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Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. It has been recently reported that Mori folium possesses potential chondroprotective effects in interleukin (IL)‑1β‑stimulated human chondrocytes; however, its protective and therapeutic potential against osteoarthritis (OA) in an animal model remains unclear. In this study, as part of an ongoing screening program to evaluate the anti‑osteoarthritic potential of Mori folium, the protective effects of a water extract of Mori folium (MF) on cartilage degradation and inflammatory responses in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)‑induced OA rat model were evaluated. The results demonstrated that administration of MF had a tendency to attenuate the damage to articular cartilage induced by MIA, as determined by knee joint swelling and the histological grade of OA. The elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases‑13 and two bio‑markers for the diagnosis and progression of OA, such as the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and C‑telopeptide of type II collagen, were markedly ameliorated by MF administration in MIA‑induced OA rats. In addition, MF significantly suppressed the production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, including IL‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α. MF also effectively inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cyclooxygenase‑2, thus inhibiting the release of NO and prostaglandin E2. Although further work is required to fully understand the critical role and clinical usefulness, these findings indicate that MF may be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of OA.

Background Immunoregulatory elements have emerged as useful immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. In traditional medicine, Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been used for various medicinal purposes; however, the immunomodulatory effects have not been fully identified. We evaluated the immunoenhancing potential of water extract of Mori folium (WEMF) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods RAW264.7 cells were treated with WEMF for 24 hours and cell viability was detected by an MTT method. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in the culture supernatants were assayed using Griess reagent. The productions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and immune-related cytokines was measured using ELISA detection kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Inducible NO synthase, COX-2, and cytokines were assayed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The effect of WEMF on phagocytic activity was measured using a Phagocytosis Assay Kit. Results WEMF significantly stimulated the production of NO and PGE2 as immune response parameters at noncytotoxic concentrations, which was associated with the increased expression of inducible NO synthase and COX-2. The release and expression of cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, were also significantly increased in response to treatment with WEMF. Moreover, WEMF promoted the macrophagic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells and the resulting phagocytosis activity. Conclusions WEMF has the potential to modulate the immune function by regulating immunological parameters. Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds and to support the use of WEMF as an immune stimulant.

Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Schisandrae Fructus (SF), the dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Magnoliaceae), is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the antiosteoarthritis properties of an ethanol extract of SF on IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. SF attenuated IL-1β-induced expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and also reduced the elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. In addition, SF markedly suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by blocking inhibitor κB-alpha degradation and inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of SF on IL-1β-stimulated expression of MMPs and inflammatory mediators production in SW1353 cells were associated with the suppression of the NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. The results from this study indicate that SF may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of OA due to its anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective features.

In this study, we have developed an advanced navigational implant surgery system to overcome some disadvantages of the conventional method and have evaluated the accuracy of the system under in vitro environment. The patient splint for registration and tracking was improvised using a bite splint without laboratory work and the offset of an exchanged drill was calibrated directly without pivoting during surgery. The mean target registration errors (TRE) were 0.35 ± 0.11 mm using the registration body, 0.34 ± 0.18 mm for the registration method with prerecorded fiducials, and 0.35 ± 0.16 mm for the direct calibration of a drill offset. The mean positional deviations between the planned and placed implants in 110 implant surgeries were 0.41 ± 0.12 mm at the center point of the platform and 0.56 ± 0.14 mm at the center point of the apex. The mean angular deviation was 2.64°± 1.31 for the long axis of the implant. In conclusion, the developed system exhibited high accuracy, and the improved tools and simplified procedures increased the convenience and availability. With this advanced approach, it will be possible to complete dental implant surgery during a single visit at local clinics using a navigational guidance involving cone-beam computed tomographic images.

Ulmus macrocarpa extract has been shown to have immune-related effects in animals, but no studies have yet been performed in humans. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to determine the effect of short-term administration of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance extract (UME) on immune function biomarkers and its safety in human subjects. Fifty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to a UME group or a placebo group. Subjects in the UME group were given 500 mg per day of UME orally for 4 weeks. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of tumor necrotic factor-α increased only in the UME group at 1 week (P = 0.027). The MFI of interleukin-2 decreased less significantly in the UME group than in the placebo group at 1 week (P = 0.028). However, unfortunately, at 4 weeks, no intergroup differences were detected in MFIs of cytokine. In conclusion, administration of UME for 1 week increased serum TNF-α and sustains IL-2 in human, which suggests that UME increases Th1-related immune function in the short term in healthy people. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the results of this first-stage study and further trials are required to decide on optimal dosage and duration of administration. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02414412.

Min Ho Han 1 , Joo Wan Kim 2 , Ki Young Kim 2 , Sung Goo Kim 2 , Gyeng Jin Yu 3 , Yong Bok Cho 3 , Hye Jin Hwang 1,4 , Byung Woo Kim 1,5 , Cheol Min Kim 6,7 and Yung Hyun Choi 1,3 * Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea INC, Marine Bio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Korea Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Korea Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea Department of Biochemistry, Busan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea Research Center for Anti-aging Technology Development, Busan Techno-Park, Busan 617-829, Korea

The aim of this study is to develop a supplementary therapeutic agent capable of promoting vascular circulation. The effects of Acai berry ethanolic extracts (ABEE) on activity of angiotensin converting enzyme from rabbit lung, production of nitro oxide in both murine macrophage cells and vascular endothelial cells as well as antioxidant effects were investigated in this study. First of all, it was observed the direct effects of ABEE on reducing power and antioxidant effect lipid peroxidation. In addition, ABEE showed a protective effect on DNA oxidation induced by hydroxyl radical. Furthermore, ABEE at 0.01% exerted approximately 50% inhibition on activity of angiotensin converting enzyme. ABEE increased the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells, but decreased the induction of nitric oxide stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in microphage. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 and -3 were enhanced by ABEE treatment, however, the expression level of SOD-1 remained constant. Moreover, the expression level of nitric oxide synthases-1 (NOS-1), a constitutive enzyme, was increased by ABEE, but that of NOS-2, a inducible enzyme, was constant. It was also found that the level of Nrf-2, a transcription factor of SOD, was increased by ABEE. Therefore, these results demonstrate that ABEE could promote blood circulation via above actions, suggesting that may be helpful for health of blood vessel.

Oxidative stress leads to damage in all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA due to imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and cellular detoxification. Phytochemicals are well-known to contain antioxidants, and their physiological role has been intensively studied. The fruit of Cornus officianalis has been used in oriental medicine and has been reported to have many functions. In this study, four different extraction techniques were applied to extract functional components from the fruit of Cornus officianalis, and the content of loganin, which is an antioxidant having DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and reducing power, was analyzed in each extract. Extraction techniques employed in this study were heat extraction by water, 70% ethanol extraction, enzyme treatment, and combination of enzyme treatment and heat extraction by water. All extracts contained 11.8-18.0 mg/g loganin and showed antioxidation function assayed by measuring DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and reducing power. Among them, heat extraction was the most effective technique, showing a maximum amount of loganin (18.0 mg/g) and antioxidative activity at 100 mg/ml concentration. Each extract showed very low cytotoxicity up to at 500 mg/ml but 10-20% cytotoxicity at 1,000 mg/ml by in vitro MTT assay.

The aim of this study is to screen a therapeutic agent with a cognitive function. The inhibitory effect of Curcuma longa hot water extract (CLWE) on the angiotension-converting enzyme and acetylcholinesterase derived from rabbit lungs and neural cells (PC12), as well as its antioxidant effect, was investigated in this study. Thus, for the first time, the direct scavenging effect of CLWE on DPPH radicals, superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, reducing power, and the protective effect of DNA oxidation related to oxidative stress was evaluated in vitro. In addition, it was observed that CLWE especially exhibited a scavenging effect on reducing power and superoxide anions in this study. CLWE showed a protective effect on DNA oxidation produced by hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, CLWE inhibited the activity of angiotensin-converting enzymes above 0.25%. Additionally, the extract inhibited oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide in neuronal cells. Therefore, these results demonstrated that CLWE has antioxidant activity and neuronal cell protective effects, suggesting that it may have great potential as a natural source for human health.

Thin Walled Cold-Formed Concrete Filled Tubular Square Column are manufactured by flare welding at center of column width for cold formed L shape plates of 4 piece and improved composite effect of concrete and steel by vertical inner anchor. Also, Axial resistance of concrete is increased by confine effect of steel tube and steel prevent local buckling of steel column. In this study, we introduced manufacture method of thin walled cold-formed square column steel square concrete filled tubular column and structural performance of the welded built-up square stub column was verified by structural test for ten specimens with parameters of concrete strength, type of steel tube, width to thickness ratio of steel tube.

Objective To investigate the rotational variations of three-dimensional (3D) trajectories at anatomic landmarks by different mandibular kinematics, we applied principal axes of inertia to the 3D trajectories. The principal rotations were determined directly from the anatomy-based trajectories produced by a patient-specific temporomandibular joint simulation. As a preliminary study, the principal rotations for a pilot group of patients with mandibular deviation were correlated with the deviation. Study design Three-dimensional mandibular movements from the patients with mandibular deviation were tracked based on a patient-specific splint and an optical tracking system. The dental occlusion recorded on the splint provided synchronization for initial movement in the tracking and the simulation phases. The translation and rotation recorded during tracking were applied sequentially to the mandibular model in relation to a fixed maxilla model. The sequential positions of the points of interest based on the reference coordinate system could also be simulated and traced by the same method. The landmarks selected for analysis were the points of the bilateral condyles and of the mandibular incisor. The moment of inertia tensor was calculated with respect to the 3D trajectory points. Using the unit vectors along the principal axes derived from the tensor matrix, α, β, and γ rotations (horizontal, sagittal, and frontal planes) around the z-, y-, and x-axes, respectively, were determined to represent the principal directions as principal rotations. Results The measured rotations were correlated with the deviation in 3 orthogonal planes. Under the influence of the mandibular asymmetry, the orientations of the principal axis at the condyles increase counterclockwise in the horizontal plane and clockwise in the frontal plane. At the incisor point, the horizontal and frontal angles increase counterclockwise, but the sagittal angles increase clockwise. The interrelations between different rotations and between landmarks, defined as a correlation coefficient between principal rotations, decrease as the deviation increases. Conclusions Three-dimensional trajectories at selected landmarks based on the reference coordinate system were evaluated using principal axes of inertia to investigate the functional characteristics of the mandible with a deviation. The movement asymmetry between the condyles increases as the deviation increases in all directions. The principal rotations at the condyles can be explained by those at the incisor with varying degrees despite the deviation.

Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Schisandrae Fructus (SF), the dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Magnoliaceae), is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the antiosteoarthritis properties of an ethanol extract of SF on IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. SF attenuated IL-1β-induced expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and also reduced the elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. In addition, SF markedly suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by blocking inhibitor κB-alpha degradation and inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of SF on IL-1β-stimulated expression of MMPs and inflammatory mediators production in SW1353 cells were associated with the suppression of the NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. The results from this study indicate that SF may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of OA due to its anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective features.

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Mori folium, the leaves of Morus alba L., has long been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, protect the liver, and lower blood pressure; however, the role of Mori folium in OA is not yet fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Mori folium water extract (MF) inhibited the catabolic effects of IL-1β in vitro, and also whether it inhibited the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through the attenuation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in SW1353 human chondrocytes. MMP proteins in culture medium were determined using a cytokine‑specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated using Griess reagent and ELISA. Subsequently, the mRNA and protein levels of MMPs, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB and MAPKs were examined by RT-qPCR and/or western blot analysis. The results indicate that MF significantly reduced the IL-1β‑induced release of MMP-1 and -13 in SW1353 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of MMP-1 and -13 mRNA and protein expression in a concentration‑dependent manner at concentrations with no cytotoxicity. MF also attenuated the IL-1β-induced production of NO and PGE2, and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, we noted that MF markedly suppressed the IL-1β‑induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which correlated with the inhibitory effects of MF on inhibitor-κB (IκB) degradation, and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was selectively restored by MF upon IL-1β stimulation. These results indicate that MF inhibited the production and expression of MMP-1 and -13 and inflammatory mediators, at least in part, through suppressing the activation of either NF-κB or p38 MAPK in IL-1β-treated SW1353 chondrocytes. Therefore, the novel findings of the present study suggest that MF is a potential therapeutic choice for chondroprotection against the collagen matrix breakdown in the cartilage of diseased tissues, such as those found in patients with arthritic disorders.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of a transcritical CO2 cycle with an internal heat exchanger for hot water heating. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for a transcritical CO2 cycle by varying secondary heat transfer fluid temperatures at evaporator and gas-cooler inlets as well as the discharge pressure. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, heating capacity, and co-efficient of performance (COP) with respect to the length of an internal heat exchanger are presented at various operating conditions. Good quantitative agreement between model predictions and experimental results has been found; most parameters have absolute average deviations of less than 4%. As the length of the internal heat exchanger increases, COP is enhanced but heating capacity tends to decrease due to the trade-offs between the effectiveness and pressure drop in the internal heat exchanger.

Background: The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from the tunica media to the subendothelial region may be a key event in the development of atherosclerosis after arterial injury. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-atherosclerotic effects of Schisandrae Semen essential oil (SSeo) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Methods: Metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9) activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography and gelatinase activity assay kit. The possible mechanisms underlying SSeo-mediated reduction of by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced cell invasion and inhibition of secreted and cytosolic MMP-9 production in HASMCs were investigated. Results: Our results indicate that SSeo treatment has an inhibitory effect on activation as well as expression of MMP-9 induced by TNF-alpha in HASMCs in a dose-dependent manner without significant cytotoxicity. SSeo attenuated nuclear translocation of TNF-alpha-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and blocked degradation of the NF-kappa B inhibitor proteins as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. SSeo also reduced TNF-alpha-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandin E-2 and inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in HASMCs. Furthermore, the Matrigel migration assay showed that SSeo effectively reduced TNF-alpha-induced HASMC migration compared with that in the control group. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that SSeo treatment suppresses TNF-alpha-induced HASMC migration by selectively inhibiting MMP-9 expression, which was associated with suppression of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that SSeo has putative potential anti-atherosclerotic activity.

In the present study, we aimed to determine whether ethanol extracts of Fructus Schisandrae (FS), the dried fruit of Schizandra chinensis Baillon, mitigates the development of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Adult SPF/VAT outbred CrljOri:CD1 (ICR) mice were either treated with dexamethasone to induce muscle atrophy. Some mice were treated with various concentrations of FS or oxymetholone, a 17α-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid. Muscle thickness and weight, calf muscle strength, and serum creatine and creatine kinase (CK) levels were then measured. The administration of FS attenuated the decrease in calf thickness, gastrocnemius muscle thickness, muscle strength and weight, fiber diameter and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in the gastrocnemius muscle bundles which was induced by dexamethasone in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with FS also prevented the dexamethasone-induced increase in serum creatine and creatine kinase levels, histopathological muscle fiber microvacuolation and fibrosis, and the immunoreactivity of muscle fibers for nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, inducible nitric oxide synthase and myostatin. In addition, the destruction of the gastrocnemius antioxidant defense system was also inhibited by the administration of FS in a dose-dependent manner. FS downregulated the mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and muscle ring-finger protein-1 (involved in muscle protein degradation), myostatin (a potent negative regulator of muscle growth) and sirtuin 1 (a representative inhibitor of muscle regeneration), but upregulated the mRNA expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt1, adenosine A1 receptor and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4, involved in muscle growth and the activation of protein synthesis. The overall effects of treatment with 500 mg/kg FS were comparable to those observed following treatment with 50 mg/kg oxymetholone. The results from the present study support the hypothesis that FS has a favorable ameliorating effect on muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone, by exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on muscle fibers, which may be due to an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation.

The objective of this study was to assess the possible beneficial skeletal muscle preserving effects of ethanol extract of Schisandrae Fructus (EESF) on sciatic neurectomy- (NTX-) induced hindlimb muscle atrophy in mice. Here, calf muscle atrophy was induced by unilateral right sciatic NTX. In order to investigate whether administration of EESF prevents or improves sciatic NTX-induced muscle atrophy, EESF was administered orally. Our results indicated that EESF dose-dependently diminished the decreases in markers of muscle mass and activity levels, and the increases in markers of muscle damage and fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokines, and apoptotic events in the gastrocnemius muscle bundles are induced by NTX. Additionally, destruction of gastrocnemius antioxidant defense systems after NTX was dose-dependently protected by treatment with EESF. EESF also upregulated muscle-specific mRNAs involved in muscle protein synthesis but downregulated those involved in protein degradation. The overall effects of 500 mg/kg EESF were similar to those of 50 mg/kg oxymetholone, but it showed more favorable antioxidant effects. The present results suggested that EESF exerts a favorable ameliorating effect on muscle atrophy induced by NTX, through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects related to muscle fiber protective effects andviaan increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation.

The objective of this study is to present flow and pressure drop characteristics of R22 in adiabatic capillary tubes of inner diameters of 1.2 to 2.0 mm, and tube lengths of 500 to 2000 mm. Distributions of temperature and pressure along capillary tubes and the refrigerant flow rates through the tubes were measured for several condensing temperatures and various degrees of subcooling at the capillary tube inlet. Condensing temperatures of R22 were selected as 40, 45, and 50°C at the capillary tube inlet, and the degree of subcooling was adjusted to 1 to 18°C. Experimental results including mass flow rates and pressure drops of R22 in capillary tubes were provided. A new correlation based on Buckingham π theorem to predict the mass flow rate through the capillary tube was presented considering major parameters which affect the flow and pressure drop characteristics.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide sex-matched three-dimensional (3D) statistical shape models of the mandible, which would provide cephalometric parameters for 3D treatment planning and cephalometric measurements in orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods: The subjects used to create the 3D shape models of the mandible included 23 males and 23 females. The mandibles were segmented semi-automatically from 3D facial CT images. Each individual mandible shape was reconstructed as a 3D surface model, which was parameterized to establish correspondence between different individual surfaces. The principal component analysis (PCA) applied to all mandible shapes produced a mean model and characteristic models of variation. The cephalometric parameters were measured directly from the mean models to evaluate the 3D shape models. The means of the measured parameters were compared with those from other conventional studies. The male and female 3D statistical mean models were developed from 23 individual mandibles, respectively. Results: The male and female characteristic shapes of variation produced by PCA showed a large variability included in the individual mandibles. The cephalometric measurements from the developed models were very close to those from some conventional studies. Conclusion: We described the construction of 3D mandibular shape models and presented the application of the 3D mandibular template in cephalometric measurements. Optimal reference models determined from variations produced by PCA could be used for craniofacial patients with various types of skeletal shape. (Imaging Sci Dent 2012; 42 : 175-82)

Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been traditionally used for various medicinal purposes from ancient times to the present. In this study, we examined the effects of water extract of Mori folium (WEMF) on the production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our data indicated that WEMF significantly suppressed the secretion of NO and PGE2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages without any significant cytotoxicity. The protective effects were accompanied by a marked reduction in their regulatory gene expression at the transcription level. WEMF attenuated LPS-induced intracellular ROS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. It inhibited the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-kappa B p65 subunit and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, WEMF reduced LPS-induced NO production and ROS accumulation in zebrafish. Although more efforts are needed to fully understand the critical role of WEMF in the inhibition of inflammation, the findings of the present study may provide insights into the approaches for Mori folium as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory and antioxidant disorders.