, W.T. de Co-promotores : Jong, E.B.P. de, Knippenberg, L.W.J., Sunderland, T., Contains fulltext : 283905.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), The forests of Indonesia are home to globally important biodiversity, a source of livelihoods for thousands of local communities, and at the heart of culture and traditional knowledge systems. The forest has also become a battleground where powerful actors meet with communities who struggle to restore traditional communal rights over natural resources and land. This thesis is aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of what happens when powerful corporations lay claim to natural resources inhabited by indigenous people, which is a worldwide phenomenon. The thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides the introduction, starts with a general introduction to the Indonesia's forest management, the timeline of events that significantly affected the Indonesia's forest cover, the research area in Kalimantan and its Iban inhabitants, including their relationships with nature. Chapter 2 presents a more extended introduction to the regional and local issues, and focus on comparing the effectiveness of two approaches Problems-Solving and Appreciative Inquiry. Chapter 3 follows with an investigation of the deforestation phenomenon, based on remote sensing, combined with an ethnographic study. This chapter also shows that some forest areas were preserved by the local communities. Chapter 4 investigates how and why these communities have done so. In Chapter 5, the analysis was broadened to also include communities who had accepted the oil palm to allow comparison. Chapter 6 moves the level of attention from the individual responses up to the village level. Chapter 7 supplies general conclusions on what happens when powerful corporations lay claim to natural resources inhabited by indigenous people. We also discuss our findings in relation to decentralization, governance, and landscape approaches, and present our reflections of the research methodologies used in this thesis, referring to their position on the dimension between purely inductive and purely deductive approach

Published
2022

13. Strategy games to improve environmental policymaking

Author

Garcia, C.A., Savilaakso, S., Verburg, R.W., Stoudmann, N., Fernbach, P., Sloman, S.A., Peterson, G.D., Araújo, M.B., Bastin, J.-F., Blaser, J., Boutinot, L., Crowther, T.W., Dessard, H., Dray, A., Francisco, S., Ghazoul, J., Feintrenie, L., Hainzelin, E., Kleinschroth, F., Naimi, B., Novotny, I.P., Oszwald, J., Pietsch, S., Quétier, F., Robinson, B.E., Sassen, M., Sist, P., Sunderland, T., Vermeulen, C., Wilmé, L., Wilson, S.J., Zorondo-Rodríguez, F., Waeber, P.O., Garcia, C.A., Savilaakso, S., Verburg, R.W., Stoudmann, N., Fernbach, P., Sloman, S.A., Peterson, G.D., Araújo, M.B., Bastin, J.-F., Blaser, J., Boutinot, L., Crowther, T.W., Dessard, H., Dray, A., Francisco, S., Ghazoul, J., Feintrenie, L., Hainzelin, E., Kleinschroth, F., Naimi, B., Novotny, I.P., Oszwald, J., Pietsch, S., Quétier, F., Robinson, B.E., Sassen, M., Sist, P., Sunderland, T., Vermeulen, C., Wilmé, L., Wilson, S.J., Zorondo-Rodríguez, F., and Waeber, P.O.

Abstract

While the scientific community documents environmental degradation and develops scenarios to identify the operational margins of system Earth, less attention is given to how decisions are made that steer the system in one direction or the other. We propose to use strategy games for this purpose, increasing the representation of human agency in scenario development and creating spaces for deliberation between different worldviews. Played by the right people, strategy games could help break free from established norms and support more transparent democratic dialogues, responding to the human and social limitations of current decision-making. The question is, who gets to play?

Published
2022

17. High aboveground carbon stock of African tropical montane forest

Author

Cuni-Sanchez, A, Sullivan, MJP, Platts, PJ, Lewis, SL, Marchant, R, Imani, G, Hubau, W, Abiem, I, Adhikari, H, Albrecht, T, Altman, J, Amani, C, Aneseyee, AB, Avitabile, V, Banin, L, Batumike, R, Bauters, M, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bennett, AC, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bräuning, A, Bulonvu, F, Burgess, F, Calders, K, Chapman, C, Chapman, H, Comiskey, J, de Haulleville, T, Decuyper, M, DeVries, B, Dolezal, J, Droissart, V, Ewango, C, Feyera, S, Gebrekirstos, A, Gereau, R, Gilpin, M, Hakizimana, D, Hall, J, Hamilton, A, Hardy, O, Hart, T, Heiskanen, J, Hemp, A, Herold, M, Hiltner, U, Horak, D, Kamdem, M, Kayijamahe, C, Kenfack, D, Kinyanjui, MJ, Klein, J, Lisingo, J, Lovett, J, Lung, M, Makana, J-R, Malhi, Y, Marshall, A, Martin, EH, Mitchard, ETA, Morel, A, Mukendi, JT, Muller, T, Nchu, F, Nyirambangutse, B, Okello, J, Peh, KS-H, Pellikka, P, Phillips, OL, Plumptre, A, Qie, L, Rovero, F, Sainge, MN, Schmitt, CB, Sedlacek, O, Ngute, ASK, Sheil, D, Sheleme, D, Simegn, TY, Simo-Droissart, M, Sonké, B, Soromessa, T, Sunderland, T, Svoboda, M, Taedoumg, H, Taplin, J, Taylor, D, Thomas, SC, Timberlake, J, Tuagben, D, Umunay, P, Uzabaho, E, Verbeeck, H, Vleminckx, J, Wallin, G, Wheeler, C, Willcock, S, Woods, JT, and Zibera, E

Abstract

Tropical forests store 40–50 per cent of terrestrial vegetation carbon 1. However, spatial variations in aboveground live tree biomass carbon (AGC) stocks remain poorly understood, in particular in tropical montane forests 2. Owing to climatic and soil changes with increasing elevation 3, AGC stocks are lower in tropical montane forests compared with lowland forests 2. Here we assemble and analyse a dataset of structurally intact old-growth forests (AfriMont) spanning 44 montane sites in 12 African countries. We find that montane sites in the AfriMont plot network have a mean AGC stock of 149.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare (95% confidence interval 137.1–164.2), which is comparable to lowland forests in the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network 4 and about 70 per cent and 32 per cent higher than averages from plot networks in montane 2,5,6 and lowland 7 forests in the Neotropics, respectively. Notably, our results are two-thirds higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for these forests in Africa 8. We find that the low stem density and high abundance of large trees of African lowland forests4 is mirrored in the montane forests sampled. This carbon store is endangered: we estimate that 0.8 million hectares of old-growth African montane forest have been lost since 2000. We provide country-specific montane forest AGC stock estimates modelled from our plot network to help to guide forest conservation and reforestation interventions. Our findings highlight the need for conserving these biodiverse 9,10 and carbon-rich ecosystems.

Published
2021

21. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth's tropical forests

Author

Sullivan, M.J.P., Lewis, S.L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Castilho, C., Costa, F., Sanchez, A.C., Ewango, C.E.N., Hubau, W., Marimon, B., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Qie, L., Sonké, B., Martinez, R.V., Baker, T.R., Brienen, R.J.W., Feldpausch, T.R., Galbraith, D., Gloor, M., Malhi, Y., Aiba, S.-I., Alexiades, M.N., Almeida, E.C., de Oliveira, E.A., Dávila, E.Á., Loayza, P.A., Andrade, A., Vieira, S.A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E.J.M.M., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P., Aymard C, G., Baccaro, F.B., Banin, L.F., Baraloto, C., Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Barroso, J., Bastin, J.-F., Batterman, S.A., Beeckman, H., Begne, S.K., Bennett, A.C., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Boeckx, P., Bogaert, J., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Brncic, T., Brown, F., Burban, B., Camargo, J.L., Castro, W., Céron, C., Ribeiro, S.C., Moscoso, V.C., Chave, J., Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., de Souza, F.C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Valverde, F.C., Medina, M.C., da Costa, L., Dančák, M., Dargie, G.C., Davies, S., Cardozo, N.D., de Haulleville, T., de Medeiros, M.B., Del Aguila Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Droissant, V., Duque, L.F., Ekoungoulou, R., Elias, F., Erwin, T., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Fauset, S., Ferreira, J., Llampazo, G.F., Foli, E., Ford, A., Gilpin, M., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Hamilton, A.C., Harris, D.J., Hart, T.B., Hédl, R., Herault, B., Herrera, R., Higuchi, N., Hladik, A., Coronado, E.H., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Huasco, W.H., Jeffery, K.J., Jimenez-Rojas, E., Kalamandeen, M., Djuikouo, M.N.K., Kearsley, E., Umetsu, R.K., Kho, L.K., Killeen, T., Kitayama, K., Klitgaard, B., Koch, A., Labrière, N., Laurance, W., Laurance, S., Leal, M.E., Levesley, A., Lima, A.J.N., Lisingo, J., Lopes, A.P., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lowe, R., Magnusson, W.E., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Manzatto, ÂG., Marimon B.H., Jr, Marshall, A.R., Marthews, T., de Almeida Reis, S.M., Maycock, C., Melgaço, K., Mendoza, C., Metali, F., Mihindou, V., Milliken, W., Mitchard, E.T.A., Morandi, P.S., Mossman, H.L., Nagy, L., Nascimento, H., Neill, D., Nilus, R., Vargas, P.N., Palacios, W., Camacho, N.P., Peacock, J., Pendry, C., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Pickavance, G.C., Pipoly, J., Pitman, N., Playfair, M., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Poulsen, A.D., Preziosi, R., Prieto, A., Primack, R.B., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Correa, Z.R., de Sousa, T.R., Bayona, L.R., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Rutishauser, E., Abu Salim, K., Salomão, R.P., Schietti, J., Sheil, D., Silva, R.C., Espejo, J.S., Valeria, C.S., Silveira, M., Simo-Droissart, M., Simon, M.F., Singh, J., Soto Shareva, Y.C., Stahl, C., Stropp, J., Sukri, R., Sunderland, T., Svátek, M., Swaine, M.D., Swamy, V., Taedoumg, H., Talbot, J., Taplin, J., Taylor, D., Ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J., Thomas, R., Thomas, S.C., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Gamarra, L.V., van der Heijden, G., van der Hout, P., van der Meer, P., van Nieuwstadt, M., Verbeeck, H., Vernimmen, R., Vicentini, A., Vieira, I.C.G., Torre, E.V., Vleminckx, J., Vos, V., Wang, O., White, L.J.T., Willcock, S., Woods, J.T., Wortel, V., Young, K., Zagt, R., Zemagho, L., Zuidema, P.A., Zwerts, J.A., Phillips, O.L., Sullivan, M.J.P., Lewis, S.L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Castilho, C., Costa, F., Sanchez, A.C., Ewango, C.E.N., Hubau, W., Marimon, B., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Qie, L., Sonké, B., Martinez, R.V., Baker, T.R., Brienen, R.J.W., Feldpausch, T.R., Galbraith, D., Gloor, M., Malhi, Y., Aiba, S.-I., Alexiades, M.N., Almeida, E.C., de Oliveira, E.A., Dávila, E.Á., Loayza, P.A., Andrade, A., Vieira, S.A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E.J.M.M., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P., Aymard C, G., Baccaro, F.B., Banin, L.F., Baraloto, C., Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Barroso, J., Bastin, J.-F., Batterman, S.A., Beeckman, H., Begne, S.K., Bennett, A.C., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Boeckx, P., Bogaert, J., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Brncic, T., Brown, F., Burban, B., Camargo, J.L., Castro, W., Céron, C., Ribeiro, S.C., Moscoso, V.C., Chave, J., Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., de Souza, F.C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Valverde, F.C., Medina, M.C., da Costa, L., Dančák, M., Dargie, G.C., Davies, S., Cardozo, N.D., de Haulleville, T., de Medeiros, M.B., Del Aguila Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Droissant, V., Duque, L.F., Ekoungoulou, R., Elias, F., Erwin, T., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Fauset, S., Ferreira, J., Llampazo, G.F., Foli, E., Ford, A., Gilpin, M., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Hamilton, A.C., Harris, D.J., Hart, T.B., Hédl, R., Herault, B., Herrera, R., Higuchi, N., Hladik, A., Coronado, E.H., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Huasco, W.H., Jeffery, K.J., Jimenez-Rojas, E., Kalamandeen, M., Djuikouo, M.N.K., Kearsley, E., Umetsu, R.K., Kho, L.K., Killeen, T., Kitayama, K., Klitgaard, B., Koch, A., Labrière, N., Laurance, W., Laurance, S., Leal, M.E., Levesley, A., Lima, A.J.N., Lisingo, J., Lopes, A.P., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lowe, R., Magnusson, W.E., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Manzatto, ÂG., Marimon B.H., Jr, Marshall, A.R., Marthews, T., de Almeida Reis, S.M., Maycock, C., Melgaço, K., Mendoza, C., Metali, F., Mihindou, V., Milliken, W., Mitchard, E.T.A., Morandi, P.S., Mossman, H.L., Nagy, L., Nascimento, H., Neill, D., Nilus, R., Vargas, P.N., Palacios, W., Camacho, N.P., Peacock, J., Pendry, C., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Pickavance, G.C., Pipoly, J., Pitman, N., Playfair, M., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Poulsen, A.D., Preziosi, R., Prieto, A., Primack, R.B., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Correa, Z.R., de Sousa, T.R., Bayona, L.R., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Rutishauser, E., Abu Salim, K., Salomão, R.P., Schietti, J., Sheil, D., Silva, R.C., Espejo, J.S., Valeria, C.S., Silveira, M., Simo-Droissart, M., Simon, M.F., Singh, J., Soto Shareva, Y.C., Stahl, C., Stropp, J., Sukri, R., Sunderland, T., Svátek, M., Swaine, M.D., Swamy, V., Taedoumg, H., Talbot, J., Taplin, J., Taylor, D., Ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J., Thomas, R., Thomas, S.C., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Gamarra, L.V., van der Heijden, G., van der Hout, P., van der Meer, P., van Nieuwstadt, M., Verbeeck, H., Vernimmen, R., Vicentini, A., Vieira, I.C.G., Torre, E.V., Vleminckx, J., Vos, V., Wang, O., White, L.J.T., Willcock, S., Woods, J.T., Wortel, V., Young, K., Zagt, R., Zemagho, L., Zuidema, P.A., Zwerts, J.A., and Phillips, O.L.

Abstract

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate.

Published
2020

22. The extent and distribution of joint conservation-development funding in the tropics

Author

Reed, J., Oldekop, J., Barlow, J., Carmenta, R., Geldmann, J., Ickowitz, A., Narulita, S., Rahman, S.A., van Vianen, J., Yanou, M., Sunderland, T., Reed, J., Oldekop, J., Barlow, J., Carmenta, R., Geldmann, J., Ickowitz, A., Narulita, S., Rahman, S.A., van Vianen, J., Yanou, M., and Sunderland, T.

Abstract

Despite ongoing debates about the viability of sustaining economic growth while maintaining environmental integrity, international sustainability agendas increasingly propose reconciling socio-economic development and global environmental goals. Achieving these goals is impeded by limited funding and a lack of information on where financial flows to integrate environment and development are targeted. We analyze World Bank and Global Environment Facility data to investigate the extent and distribution of such funding across the tropics. We find a misalignment between funding flows and need with highly biodiverse, low development (HBLD) countries receiving no more funding than non-HBLD countries. Countries with low biodiversity receive more funding than highly biodiverse countries and there was no statistical association between a country's development status and funds received. Rather than environment-development need, funding appears to be driven by governance and political-economic factors. Future research should investigate how such factors and funding flows are associated with conservation and development outcomes. This study analyzes 381 projects of the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) concluded between 1995 and 2013 to show how much money is spent on joint conservation and development in the tropics, where the money is directed, whether it is directed to areas of greatest environmental and development need, and finally what factors drive funding allocation decisions. The total extent of funding was US$16.5 billion across 75 countries, representing approximately US$870 million per year. Countries with high biodiversity and low human development receive no more funding for integrated conservation and development than other countries. Notably, countries with a low biodiversity status receive relatively more funding than highly biodiverse countries and there was no association between development need and funds received. Therefore, we find that

Published
2020

25. Contributions of biodiversity to the sustainable intensification of food production:The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture

Author

Dawson, I.K., Attwood, S. J., Park, S. E., Jamnadass, R., Powell, W., Sunderland, T., Kindt, R., McMullin, S., Hoebe, P.N., Baddeley, J., Staver, C., Vadez, V., Carsan, S., Roshetko, J. M., Amri, A., Karamura, E., Karamura, D., Breugel, P. van, Hossain, E, Phillips, M., Kumar, A., Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow, Benzie, J., Sebastian, G.E., Ekesa, B., Ocimati, W., and Graudal, Lars

Published
2019

26. Contributions of biodiversity to the sustainable intensification of food production:Thematic study for The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture

Author

Dawson, I.K., Attwood, S. J., Park, S. E., Jamnadass, R., Powell, W., Sunderland, T., Kindt, R., McMullin, S., Hoebe, P.N., Baddeley, J., Staver, C., Vadez, V., Carsan, S., Roshetko, J. M., Amri, A., Karamura, E., Karamura, D., Breugel, P. van, Hossain, E, Phillips, M., Kumar, A., Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow, Benzie, J., Sebastian, G.E., Ekesa, B., Ocimati, W., and Graudal, Lars

Published
2019

29. The persistence of carbon in the African forest understory

Author

Hubau, Wannes, De Mil, Tom, Van Den Bulcke, Jan, Phillips, Oliver O.L., Angoboy Ilondea, B., Van Acker, J., Sullivan, M.J.P., Nsenga, L., Toirambe, B., Couralet, C., Banin, L.F., Begne, S.K., Baker, Timothy T.R., Bourland, Nils, Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Deklerck, Victor, Dierickx, S., Doucet, Jean-Louis, Ewango, C.E.N., Feldpausch, T.R., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, Christelle Flore, Hall, J.S., Harris, D.J., Hardy, Olivier J., Kamdem, M.-N.D., Kasongo Yakusu, Emmanuel, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Makana, J.-R., Malhi, Yadvinder, Mbayu, F.M., Moore, S., Mukinzi, J., Pickavance, G., Poulsen, J.R., Reitsma, Jan, Rousseau, M., Sonke, Bonaventure, Sunderland, T., Taedoumg, Hermann, Talbot, J., Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Umunay, P.M., Vleminckx, Jason, White, L.J.T., Zemagho, Lise L.A., Lewis, Simon S.L., Beeckman, Hans, Hubau, Wannes, De Mil, Tom, Van Den Bulcke, Jan, Phillips, Oliver O.L., Angoboy Ilondea, B., Van Acker, J., Sullivan, M.J.P., Nsenga, L., Toirambe, B., Couralet, C., Banin, L.F., Begne, S.K., Baker, Timothy T.R., Bourland, Nils, Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Deklerck, Victor, Dierickx, S., Doucet, Jean-Louis, Ewango, C.E.N., Feldpausch, T.R., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, Christelle Flore, Hall, J.S., Harris, D.J., Hardy, Olivier J., Kamdem, M.-N.D., Kasongo Yakusu, Emmanuel, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Makana, J.-R., Malhi, Yadvinder, Mbayu, F.M., Moore, S., Mukinzi, J., Pickavance, G., Poulsen, J.R., Reitsma, Jan, Rousseau, M., Sonke, Bonaventure, Sunderland, T., Taedoumg, Hermann, Talbot, J., Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Umunay, P.M., Vleminckx, Jason, White, L.J.T., Zemagho, Lise L.A., Lewis, Simon S.L., and Beeckman, Hans

Abstract

Quantifying carbon dynamics in forests is critical for understanding their role in long-term climate regulation 1–4 .Yet little is known about tree longevity in tropical forests 3,5–8 ,a factor that is vital for estimating carbon persistence 3,4 .Here we calculate mean carbon age (the period that carbon is fixed in trees 7 ) in different strata of African tropical forests using (1) growth-ring records with a unique timestamp accurately demarcating 66 years of growth in one site and (2) measurements of diameter increments from the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network (23 sites). We find that in spite of their much smaller size, in understory trees mean carbon age (74 years) is greater than in sub-canopy (54 years) and canopy (57 years) trees and similar to carbon age in emergent trees (66 years). The remarkable carbon longevity in the understory results from slow and aperiodic growth as an adaptation to limited resource availability 9–11 .Our analysis also reveals that while the understory represents a small share (11%) of the carbon stock 12,13 ,it contributes disproportionally to the forest carbon sink (20%). We conclude that accounting for the diversity of carbon age and carbon sequestration among different forest strata is critical for effective conservation management 14–16 and for accurate modelling of carbon cycling 4 .© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited., SCOPUS: le.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2019

32. Field methods for sampling tree height for tropical forest biomass estimation

Author

Sullivan, MJP, Lewis, SL, Hubau, W, Qie, L, Baker, TR, Banin, LF, Chave, J, Sanchez, AC, Feldpausch, T, Lopez Gonzalez, G, Arets, E, Ashton, P, Bastin, JF, Berry, NJ, Bogaert, J, Boot, R, Brearley, FQ, Brienen, R, Burslem, DFRP, de Canniere, C, Chudomelová, M, Dančák, M, Ewango, C, Hédl, R, Lloyd, J, Makana, J-R, Malhi, Y, Marimon, BS, Marimon Junior, BH, Metali, F, Moore, S, Nagy, L, Vargas, PN, Pendry, C, Ramírez-Angulo, H, Reitsma, J, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Sonké, B, Sukri, RS, Sunderland, T, Svátek, M, Umunay, PM, Vasquez Martinez, R, Vernimmen, RRE, Vilanova Torre, E, Vleminckx, J, Vos, V, and Phillips, OL

Subjects
Allometry, Sample size, ALLOMETRIC MODELS, DIAMETER, Above-ground biomass estimation, Ecology and Environment, Carbon stocks, Forest structure, Earth and Environmental Sciences, MAP, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, EQUATIONS, ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS, Forest inventory
Abstract

© 2018 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. Quantifying the relationship between tree diameter and height is a key component of efforts to estimate biomass and carbon stocks in tropical forests. Although substantial site-to-site variation in height–diameter allometries has been documented, the time consuming nature of measuring all tree heights in an inventory plot means that most studies do not include height, or else use generic pan-tropical or regional allometric equations to estimate height. Using a pan-tropical dataset of 73 plots where at least 150 trees had in-field ground-based height measurements, we examined how the number of trees sampled affects the performance of locally derived height–diameter allometries, and evaluated the performance of different methods for sampling trees for height measurement. Using cross-validation, we found that allometries constructed with just 20 locally measured values could often predict tree height with lower error than regional or climate-based allometries (mean reduction in prediction error = 0.46 m). The predictive performance of locally derived allometries improved with sample size, but with diminishing returns in performance gains when more than 40 trees were sampled. Estimates of stand-level biomass produced using local allometries to estimate tree height show no over- or under-estimation bias when compared with biomass estimates using field measured heights. We evaluated five strategies to sample trees for height measurement, and found that sampling strategies that included measuring the heights of the ten largest diameter trees in a plot outperformed (in terms of resulting in local height–diameter models with low height prediction error) entirely random or diameter size-class stratified approaches. Our results indicate that even limited sampling of heights can be used to refine height–diameter allometries. We recommend aiming for a conservative threshold of sampling 50 trees per location for height measurement, and including the ten trees with the largest diameter in this sample.

Published
2018

33. Keeping the land: Indigenous communities struggle over land use and sustainable forest management in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Author

Yuliani, E.L., Jong, E.B.P. de, Knippenberg, L.W.J., Bakara, D.O., Salim, M.A., and Sunderland, T.

Subjects
Philosophy and Science Studies, Anthropology and Development Studies
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 199249.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Despite the great emphasis on sustainable forest management in the 1998 Indonesian reform movement, deforestation has only accelerated since then, with Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) exhibiting the highest rate of forest loss. Some forested areas have, however, been preserved by local communities. We investigate how and why two of these communities in Kapuas Hulu district, West Kalimantan, have managed to maintain their forests against the pressures of illegal logging and conversion to oil palm plantations. One village community had the capacity to act on its own, while the other needed additional capacity through intercommunity collaboration. Motivations behind these villages’ decisions were both economic and eudaimonic; their desire for meaningful lives related to the community and environment and to past and future generations. The findings enrich the literature on land use change because description and analysis of successful resistance against logging and oil palm is still rare. As such, the findings offer a different way to understand and interrogate the challenges confronting present-day forest communities in Kalimantan and beyond, standing out against the mainstream impression that communities are still powerless or unwilling to resist the short-term economic lures. We also refer briefly to the environmental justice perspective. 12 p.

Published
2018

37. Author Correction: Long-term carbon sink in Borneo's forests halted by drought and vulnerable to edges

Author

Qie, L, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Pickavance, GC, Sunderland, T, Ashton, P, Hubau, W, Abu Salim, K, Aiba, SI, Banin, LF, Berry, N, Brearley, FQ, Burslem, DFRP, Dančák, M, Davies, SJ, Fredriksson, G, Hamer, KC, Hédl, R, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Krisnawati, H, Lhota, S, Malhi, Y, Maycock, C, Metali, F, Mirmanto, E, Nagy, L, Nilus, R, Ong, R, Pendry, CA, Poulsen, AD, Primack, RB, Rutishauser, E, Samsoedin, I, Saragih, B, Sist, P, Ferry Slik, JW, Sukri, RS, Svátek, M, Tan, S, Tjoa, A, van Nieuwstadt, M, Vernimmen, RRE, Yassir, I, Kidd, PS, Fitriadi, M, Ideris, NKH, Serudin, RM, Abdullah Lim, LS, Saparudin, MS, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Pickavance, GC, Sunderland, T, Ashton, P, Hubau, W, Abu Salim, K, Aiba, SI, Banin, LF, Berry, N, Brearley, FQ, Burslem, DFRP, Dančák, M, Davies, SJ, Fredriksson, G, Hamer, KC, Hédl, R, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Krisnawati, H, Lhota, S, Malhi, Y, Maycock, C, Metali, F, Mirmanto, E, Nagy, L, Nilus, R, Ong, R, Pendry, CA, Poulsen, AD, Primack, RB, Rutishauser, E, Samsoedin, I, Saragih, B, Sist, P, Ferry Slik, JW, Sukri, RS, Svátek, M, Tan, S, Tjoa, A, van Nieuwstadt, M, Vernimmen, RRE, Yassir, I, Kidd, PS, Fitriadi, M, Ideris, NKH, Serudin, RM, Abdullah Lim, LS, Saparudin, MS, and Phillips, OL

Abstract

The original version of this Article contained an error in the third sentence of the abstract and incorrectly read "Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha-1 year-1 (95% CI 0.14-0.72, mean period 1988-2010) above-ground live biomass", rather than the correct "Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha-1 year-1 (95% CI 0.14-0.72, mean period 1988-2010) in above-ground live biomass carbon". This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Published
2018

38. The trade offs in multi-purpose land use

Author

Vlek, PLG, Azadi, Hossein, Bhaduri, A, Bharati, L, Braimoh, AK, Martius, Chr, Sunderland, T, Taheri, Fatemeh, Vlek, Paul LG, Khamzina, Asia, and Tamene, Lulseged

Subjects
Agriculture and Food Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences
Published
2017

39. Long-term carbon sink in Borneo's forests halted by drought and vulnerable to edge effects

Author

Qie, L, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Pickavance, GC, Sunderland, T, Ashton, P, Hubau, W, Abu Salim, K, Aiba, S-I, Banin, LF, Berry, N, Brearley, FQ, Burslem, DFRP, Dančák, M, Davies, SJ, Fredriksson, G, Hamer, KC, Hédl, R, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Krisnawati, H, Lhota, S, Malhi, Y, Maycock, C, Metali, F, Mirmanto, E, Nagy, L, Nilus, R, Ong, R, Pendry, CA, Poulsen, AD, Primack, RB, Rutishauser, E, Samsoedin, I, Saragih, B, Sist, P, Slik, JWF, Sukri, RS, Svátek, M, Tan, S, Tjoa, A, van Nieuwstadt, M, Vernimmen, RRE, Yassir, I, Kidd, PS, Fitriadi, M, Ideris, NKH, Serudin, RM, Abdullah Lim, LS, Saparudin, MS, and Phillips, OL

Subjects
Science & Technology, TREE MORTALITY, IMPACT, BIOMASS DYNAMICS, TROPICAL FORESTS, RAIN-FOREST, Multidisciplinary Sciences, TROPICAL RAIN-FORESTS, RICHNESS, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BALANCE, DRIVERS, MD Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology - Other Topics, SPECIES COMPOSITION, CO2, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, FRAGMENTATION, SENSITIVITY, Author Correction, EL-NINO DROUGHT, FRAGMENTS
Abstract

© 2017 The Author(s). Less than half of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere. While carbon balance models imply large carbon uptake in tropical forests, direct on-the-ground observations are still lacking in Southeast Asia. Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha -1 per year (95% CI 0.14-0.72, mean period 1988-2010) above-ground live biomass. These results closely match those from African and Amazonian plot networks, suggesting that the world's remaining intact tropical forests are now en masse out-of-equilibrium. Although both pan-tropical and long-term, the sink in remaining intact forests appears vulnerable to climate and land use changes. Across Borneo the 1997-1998 El Niño drought temporarily halted the carbon sink by increasing tree mortality, while fragmentation persistently offset the sink and turned many edge-affected forests into a carbon source to the atmosphere.

Published
2017

40. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author

Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, and Sierra, R

Abstract

© The Author(s) 2017. Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-Tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017

42. Positive Biodiversity–Productivity Relationship Predominant in Global Forests

Author

Liang, J, Crowther, TW, Picard, N, Wiser, S, Zhou, M, Alberti, G, Schulze, E-D, McGuire, AD, Bozzato, F, Pretzsch, H, de-Miguel, S, Paquette, A, Hérault, B, Scherer-Lorenzen, M, Barrett, CB, Glick, HB, Hengeveld, GM, Nabuurs, GJ, Pfautsch, S, Viana, H, Vibrans, AC, Ammer, C, Schall, P, Verbyla, D, Tchebakova, N, Fischer, M, Watson, JV, Chen, HYH, Lei, X, Schelhaas, M-J, Lu, H, Gianelle, D, Parfenova, EI, Salas, C, Lee, E, Lee, B, Kim, HS, Bruelheide, H, Coomes, DA, Piotto, D, Sunderland, T, Schmid, B, Gourlet-Fleury, S, Sonké, B, Tavani, R, Zhu, J, Brandl, S, Vayreda, J, Kitahara, F, Searle, EB, Neldner, VJ, Ngugi, MR, Baraloto, B, Frizzera, L, Bałazy, R, Oleksyn, J, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T, Bouriaud, O, Bussotti, F, Finér, L, Jaroszewicz, B, Jucker, T, Valladares, V, Jagodzinski, AM, Peri, PL, Gonmadje, C, Marthy, W, O'Brien, T, Martin, EH, Marshall, AR, Rovero, F, Bitariho, R, Niklaus, PA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Chamuya, N, Valencia, R, Mortier, F, Wortel, V, Engone-Obiang, NL, Ferreira, LV, Odeke, DE, Vasquez, RM, Lewis, SL, and Reich, PB

Abstract

The biodiversity–productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, whereby a continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining forest productivity—US$396–579 billion per year according to our estimation—is by itself over five times greater than the total cost of effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide re-assessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.

Published
2016

44. Understanding the Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems in Food Provision

Author

Jamnadass, R., McMullin, S., Dawson, M.I.I.K., Powell, B., Termote, C., Lckowitz, A., Kehlenbeck, K., Vinceti, B., Vliet, van, N., Keding, G., Stadlmayr, B., van Damme, P., Carsan, S., Sunderland, T., Njenga, M., Gyau, A., Cerutti, P., Schure, J.M., Kouame, C., Obiri, B.D., Ofori, D., Agarwal, B., Neufeldt, H., Degrande, A., and Serban, A.

Subjects
Life Science, food and beverages, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, WASS, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy
Abstract

Forests and other tree-based systems such as agroforestry contribute to food and nutritional security in myriad ways. Directly, trees provide a variety of healthy foods including fruits, leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds and edible oils that can diversify diets and address seasonal food and nutritional gaps. Forests are also sources of a wider range of edible plants and fungi, as well as bushmeat, fish and insects. Treebased systems also support the provision of fodder for meat and dairy animals, of “green fertiliser” to support crop production and of woodfuel, crucial in many communities for cooking food. Indirectly, forests and tree-based systems are a source of income to support communities to purchase foods and they also provide environmental services that support crop production. There are, however, complexities in quantifying the relative benefits and costs of tree-based systems in food provision. These complexities mean that the roles of tree-based systems are often not well understood. A greater understanding focuses on systematic methods for characterising effects across different landscapes and on key indicators, such as dietary diversity measures. This chapter provides a number of case studies to highlight the relevance of forests and tree-based systems for food security and nutrition, and indicates where there is a need to further quantify the roles of these systems, allowing proper integration of their contribution into national and international developmental policies.

Published
2015

45. An integrated pan-tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets

Author

Avitabile, V, Herold, M, Heuvelink, GBM, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Asner, GP, Armston, J, Ashton, PS, Banin, L, Bayol, N, Berry, NJ, Boeckx, P, de Jong, BHJ, Devries, B, Girardin, CAJ, Kearsley, E, Lindsell, JA, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Lucas, R, Malhi, Y, Morel, A, Mitchard, ETA, Nagy, L, Qie, L, Quinones, MJ, Ryan, CM, Ferry, SJW, Sunderland, T, Laurin, GV, Gatti, RC, Valentini, R, Verbeeck, H, Wijaya, A, Willcock, S, Avitabile, V, Herold, M, Heuvelink, GBM, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Asner, GP, Armston, J, Ashton, PS, Banin, L, Bayol, N, Berry, NJ, Boeckx, P, de Jong, BHJ, Devries, B, Girardin, CAJ, Kearsley, E, Lindsell, JA, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Lucas, R, Malhi, Y, Morel, A, Mitchard, ETA, Nagy, L, Qie, L, Quinones, MJ, Ryan, CM, Ferry, SJW, Sunderland, T, Laurin, GV, Gatti, RC, Valentini, R, Verbeeck, H, Wijaya, A, and Willcock, S

Abstract

We combined two existing datasets of vegetation aboveground biomass (AGB) (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 2011, 9899; Nature Climate Change, 2, 2012, 182) into a pan-tropical AGB map at 1-km resolution using an independent reference dataset of field observations and locally calibrated high-resolution biomass maps, harmonized and upscaled to 14 477 1-km AGB estimates. Our data fusion approach uses bias removal and weighted linear averaging that incorporates and spatializes the biomass patterns indicated by the reference data. The method was applied independently in areas (strata) with homogeneous error patterns of the input (Saatchi and Baccini) maps, which were estimated from the reference data and additional covariates. Based on the fused map, we estimated AGB stock for the tropics (23.4 N-23.4 S) of 375 Pg dry mass, 9-18% lower than the Saatchi and Baccini estimates. The fused map also showed differing spatial patterns of AGB over large areas, with higher AGB density in the dense forest areas in the Congo basin, Eastern Amazon and South-East Asia, and lower values in Central America and in most dry vegetation areas of Africa than either of the input maps. The validation exercise, based on 2118 estimates from the reference dataset not used in the fusion process, showed that the fused map had a RMSE 15-21% lower than that of the input maps and, most importantly, nearly unbiased estimates (mean bias 5 Mg dry mass ha-1 vs. 21 and 28 Mg ha-1 for the input maps). The fusion method can be applied at any scale including the policy-relevant national level, where it can provide improved biomass estimates by integrating existing regional biomass maps as input maps and additional, country-specific reference datasets.

Published
2016

46. Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests

Author

Liang, J., Crowther, Thomas Ward, Picard, N., Wiser, S., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., Schulze, Ernst‐Detlef, McGuire, A.D., Bozzato, F., Pretzsch, H., De-Miguel, Sergio, Paquette, A., Hérault, Bruno, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Barrett, C.B., Glick, H.B., Hengeveld, G.M., Nabuurs, G.J., Pfautsch, S., Viana, H., Vibrans, A.C., Ammer, C., Schall, P., Verbyla, D., Tchebakova, N., Fischer, Markus, Watson, J.V., Chen, H.Y.H., Lei, X., Schelhaas, M.J., Lu, H., Gianelle, D., Parfenova, E.I., Salas, C., Lee, E., Lee, B., Kim, H.S., Bruelheide, H., Coomes, David A., Piotto, D., Sunderland, T., Schmid, B., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Sonké, B., Tavani, R., Zhu, J., Brandl, S., Vayreda, J., Kitahara, F., Valladares Ros, Fernando, Liang, J., Crowther, Thomas Ward, Picard, N., Wiser, S., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., Schulze, Ernst‐Detlef, McGuire, A.D., Bozzato, F., Pretzsch, H., De-Miguel, Sergio, Paquette, A., Hérault, Bruno, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Barrett, C.B., Glick, H.B., Hengeveld, G.M., Nabuurs, G.J., Pfautsch, S., Viana, H., Vibrans, A.C., Ammer, C., Schall, P., Verbyla, D., Tchebakova, N., Fischer, Markus, Watson, J.V., Chen, H.Y.H., Lei, X., Schelhaas, M.J., Lu, H., Gianelle, D., Parfenova, E.I., Salas, C., Lee, E., Lee, B., Kim, H.S., Bruelheide, H., Coomes, David A., Piotto, D., Sunderland, T., Schmid, B., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Sonké, B., Tavani, R., Zhu, J., Brandl, S., Vayreda, J., Kitahara, F., and Valladares Ros, Fernando

Abstract

The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone - US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation - is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.

Published
2016

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