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Tiivistelmä. Tutkielmassani tutkin keinoja, joiden avulla voidaan tukea oppilaan ekososiaalisen sivistyksen muotoutumista musiikinopetuksessa. Ekososiaalinen sivistys ja kestävä kehitys ovat muuttuneet entistä polttavammiksi aiheiksi musiikkikulttuurissa, mikä näkyy niin suurempien musiikkitapahtumien, materiaalivalintojen kuin yksittäisten teostenkin tasolla. Useat tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että erilaisia ekologisuuteen ja ympäristökysymyksiin suuntautuneita musiikillisen toiminnan muotoja on mahdollista soveltaa myös pedagogiseen toimintaan osana musiikinopetusta. Kandidaatintutkielma on kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, tarkemmin määriteltynä kuvaileva kirjallisuuskatsaus. Tutkielmassani olen koonnut ajankohtaista tietoa tieteellisistä julkaisuista sekä aikaisemmin tehdyistä tutkimuksista ja niiden tutkimustuloksista. Tarkastelen tuloksia ekososiaalisen sivistyksen ja kasvatuksen näkökulmasta. Tutkimustuloksissa nousi esille musiikinopetuksessa hyödynnettäviä erilaisia pedagogisia menetelmiä ekososiaalisen sivistyksen tukemiseksi. Ekomusikologian soveltamisella osana pedagogiikkaa voidaan esimerkiksi auttaa tarkastelemaan ekologisia kysymyksiä useasta eri näkökulmasta sekä hahmottamaan ihmisen vaikutusvaltaa suhteessa ympäristöön. Useiden tutkimustulosten perusteella kävi ilmi, että keskeistä ekososiaalisen sivistyksen muotoutumiselle ja ympäristötietoiselle- ja vastuulliselle toiminnalle on luontosuhteen huomioiminen opetus- ja kasvatustoiminnassa. Tutkimustuloksissa korostui erityisesti moniaistillisuuteen ja kehollisuuteen perustuvien harjoitusten merkitys, sillä ne tarjoavat mahdollisuuksia kokea osallisuutta ja yhteyttä ympäristön kanssa. Näin ollen ne edesauttavat oppimaan ympäristön arvostamista ja tuntemaan empatiaa luontoa ja sen moninaisia elämänmuotoja kohtaan.

When grown in darkness the photomorphogenic lip1 mutant of pea (Pisum sativum L.) has a slender stem, expanded leaves, prolamellar body (PLB) lacking plastids with the size of chloroplasts and a low level of phytochrome A. The lack of PLBs in a dark-grown material (lip1) created a possibility to further study the regulation of their formation in relation to plant development, Inclusion of a cytokinin, 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), in a medium supporting growth of the pea seedlings in darkness was found to reduce epicotyl length in the wild type. In lip1 the formation of a slender stem was inhibited and a short epicotyl developed. Furthermore, leaf expansion was inhibited, the plastid size reduced and the formation of PLBs induced. The PLB formation in lip1 was not accompanied by an increase in the amount of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) or Pchilde oxidoreductase (POR), In the presence of 2iP the level of phytochrome A protein was increased in lip1 and the FOR mRNA levels decreased in both lip1 and wild-type plants. The chloroplast characteristic trans-3-hexadecenoate acyl group of phosphatidylglycerol, present in the plastids of dark-grown lip1, was not influenced by 2iP, Thus, not all photomorphogenic processes reacted similarly in the lip1 mutant, but leaf expansion and plastid differentiation, including PLB formation, seemed to be regulated by the same signal transduction chain, Exogenously applied brassinolide could rescue neither dark- nor light-grown defects of the lip1 mutant. Thus, cytokinins but not brassinolides seem to be involved in the regulation of certain characteristic traits of skotomorphogenesis in pea, including plastid development and PLB formation.

The enzyme catalysing the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), NADPH:Pchlide oxidoreductase (POR; EC 1.6.99.1), is a nuclear-encoded protein that is post-translationally imported to the plastid, In barley and Arabidopsis thaliana, the reduction of Pchlide is controlled by two different PORs, PORA and PORE. To characterise the possible Pchlide dependency for the import reaction, radiolabelled precursor proteins of barley PORA and PORE (pPORA and pPORB, respectively) were used for in vitro assays with isolated plastids of barley and pea with different contents of Pchlide, To obtain plastids with different endogenous levels of Pchlide, several methods were used. Barley plants were grown in darkness or in greenhouse conditions for 6 days. Alternatively, greenhouse-grown pea plants were incubated for 4 days in darkness before plastid isolation, or chloroplasts isolated from greenhouse-grown plants were incubated with delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), an early precursor in the Chi biosynthesis resulting in elevated Pchlide contents in the plastids, Both barley pPORA and pPORB were effectively imported into barley and pea chloroplasts isolated from the differentially treated plants, including those isolated from greenhouse-grown plants. The absence or presence of Pchlide did not significantly affect the import capacity of barley pPORA or pPORB, Assays performed on stroma-enriched fractions from chloroplasts and etioplasts of barley indicated that no post-import degradation of the proteins occurred in the stroma, irrespective of whether the incubation was performed in darkness or in light.

NADPH: protochlorophyllide (POR) is a vital enzyme in the biosynthesis of chlorophyl where it catalyzes the reduction of Pchlide into Chlide in a light-dependent manner. POR is nucleus-encoded and imported into the plastids where it is found at the inner membranes. Together with its substrate and the co-factor NADPH it forms a ternary complex which is needed for catalytical activity. The anomaly of a decreasing POR level during active chlorophyll synthesis was cleared with the discovery of two different POR proteins, POR-A and POR-B, in barley and Arabidopsis thaliana. During greening, POR-A is negatively regulated by light both at transcriptional and proteolytical levels. In addition, the import of POR-A, but not POR-B, has been suggestedto require Pchlide in order to be translocated into the plastid. In this respect, POR-A differs from other known nucleus-encoded plastid proteins, and as it appears, this requirements represents a novel and exclusive import characteristic. In pea, only one POR gene has been found indicating that the situation for the regulation of POR import and accumulation is far from clear. We here present a characterization of the import conditions of the pea POR, including the potentional role of Pchlide inthe translocation step.